The need to develop tourism and diversify as well as redirect the Nigerian economy away from crude oil as the sole foreign exchange earner is overwhelming for several reasons. Not only does tourism hold huge capacity to forge effective backward and forward linkages with the rest of the economy, it has proved to be a significant foreign exchange earner and a major source of employment and income in many developing countries. Given Nigeria’s many tourist attractions, tourism has the potential to attract huge internal capital investment as well as foreign direct investments necessary to enhance tourist infrastructure provisions and services. This is particularly so in rural areas given that most tourist attractions in Nigeria are rural based, and where tourism development can become a catalyst for rural development particularly where tourism is developed within the tenets of sustainable development. Presently, Nigeria’s tourism industry is rudimentary, undeveloped, and suffers from chronic shortages of infrastructure as well as supporting and enhancing institutions. In particular, the lack of awareness and appreciation for landscaping in particular, and the environment in general, has compounded the problems of tourism development in Nigeria. This research is motivated by the desire to understand the structure, conduct, and performance of the tourism sector in Nigeria and emphasise, amongst other factors, the significant role landscaping could play in the desire for sustainable tourism in Nigeria. In conducting the research, a mixed methods research approach was employed using the sequential strategy of quantitative survey; followed by a qualitative data gathering method using interviews. These were conducted among tourism stakeholders within two geopolitical zones in Nigeria, namely, the North-central and the South-west. This approach was informed by the pragmatic philosophy adopted by the researcher, which allows the triangulation of methods in order to come up with a more comprehensive and complementary results on the focus of this research. Data obtained were critically analysed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSSx) and Nvivo8 software. The research identified setbacks which have prevented sustainable tourism development in Nigeria. Also is the need for the beautification of the attractions through landscaping as well as the provision of tourism infrastructures. The implication of the findings is that if landscaping is not made the centre of tourism policy, tourism is likely to fall short of expectation. A conceptual framework for the way forward was suggested based on the outcome of the analyses and two regression models developed and presented the roles landscaping could play in sustainable tourism and in Nigeria economic diversification. If implemented, the suggestions should provide a solid basis for redressing the current pitfalls in Nigeria’s tourism landscape.

This thesis examines the observed and anticipated impacts of climate change on energy security. Specifically, by incorporating emergent international legal obligations and regulations governing climate change, this thesis proposes a definitional and policy framework for energy security that can assist in making Nigeria’s energy supply more secure. This, in turn, can serve to improve Nigeria’s capacity to meet current and future climate change obligations. While the principal objective of this thesis is to explore how global climate change risk regulation provides opportunities for the state to improve energy security in Nigeria, this thesis emphasizes that Nigerian law should aim to create a balance between the dual objectives of energy security and climate change responses. Using the theory of legal transplantation, further insights for integrating climate and energy security goals to develop the definitional and policy framework of energy security in Nigeria are gained through an examination of bold initiatives taken by Germany. / October 2016

This paper aims to estimate how much Official Development Assistance (ODA) per capita and year is required to eradicate extreme poverty for all people in Nigeria by 2030 and hence achieve the first target of the first Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 1) in Nigeria. This is done with a method proposed by Kakwani and Son (2006) estimating headcount ratio, required growth rates, investment rates and ODA in order to achieve the first target of SDG 1. The paper takes into account three different growth scenarios; pro-poor, distribution neutral and anti-poor growth and comes to the conclusion that $29 200, $35 566 or $41 374 ODA per capita and year is necessary to eradicate extreme poverty in Nigeria by 2030.

