Traditionally, rape has been viewed as a crime perpetrated by men against women. However, it is now recognised that males can also be victims of rape. The current research had several interrelated aims to; (i) provide a profile of both male and female rape victims, (ii) compare the characteristics of rape perpetrated against male and female victims, (iii) estimate the incidence of male and female rape within the general community, (iv) describe the reporting practices of rape victims, and (v) determine the relationship between rape and depression, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts. The community's level of rape myth endorsement was also explored. Rape myths were defined as attitudes and beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists that are generally false but are widely and persistently held, and serve to deny and justify sexual aggression against women and men. The present study compared rape myth endorsement levels concerning both male and female victims. However, it was first necessary to construct a rape myth questionnaire, the Rape Attitudinal Scale (RAQ), which minimised the methodological limitations of pre-existing scales. The current research utilised online methodology and, in total, 560 individuals participated in the research. It was found that almost two out of every five participants had been a victim of rape during their lifetime, with males accounting for 8.60% of the raped sample. Rape victims emanated from a variety of demographic backgrounds and the gender differences between the characteristics of the rape were discussed. Approximately one in seven rape victims stated that they had reported the rape to police, with half of those rape victims regretting informing the police of their experience. Almost twice as many female rape victims than male rape victims failed to report their rape to anyone. It was also found that victims of rape are more likely to report rape to authorities when the rape fits the

Workplace incidents result in significant human and financial costs. Despite these costs, it is estimated that less than 1% of organisational research focuses on issues concerning occupational health and safety (Barling & Zacharatos, 2000; Reason, 1990). Safety research has begun however to focus increasing attention on understanding the role that the wider organisational context, and in particular the role that safety climate, plays in influencing safety (Barling, Kelloway, & Iverson, 2003; Clarke, 2006a; Cox & Cheyne, 2000; Parker, Axtell, & Turner, 2001; Zohar, 2000). Safety climate refers to safety related policies, procedures and practices that signal the concern for safety (Griffin & Neal, 2000). The aim of the current program of research was to further understanding of the structure, antecedents and cross-level effects of safety climate. Specifically, this research aimed to better understand how organisational factors, and more specifically culture, influence safety climate and safety incidents. This knowledge is important as it assists organisations to purposively engineer stronger climates for safety and in doing so assists them to reduce the number of workplace incidents and accidents. The current program of research consists of three field-based studies. An overview of each study is provided below: Overview Study 1 Study 1 aimed to identify the safety climate schema for a sample of individuals working within the rail industry and explore whether safety climate schemas differ across individuals with and without leadership responsibilities. A proportional number of upper managers (n = 6), supervisors (n = 7) and workers (n = 12) were purposively sampled and interviewed. Interview data was analysed using Leximancer – an advanced computer assisted data mining tool. Results identified 10 emergent themes underlying a safety climate schema – many of these themes aligned closely with common safety climate factors in the academic literature. Results also showed differences between the safety factors that were dominant in the safety climate schemas of upper managers, supervisors and workers: upper managers were more closely associated with themes relating to ‘culture,’ and ‘people’; supervisors were more closely associated with themes relating to ‘corporate values,’ ‘management practices,’ and ‘safety communication’; whereas workers were more closely associated with themes relating to ‘procedures,’ and ‘safety training’. Results are discussed in relation to safety climate theory and in relation to how managers can use this knowledge to better communicate to the specific safety needs of different sub-groups. Overview Study 2 Study 2 aimed to better understand how perceived cultural profiles are related to safety. The Competing Values Framework adopted in this study proposes that four cultural types exist in unison in any organisation. Depending on the demands that are placed on the organisation, each type will be more or less dominant and each organisation will have a specific ‘cultural profile’ reflecting the strengths of each type. A cross-section of individuals (N = 368) working in high risk industries were sampled to identify the relationship between perceived cultural profiles and (1) psychological safety climate and (2) individual safety incidents. Modal Profile Analysis (MPA) identified four commonly perceived cultural profiles across the sample. A one-way MANOVA indicated that individuals who perceived their organisation had a strong human relations profile, or a dual focused human relations-rational goal profile, reported higher safety climate perceptions and fewer safety incidents. Comparably, individuals who perceived their organisation had a strong internal process profile, or a dual focused internal process-rational goal profile, reported lower safety climate perceptions and more safety incidents. These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical contribution to the safety climate literature, and in relation to the practical importance that culture plays in influencing safety. Overview Study 3 Study 3 aimed to better understand how the culture of an organisation influences safety, and to explore the levels of analysis that are involved in this relationship. Specifically, this study examined the role that an internal process culture played in influencing safety climate; and in turn the mediating role that two sources of safety climate – business-unit safety climate and perceived supervisory safety climate – played in explaining the relationship between culture and individual-level outcomes (incidents, satisfaction and turnover intentions). Results showed that business-unit culture was related to business-unit safety climate; and that business-unit safety climate and perceived supervisory safety climate mediated the relationship between business-unit culture and incidents, satisfaction and turnover intentions. This research adds to the safety climate literature by providing evidence for the multi-level nature of the relationship between culture, safety climate and outcomes.

