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This thesis tries to argue the important influence of culture and identity in national security studies, especially about Taiwan¡¦s security. In my viewpoint, culture and identity have become two powerful elements in security studies. In the Post-Cold War era, material factors are no longer the only base of national security. At the same time, the culture clash has become another potential factor that influences the national and international security. The 911 event offers the best example. Meanwhile, the Taiwan security environment is undergoing a great change. The military competition tendency between Taiwan and Mainland China becomes more and more dangerous. It seems that the elements of culture and norms haven¡¦t been taken into consider by Taiwan authorities upon how these elements could affect Taiwan¡¦s security. In this thesis, the viewpoint of constructivism on international relations theory has been chosen to survey how culture and identity factors influence Taiwan¡¦s security, and I try to figure out the influence of culture and identity in security research of international relations. Three main points of conclusion could be made: 1. Culture and identity have become important factors of national security. At the same time, the scholars of mainstream international theory (like neo-realism and neo-liberalism) have paid more attention to culture and identity research. 2. It is very important to combine cultural and material factors in national security research. An effective cultural strategy could improve the function of national security policy. 3. Taiwan administration has to think over the culture and identity factors¡¦influences upon Taiwan security. Although theses factors don¡¦t construct an immediate and clear threat, but in the future, theses factors may become a dangerous threat of national security. In the long run, they could even destroy the political power.

The purpose of this study is to explore the innovation of military service, and to find a system which not only meet the requirement of military establishment but defend the national security. The research adopts the comparative method and the document analysis method to analyze and compare the profile and characteristics of the service systems in the United States, Israel, Britain, and Germany. This study is expected to meet the needs of the armed forces for the future service system by applying the result. The results argue that the innovation of military service is the trend. Therefore, it is recommended that Taiwan take the mixed volunteer system, i.e., volunteer first, conscription aided, to maintain certain Taiwan military force in preventing the invasion from the mainland China. Thus, professional forces should be established, the quota of technology substitute service should be increased, and researchers should be cultivated, thus substantially promoting national defense forces. In addition, to comply with the principles of sexual equality and justice, and to meet the requirements of national defense, increasing the female service is also an important consideration and worthy of further studies for the future military service.

Australia, a country of Oceania, was one of the British colonies. Therefore, the relationship among Australia, European countries and American is closer than with Asia countries in aspects of politics, economy, diplomacy and culture. Basically, from the geographical strategic point of view, Australia locates near the Asia-Pacific Zone that impels Australia greatly depends on its neighboring countries. Especially the national security and economical benefit of Australia relies on the stability and development of the Southeast Asia countries. After WWII, the economy in Southeast Asia grows significantly which forced Australia to enhance its communication with the countries of Asia Pacific Zone to sustain its national security and economical benefit. From post Cold-War period to 2004, in order to respond the change of international situation, the security and strategy of Australia under the instructions of the Defense White Paper and the Foreign Trade Policy White Paper are as the following: ¡]1¡^Maintain strong military capability which is able to defend Australia;¡]2¡^Maintain and reinforce the traditional alliance with Europe and America;¡]3¡^vigorously maintain the security and stability of the neighboring countries;¡]4¡^Support multilateral regional security mechanism in Asia-Pacific region;¡]5¡^Participate in the UN. Therefore, according to the papers, the Australia national security strategy can be categorized into two principal axises. First, maintain the security alliance with the United Stated, to acquire various resources from the United States. In hence, Australia would become a great country in the region. Secondly, build a buffer zone of Australia by maintaining the stability of the region and the completion of Indonesia territory, avoiding the turbulent of neighboring region and evade it becoming the hotbed of terrorists.

In the study of international relations, it has been all the time that ¡§security¡¨ means national security and military security. The topic of ¡§security¡¨ in early days was focused on how to avoid suffering from the external military attack. Under this concept structure, economy, culture, or ideology is considered to be the accessories under the military strategy, or a kind of tools to strengthen the military threat. Such practices and thinking are not only helpless to the settlement of the problem, but it is apt to face the security dilemma instead, and the development of education, culture, social welfare, economic construction, and environmental public security, etc. will be oppressed and restricted. Long time of the hostile state for the two sides of Mainland China and Taiwan, makes both sides all the time to construct stronger military force for national defense. However, how much security is really bought by spending huge number of money on national defense? And is it really safe by buying the military equipments? Is it really the security what we want? Is there no other ways to get security without military force to threaten? This thesis attempts to adopt critical study, and analyzes the four concepts of national security from David Baldwin: ¡§Security for whom?¡¨, ¡§Security for which values?¡¨, ¡§From what threat?¡¨, and ¡§By what means?¡¨ It also researches on the thinking of national security concept and different national defense policies in different periods after the government moving to Taiwan in 1949. It is hoped to find out the blind spot of the national security concept in Taiwan, and construct the security view that relies mainly on people.

From the Chou Dynasty, China expands the south part. At the point of the process of expansion, the frontier and boundary of China changing frequently. This study discusses China¡¦s policy toward frontier and boundary based on the control power of empire center. The history had identified that any nations never had stable boundary. This study explains the making and changing of frontier and boundary, and the impact of geography on the design of national security strategy. This treatise focuses on geography, national organizations and international threats, and result defense, offense and deterrent national style. In this research, I divided the changing process o China¡¦s frontier and boundary into expansion system, dominant system, guard system and buffer system. <p> Our object is to trace the territorial expansion of China from imperial to present the modern nations. This treatise regards the southern expansion of China from the geography standpoint only, not from history, as I understand the word, being both a philosophy of history and a theory of frontiers. China had been a empire, city-state or political system that different from western civilization, and Welpolitik. <p> This treatise, in short, is a contribution to the geography of China state. The policy of China southern expansion shows not only horizontal expansion via military force, but also vertical expansion through economic and administration capability, especially agricultural development. In this research, I illustrate history comparative approach on the south China¡¦s the frontiers and boundary and use an expanded version of military geographic analysis for the organizing framework. First, the gain of earth means that the rulers should invest administration and military resources. Besides, to maintain expansion also means enough domestic economic resources. Second, the increase power means the increase the relative power and nation will raise the status of international system. Rather, it was a conflict internal to the Sinocentric world system. Third, the increase of power means that more geographic ambition. With the expansion of geography, China can not maintain newly occupied territorial order. The result is China most withdraw troops from the southern boundary and carry out tribute system. The tribute system is manage its relationship with countries that did not belong to the China Empire but surrounded it as the nearest neighbours. China uses military forces upon controlled frontiers and use cooperation policy upon the nearest neighbours that as China confronted with limited military forces.

­^¤åºK­n¡G The companies in Taiwan have invested rapidly in Mainland China from 90's. The trend of investment focus on IT industry. There are many capital to flow to China. On the other hand¡Athe problem of China's capital which flow to Taiwan is more and more serious. Under the regulation of WTO , Taiwan must face the problem of capital of China. The study is to research the flow of money in Taiwan and China. Finally it is evaluated the affection from the viewpoint of national security.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DXN104862.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009. / Thesis Advisor(s): Moltz, James Clay. Second Reader: Davis, Zachary. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Nuclear, terrorism, domestic, risk, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), Global Nuclear Detection Architecture, Cooperative Threat Reduction(CTR), Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Department of State (DOS), Russia, Highly-Enriched Uranium, Plutonium. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-105). Also available in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. / Thesis advisor(s): Robert E. Looney, William Gates. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-45). Also available online.