Magister Artium - MA / Osteoarthritis (OA) is the major cause of pain and disability in the elderly, as well as people younger than the age of 45. Research reported the importance of conservative management of OA in the early stages, as it has proved to be effective in slowing down the progression of the disease, as well as reducing the secondary effects of decreased functional ability and disability. Early referral could assist with effective pain management, decrease in disease progression and increase in functional ability and quality of life. Therefore, the overall aim of the study was to establish a profile of patients with OA, as well as to explore the perceptions and experiences of health professionals regarding the conservative management of OA at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. The study employed a sequential exploratory mixed method approach, using a retrospective and exploratory study design for the quantitative and qualitative phases respectively. Data was collected from one hundred and thirty-five medical records of patients with OA, meeting the inclusion criteria of the study, and admitted at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2016. The patient sample was predominantly female (n=80; 93%), with a mean age of 51.85 years old (SD=13.73). Thirteen (13) health professionals, eight (8) physiotherapists and five (5) orthopedic surgeons participated in the interviews. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 was used to analyse quantitative data. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to describe the results in terms of frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation. Alpha level was set at 5%. Audio-taped qualitative data was transcribed verbatim, and analysed using categories and themes.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The researcher attempted to assess the effectiveness of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) microloan scheme on job creation among micro and small enterprises. This is in view of the unprecedented rise in the unemployment rate in Nigeria and the widely perceived belief that among other policies, harnessing the financial capacity of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) may possibly dictate the pace of the country’s achievement of job creation. Despite a wide array of studies on MSME growth, only a handful of rigorous studies are available to provide evidence of the effect of finance on labour market outcomes in the sector, as well as on the use of more relevant assessment techniques on the performance of public policies and interventions related to MSME financing. Through the use of mixed methods including questionnaire administration, key informant interviews, focused group discussions and desk research, this research undertook a theory of change-based assessment of Bank of Agriculture microfinance scheme, to assess the extent to which the scheme is effective in contributing to the achievement of the MSME Policy’s fundamental objective of job creation. Descriptive statistics using frequency tables and graphs as well as OECD COTE (Coherence, Objectives, Targets and Evaluation) Framework for policy formulation were applied as methods of analysis. The findings show a fundamental flaw in relation to the lack of strategic alignment of the Bank of Agriculture (BOA) operations with the MSME Policy. The Bank is seen to be operating in a silo as the strategic direction the MSME tilt does not seem to derive from the overall MSME Policy. BOA is also not seen to be positioned to engage the practice of performance measurement and reporting generally and in particular of the fundamental objective of job creation, as stipulated in the MSME Financing Policy of government. It was also revealed that a majority of enterprises that took BOA microloans loans were not able to create jobs as many of them were operating as “survivalists”. Although the BOA microloan scheme is potentially capable of supporting targeted growth-oriented microenterprises in specific trades to create jobs, given the attractive concessional terms, the Bank is not achieving this objective in its present state and form neither is it seen to be positioned to do so due to several supply and demand side factors. An ongoing reform process in the Bank during this research period may be able to address part of this concern if more strategic steps are taken to surmount the constraints. Furthermore, BOA does not have a functional performance measurement framework and monitoring and evaluation system that can be used as the basis for measuring goal attainment such as the goal of job creation, especially in relation to the outcomes of the provision of financial services to the MSME sector. For BOA to be successful and truly developmental in focus especially in relation to its contribution to the strategic objective of job creation, the study therefore recommended the key thrust of a new framework for addressing the current unemployment situation to include an effective alignment of macro, meso (sectoral) and micro policies. At the (micro) institutional level, it is recommended that BOA should: • improve its governance and management system as well as the integration of development impact considerations and measurement; • create innovative financing products for growth-oriented microenterprises especially through cluster financing and cluster-based development; • increase wholesale lending through the provision of on-lending products to performing microfinance institutions (MFIs); • engage the services of BDS organisations to source for credible clients and build clients’ entrepreneurial capacity including assisting them to access markets. In line with the need to integrate development impact considerations and measurement into its entire operations, the researcher designed a monitoring and evaluation framework that can enhance the tracking of the attainment of job creation policy goal in BOA microloan scheme. In this vein, the institution is to adopt formal “lessons learnt” mechanisms to integrate evaluation findings into future activities and “put development back into development banking” (Smallridge, 2017). At the meso level in the study context, horizontal cooperation is recommended where all relevant institutions are aligned and the impact of various policy measures on entrepreneurship and job creation are taken into account. Lastly, an employment – sensitive macro-economic framework must pursue: the relaxation of monetary and credit conditions that are supportive of employment creation in the economy; fiscal prudence in the context of exploiting fiscal space to accommodate investments with high employment potentials; use of legislative mechanisms for ensuring full and effective implementation of annual budgets, program and projects at all levels and development and effective use of computerised Labour Market Information System (LMIS) for Nigeria.