<p>Background: It has been a common perception in the media in recent years that external shopping malls extinguish the trade in Swedish downtown areas. Factors that promote external shopping malls are that customers become more and more indolent and more people buy cars. Despite this fact, downtown areas have a great deal to offer when it comes to creating a pleasant atmosphere. Furthermore, customers are becoming more demanding and want something extra while doing their shopping. More and more shopkeepers therefore realize the importance of events as an instrument to offer experiences to the customers.</p><p>Purpose: To investigate whether shopkeepers in downtown Linköping consider the external shopping mall in Tornby a competitor or not and, if so, in what ways the trade in the downtown area has been affected by Tornby. Furthermore we will outline and describewhat types of marketing shopkeepers in downtown Linköping use today, and in what ways these types are being utilized. Because this is investigated from the point of view of the shopkeepers in downtown Linköping, this study will also bring forward a few words of advice to them. These pieces of advice are focused on how they should compose their marketing efforts in order to handle the competition with the external shopping malls. Some of the recommendations are also meant to guide other participants in Linköping’s retail trade. In doing so, we will be investigating the aptness in using event marketing and, if we find it suitable, in what ways it should be used. The results from this investigation will be</p><p>Delimitations: This investigation has been empirically delimited to mainly encompass the situation in Linköping’s municipality. A practical delimitation that has been made is that we only have interviewed one representative from each mall in downtown Linköping. The individual shopkeepers have therefore not been discussed. As to the theoretical frame of reference, it consists in large parts of theories concerning event marketing. However, we will not be discussing companies’ internal events, with a view to motivating and creating a pleasant atmosphere among the staff. Nor will we be discussing sponsorship which is existing events sponsored by companies.</p><p>Realization: This study is a qualitative one. The empirical data originates from ten interviews with representatives of Linköping’s municipality, Svensk Handel, Cityföreningen of Linköping and the persons in charge of the shopping malls in downtown Linköping. One interview has directed us to the next, which has helped us to select appropriate persons to enquire about the situation in Linköping. Since we have interviewed all the people in charge of the malls in downtown Linköping, the entire population has been studied. Apart from the interviews, the empirical data also comes from research reports, investigations and literature on the subject.</p><p>Results: The shopkeepers in the downtown area of Linköping do not consider the external shopping malls in Tornby a competitor but more of a complement to the trade at large in the city. The downtown area has so much to offer which the external shopping malls cannot, such as culture, parks, churches, coffee shops and so forth. Our view is that without the competition from external shopping malls, the trade in the downtown areas would not have changed as much. How the trade is perceived depends on the perspective chosen. Therefore we believe that all the organisations involved in the trade must work together to promote the uniqueness of Linköping in order to convince people from other cities to make a visit here. The malls in Linköping’s downtown area differ to a great extent when it comes to marketing. They are using different types of marketing in different manners. We have found it important to make sure that all these types are coordinated to convey the</p>

<p>The work describes the development of a reliable device for profiling anion beam in the intensity cross section. A sensor head consisting of a Faradaycup in combination with a Channel Electron Multiplier was designedand built together with electronics including power supply and front endelectronics. The design was chosen considering financial and long term lifeaspects. Testing, first calibration and error analysis were done using the ionbeam facilities where the unit is supposed to be installed permanently. Theprofiling system performed as designed and the profile of the ion beam couldbe measured reliably with an accuracy down to the femto ampere range.</p>

<p>During the early 1990´s, the Swedish commercial air traffic was de-regulated and the new market-condition made it possible for low-budget airlines to enter the Swedish market. The former monopolistic airline company, Scandinavian Airline Systems (SAS), was facing a new type of competition which had the advantage of offering much cheaper air trips than SAS. Adding the decrease of profitability that struck SAS as well as other airline companies after the terrorist attacks on the 11th of September, forced them to carry out a mayor reorganization programme. The programme, called “Turn Around 2005”, was a direct economical measure that begun in 2002 and lasted until 2005 and resulted in a cost saving of 14,5 billion SEK as well as a notice or a transfer of 6000 employees.</p><p>The purpose of this essay is to investigate if the opinion of the consumer, the image, corresponds with the profile that SAS wishes to mediate today. Our intentions are also to see if the changes during the reorganization have reached the consumers. This essay is a case study based on both a quantitative and a qualitative method. The quantitative study included questionnaires handed out to 143 persons and a former costumer satisfaction study made by “Svenskt Kvalitetsindex”. The qualitative study included deep interviews with employees on SAS. The results of the questionnaires, interviews and theories about image, profile, identity and GAP-analysis, clearly shows that SAS’s profile of being a low- cost airline and being the most price worthy alternative doesn’t correspond with the opinion of the consumers. The result also shows that the consumers have not detected any of the changes, apart from the price reduction, that was made during the reorganization. However SAS have succeeded to be known by the business-passengers as a bit better regarding the ground services and departures, and that part of their image are therefore close to their profile. Our conclusion states that there is an indistinctness regarding SAS profile since the costumers cannot decide if SAS is a low-cost or a traditional airline company.</p>

<p>Denna fallstudie avser att titta på kritiska faktorer i projektimplementering. Projektimplementering avser hela genomförandet av projekt efter att avtal har tecknats till avslut, då kunden och leverantören har uppfyllt sina respektive åtaganden. Kritiska faktorer är kommunikation, ledningens stöd, planering, personal, teknik, kundens acceptans, kundkonsultation, samordning och problemlösning. Punkterna är sammanfattade i Schultz, Selvin och Pintos Projekt Implementerings Profilen (PIP). Projekt kännetecknas av att de, med dedikerade resurser under en begränsad tid, skall nå projektetmålet, vilket kan vara en nog så stor utmaning. Studien utgår från intervjuer med projektkonsulter från IT-bolaget EKAN Albatross AS. Syftet är att fånga hur de upplever kritiska faktorer i projektimplementering. Totalt har 8 stycken intervjuer genomförts med 5 respondenter involverade. De arbetar som projektkonsulter på Albatross kontor i Oslo och Stockholm. Två olika intervjumetoder har används, den första mer allmänt orienterade för att fånga hur konsulterna ser på sin projektverksamhet. Den andra intervju metoden är mer strukturerad frågor ställda utifrån PIP-faktorerna. Konsulterna arbetar med att utveckla och implementera affärsdatasystem till kund. Projekt implementerings profilen fångar väl konsulternas upplevelser, men tar inte upp den politiska dimensionen som kan förekomma i genomförandet av projekt.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>In this essay, I have chosen to examine how four teachers in a work unit think and work with linguistic development and strategies, particularly in grade 4-6. The teaching profession has gradually become more like a cooperative profession. Therefore it is in a general pedagogic interest, to know, how each one of the teachers in the work unit, are thinking about linguistic development, teaching profiles and the significances of a work unit to achieve their aims to provide for all the individuals in their classrooms. My intention was to find out if a homogeneous work unit or a heterogeneous work unit is to prefer in work with linguistic development, which initially made me focus and realise the importance of each one of my informants’ answers. My chosen framing of questions are:</p><p> What do the teachers think about linguistic development and strategies, ways of working and classroom environment?</p><p> How do the teachers think about their own teaching profiles to stimulate linguistic development?</p><p> How do the teachers define their aims with their teaching?</p><p> How do the teachers think about the significance of the work unit, to achieve their aims with linguistic development?</p><p>Through qualitative, semi-structured to un-structured interviews, which were taped, I got a rich material to work with and bring together. The result of my examination has shown that all my informants realized that linguistic development takes place in different kinds of subjects and in many different correlations, but they work differently in terms of interaction, they have different kinds of perspective and views of how pupils learn and gain knowledge. Joyfulness, conversation, reflection and a good classroom environment are all needed to motivate the pupils to continue their linguistic development, but there are also a need of grammar- and spelling practice. My informants are aware of their various views of teaching, but they all think that a possible way to continue their own personal development is to make use of their varying competences. The conclusion of my examination is that there has to be a well-functioning, reflecting, open minding and a heterogeneous work unit, to accomplish linguistic development for all different individuals in a classroom.</p>