Master of Public Health - MPH / Background: The irrational use of medicines is a global public health challenge, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. One of the consequences of irrational medicine use is rising antimicrobial resistance, which continues to contribute to the increase in morbidity, mortality, and high cost of care, despite breakthroughs in medicine and new treatment options. Community pharmacists have been identified as contributors to antimicrobial resistance through their antibiotic dispensing practices. However, there is little research on community pharmacists who provide private healthcare in Nigeria. Aim: This study described the antibiotic dispensing practices of community pharmacists and factors associated with such dispensing practices in Jos, Nigeria. Methodology: The study used a cross-sectional descriptive design. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample of 84 community pharmacies out of a total of approximately 107 community pharmacies in Jos, and one community pharmacist from each community pharmacy. A research assistant was trained to administer the questionnaire along with the researcher and collect information on community pharmacists’ demographics, antibiotic dispensing practices, and the factors associated with those dispensing practices. The socio-demographic data was analysed via descriptive analytical tools such as simple percentages and crosstabulations. These tools were used to generate a descriptive picture of the data, patterns and associations using SPSS version 25. Quantitative content analysis was done on responses to scenario-based questions, and recommendations made as to how the dispensing of antibiotics could be improved. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of the Western Cape Biomedical Research Ethics Committee and Jos University Teaching Hospital, while informed consent was obtained from all community pharmacists before the commencement of the study. Results: The majority of the community pharmacists (87%) indicated that patients could purchase antibiotics without prescription from their pharmacies, and most pharmacists (98%) asked for reasons why antibiotics were demanded for without prescriptions. While 58% indicated that patients could purchase partial quantities of prescribed antibiotics at their pharmacies, 96% investigated the reasons for partial requests, and 94% counselled on the right dosage and frequency of the prescribed antibiotics. Sixty-seven percent of the pharmacists indicated that one of the major reasons for dispensing antibiotics without prescription was self-medication by patients, while most (87%) indicated that financial constraint was a major reason why patients requested for partial quantities of prescribed antibiotics. Conclusion: The dispensing of non-prescribed and part-prescribed antibiotics is a common practice amongst community pharmacists in Jos, Nigeria. Enhancing the financial status of Nigerians, as well as ensuring stricter regulatory measures on antibiotic use, would help promote rational use of antibiotics and reduce rising antimicrobial resistance rates.

Contraceptive non-use by women has been linked to negative reproductive health outcomes such as obstetric complications, abortions, and maternal morbidity and mortality. These poor outcomes mostly arise from unintended pregnancies. With focus on married women non-users, this study examined the factors influencing non-use of contraception in Nigeria. The research identified a number of important characteristics which could predispose married women in Nigeria to non-use of contraceptive. Data from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) was utilized. The target population comprised all females aged 15-49 years who were interviewed and responded to questions on contraceptive use. The sample size was 23,954 which were made up of all married women in the country except for infecund, pregnant and sterilized women. The outcome variable was measured using current contraceptive use which was dichotomized: not using contraceptive coded as (1) and using contraceptive coded as (0). Logistic regression was used for the analysis. 20,983 married women (88% of the study population) reported that they are contraceptive non-users. Of these, the following characteristics of married women had higher odds of contraceptive non-use. Women who want more children within 2years, unsure of timing and undecided had higher odds (2.17) of contraceptive non-use, women who are 35 years and above (1.80), women who are from North West, North East and North Central (5.35, 2.95, 1.64, respectively), women who are Muslims (1.43) had higher odds of contraceptive non-use in Nigeria. The association remained statistically significant for women’s wealth index, number of living children, occupation, and place of residence, partner’s education and educational level of women. And all these were also observed to have effect on the non-use of contraceptive. Non-use of contraceptive among married women in Nigeria differs between women possibly because of region, religion, fertility intention, and age difference. These findings indicate areas that reproductive health policies and programmes should focus on in order to increase contraceptive uptake among married women in Nigeria. .