<p>Aim: The aim of this essay is to study the work of an alcohol company’s (Pernod Ricard) corporate social responsibility and how this work is being communicated to the company’s stakeholders. Furthermore I aim to describe the profile of the specific company, in other words how they wish their stakeholders to experience the company. I will then compare this profile with the image of how the interviewed stakeholders actually perceive the corporate social responsibility activities. Are there any differences?</p><p>Material/Method: Together with literature and document studies, a qualitative method has been used and four focus group interviews with a total of 16 stakeholders have been conducted.</p><p>Main results: The main results from the focus group interviews showed that the stakeholders appreciated corporate social responsibility work that focuses on the protection of young people. Activities aimed to target these groups generated most positive reactions and are also the activities that bring the stakeholders image closer to the desired profile. Opposite to this, activities seen as most irrelevant and even a little bit lecturing in a negative way are initiatives aimed towards warning and preventing adults from using or receiving information about a product. The more the stakeholders seem to know about an activity the less suspicious they appear to be which should encourage the company to communicate their work.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: The picture of the Swedish church - Young peoples image of the organization in comparison with the organizations profile (Bilden av Svenska kyrkan – Unga människors image av organisationen i jämförelse med organisationens profil)</p><p>Number of pages: 55 (57 including enclosures)</p><p>Author: Ebba Göranzon</p><p>Tutor: Göran Svensson</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies C</p><p>Period: Fall 2006</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University</p><p>Aim: The aim of this essay is to study the external communication of the Swedish Church, and how they want young people (16-18 years old) to perceive them. Further I would like to compare that information with how young people actually perceive the Swedish church. Do the both pictures agree?</p><p>Method/Material: Together with literature studies, a qualitive method has been used and four focus group interviews with a total of 16 informants have been conducted. Two of the groups contained young people that are active within the organization and the two other groups didn’t.</p><p>Main Results: The main results from the focus group interviews showed that young peoples image of the Swedish church is complex. In general, young people, who are active within the Swedish church, have a more positive image of the organization than the others. Despite their positive image, the other groups are more negative in their judgements, which show that the Swedish church still have more to work with until the image and profile comphere with each other.</p><p>Keywords: The Swedish church, organizational identity, profile, image, young pepole</p>

Pavement smoothness has become a standard measure of pavement quality. Transportation agencies strive to build and maintain smoother pavements. Smooth roads provide comfort while riding, minimize vehicular wear and tear and increase pavement life. A user perceives smoothness of a pavement based on the ride quality, which is severely affected by presence of defects on pavement surface. Defects identified after construction are corrected as per smoothness specifications prescribed by respective transportation agencies. The effectiveness of any method used to determine defect locations depends on the decrease in roughness obtained on correction of defects. Following the above line of thought a method that detects defects by comparing original profile to a smoothened profile will be more effective in identifying defect locations that cause roughness in pavements. This research report proposes a methodology to detect defect locations on pavement surface using profile data collected on pavements. The approach presents a method of obtaining a smoothened profile from the original profile to help identify defect locations based on deviations of the original profile from the smoothened one. Defect areas will have a higher deviation from the smoothened profile as compared to smooth areas. The verification of the defects identified by this approach is carried out by determining the decrease in roughness after removal of the identified defects from profile. A roughness statistic is used to do the same. The approach is illustrated using profile data collected on in-service pavement sections.