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2013. / In recent years, emerging markets have become the main “engine of global (economic) growth” (Spence, 2011, p. 8) . Whilst the rapid diffusion of its banking and mobile telephony industries has been unprecedented and well documented in the literature (Bankole, Bankole, & Brown, 2011; Bick, Brown, & Abratt, 2004; Brahima, 2012; Kalba, 2008), the dearth of empirically based evidence on CRM implementation in emerging markets in general, and Nigeria and South Africa (SA) in particular, remains undisputed (Kumar, Sunder, & Ramaseshan, 2011; Sheth, 2011). Consequently, the problem this research addresses is the lack of adaptation of CRM strategies to the emerging market context and the lack of understanding of contingency factors that may inhibit or enable the effectiveness of CRM implementation in companies. To provide further insights into this issue, sixty six (66), one-on-one, semi-structured interviews were conducted with CRM strategy developers, implementers and those fulfilling both roles in four companies across the banking and mobile telephony sectors of Nigeria and South Africa. Secondary data were also collected and triangulated with the findings derived from the primary research to enhance the rigour of this research process; and most importantly, to strengthen the reliability and validity of the research findings. The collected data was recorded, transcribed and analysed using a contact summary form and MAXQDA analysis, a qualitative data analysis software package. The research findings illustrate that whilst some of the factors for CRM effectiveness in Nigeria and South Africa may be consistent with those in high income, industrialized markets, the peculiarities of Nigeria and South Africa require that companies adapt their CRM strategies to the local context. The contingency factors that can either impede on or enhance effective CRM implementation in these countries include (a) multichannel integration (particularly informal channel and social media), (b) operating structure, (c) training and staff recruitment v practices, (d) customer data storage and mining capabilities as well as (e) normative motives linked with the socio-cultural context of the country. The similarities and differences between Nigeria and South Africa are also highlighted in this study. The originality of this study lies in it clearly defining the peculiarities of CRM in emerging markets, thereby establishing that these markets are different from high income, industrialized markets. In addition, this study identifies the contingency factors that can enhance or impede on CRM success in these markets and puts forward a set of research propositions as well as a conceptual model for CRM implementation in emerging markets as a contribution to the body of knowledge. This CRM conceptual model can be tested in future research. Building on these findings, the study makes suggestions on how the strategy of CRM can be adapted to the emerging market context. It proposes that companies assess their CRM readiness through the application of a newly developed heat map that takes into consideration the company lifestage and its industry saturation level. This heat map is a useful tool for organisations to ascertain whether or not they are ready to embark upon the CRM programme, to better understand the required efforts needed to deliver on a successful CRM programme as well as the expected timelines for true benefits realisation. Moreover, another contribution of this research is the development of a CRM index, a composite index of 16 indicators that measures CRM success across three dimensions; namely organisational, institutional and customer data. Furthermore, the novelty of this research can also be found in the triangulation of theories such as the contingency, institutional, and Hofstede’s fifth national value dimensions of culture that focuses on a short vs. long-term orientation of cultures and companies, are integrated into a single study. vi This study has theoretical, managerial, conceptual, methodological and societal implications. Future research could include other geographies, industries, a longitudinal study and quantitative studies based on the testing of the proposed CRM conceptual model and index.

Thesis advisor: Thomas Stegman / Thesis advisor: Colleen Griffith / The fundamental premise underlying this work is that in Rom 5:1-11, Paul presents God’s reconciliation of humanity with Godself through Jesus’ death as both a key expression of God’s salvific activity and as the foundation and model of reconciliation among peoples. Contrary to studies which create a dichotomy in Paul’s understanding of reconciliation as either a reconciliation between God and humans or a reconciliation among humans themselves, this study presents reconciliation as a key Pauline soteriological expression which has both vertical and horizontal implications with emphasis on how Paul’s theology of reconciliation shapes his discourse on God’s righteousness and the social relationship of the new people of God, especially in reference to gender and ethnic/racial relationships. While there may be no explicit reference to the horizontal dimension of reconciliation in the text of Rom 5:1-11, it is the task of this study to demonstrate that in the letter to the Romans, horizontal reconciliation presupposes vertical reconciliation and both are inseparable. Among ndi Igbo, the perennial cultural practice of inequality and the subordination of persons because of ethnicity/class (Osu Caste System) and gender (discrimination and subordination of women) are among the major causes of disaffections that breed tensions, conflicts, and division within the community. This study proposes that embodying Paul’s ethics of vertical and horizontal reconciliation by the Igbo Christian communities can go a long way towards enhancing social and cultural transformation that can lead to peaceful interpersonal relationships and a just Christian community. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

In the first two months of 2014, LGBTI rights were dealt heavy blows in two African countries. On 7 January, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan signed into law a bill that criminalises same-sex unions, with prison sentences of up to fourteen years. This same law sentences any person or organisation that funds in any way the registration and operation of gay organisations, clubs, or societies to a prison sentence of ten years. A month later, the president of Uganda, Yoweri Museveni, officially assented to a more draconian bill which imposes penalties as high as life imprisonment for people engaging in consensual same-sex sexual activity. There has been a stark increase in the passing of repressive gender laws on the continent in the last decade. This is a qualitative inductive study that sets out to research the factors causing the increase of gender repressive law making in African states between 2009 and 2014. The study sets out to dissect the 2014 Anti-homosexuality bills of 2014 in Uganda and Nigeria as case studies. Using a multi-layered analysis approach the study tests out the influences leading to the increase of LGBTI intolerant laws categorised into national, regional and international impacts. I argue that strategic national interests are central in explaining the frequency, urgency and intensity of anti-homosexuality vitriol in some African states.