The goal of this thesis was the verification of the advanced time-dependent elasto-plastic material model for modeling diaphragm walls. Currently, this type of construction is solved usually with a combination of linear-elastic volume and plate elements. To express time-dependent behaviour, there are both, volume and plate, elements active in short-term conditions, then only volume elements in long-term conditions, while plate elements are deactivated. In this thesis, the Shotcrete material model, which can capture the time-dependent behaviour without combining two types of construction elements, is used. First, a theory of time-dependent behaviour is presented and a design of concrete structures by Eurocode 2 is discussed. Next, the Shotcrete material model is described, then used for modeling a biaxial test and calibration of compression and bending test. Following the gained knowledge, a real boundary value problem of deep excavation supported by diaphragm walls with the strut was solved. To calculate values of the internal forces and horizontal deformation in diaphragm walls, three types of material models are used.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a road bridge on the I/57 expressway over the relocation of the cycle path, the Opavice river and the local road, which involves the relocation of the access to the waterworks. The bridge structure is located in the territory of the town of Krnov. A study of the area's bridges is part of the project and three studies have been prepared. Study A was chosen for detailed processing. It is a continuous box girder bridge with three spans. The superstructure is designed as a monolithic, post-tensioned structure. A sliding girder is being investigated for the structure's construction. Scia Engineer 18.1 is used to do the load effects computation. Only the consequences of vertical load effects have been addressed, with no consideration of horizontal load effects. The structure was evaluated using limit states, taking into account the impact of construction on its design.

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Hochduktiler Beton ist ein mit kurzen Kunststofffasern bewehrter Hochleistungs-verbundwerkstoff auf Zementbasis, der unter Zugbelastung eine hohe nichtelastische Verformbarkeit und ein verfestigendes Materialverhalten aufweist. Dieses Verhalten wird durch die Zugabe von diskontinuierlich verteilten Kurzfasern aus Kunststoff erzielt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden einachsige Bauteilzugversuche durchgeführt auf deren Basis das globale und lokale Zugtragverhalten der großformatigen Versuchskörper beschrieben werden kann. Ausgangspunkt sind experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten des Stabstahls und des hochduktilen Betons sowie zu deren gemeinsamen Verbundverhalten. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass der Herstellungsprozess das Betongefüge und damit auch das mechanische Verhalten von hochduktilem Beton beeinflusst und dieser auf Grund seiner Zusammensetzung ein ausgeprägtes Schwindverhalten aufweist. Beides muss bei der Untersuchung großformatiger Versuchskörper berücksichtigt werden. Dazu wurden sowohl unbewehrte als auch bewehrte Dehnkörper mit unterschiedlichem Bewehrungsgehalt unter kontrollierten Herstellungsbedingungen in einem konventionellen Mischwerk hergestellt. Die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchung erlauben die Abbildung des Last-Verformungsverhaltens unter Berücksichtigung der hohen Schwindmaße durch isoliert ermittelte Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen des hochduktilen Betons und des reinen Stahls. Dieses Verfahren erlaubt eine einfache Beschreibung des kombinierten Tragverhaltens unter Berücksichtigung der rissüberbrückenden Wirkung der Fasern. / SHCC is an advanced construction material developed especially for strain-hardening, quasi-ductile behaviour. Both are achieved through the combined interaction of short polymer fibres dispersed in the cementitious matrix. The resulting tensile behaviour of SHCC is characterized by a progressive formation of multiple cracks and high strain capacity, which influences the structural behaviour especially in combination with steel reinforcement. This thesis reports on experimental investigations to analyse the load-bearing behaviour of R/SHCC members. The investigations included the determination of relevant material properties as well as uniaxial tension tests on steel reinforced slab elements. The aim was to study the effect of multiple cracking on the bond interaction with steel reinforcement and their combined load-deformation behaviour. Specific attention was also given to the influence of the production process and shrinkage behaviour of SHCC. It was shown that production and size related changes of material properties influence the cracking behaviour of SHCC, which can lead to a significant reduction of tensile strain capacity in a structural element. The interaction with steel reinforcement, on the other hand, was found to facilitate multiple cracking and enhance tensile strain capacity during the stage of elastic steel deformations. However, a mutual dependency of SHCC fracture and plastic steel deformations could be observed in the post-yielding stage of the steel rebar. The experimental results were discussed with respect to their implications for constitutive modelling of the tensile load-bearing behaviour. The resulting relationships are based upon the individual material behaviour as well as their bond interaction. Further to that, the effects of SHCC shrinkage and early strain-hardening of steel reinforcement were assessed based on the experimental data. These results contribute to the understanding of the mechanical processes in order to determine the behaviour of steel reinforced SHCC for practical applications.

Durch den Einsatz des 3D-Drucks mit Beton kann die Produktivität auf der Baustelle enorm gesteigert, der gesamte Bauablauf optimiert und zugleich geometrische Freiheit ohne zusätzliche Kosten realisiert werden. Jedoch bevor der Beton-3D-Druck eine breite Anwendung finden kann, müssen einige Fragen in Bezug auf die Dauerhaftigkeit sowie die Gebrauchsfähigkeit gedruckter Betonelemente erforscht werden. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird die Problematik der Verformungen und Rissbildung bei gedruckten Betonelementen infolge des plastischen Schwindens beleuchtet. Außerdem werden geeignete Messverfahren für die Quantifizierung von gehindertem sowie ungehindertem plastischem Schwinden von gedrucktem Beton vorgestellt.

[pt] Durante a gelificação por parafina, a rede de cristais de parafina modifica o comportamento do óleo cru. Ele muda de um material newtoniano de baixa viscosidade para um material com dependência temporal e de alta viscosidade com tensão limite do escoamento. Com isto, é totalmente desafiador descobrir a pressão minima de início do fluxo de petróleo gelificado com uma microestrutura tão complexa. Através da minha dissertação de mestrado, investigamos dois materiais viscoplásticos: um gel de cabelo com uma tixotropia desprezível e uma suspensão aquosa tixotrópica 2 por cento de laponita para imitar o início de fluxo de óleos gelificados. Para ambos os materiais, o gradiente de pressão axial mínimo necessário para o início do fluxo foi medido e os valores medidos estavam de acordo com a previsão do balanço de força convencional. Por outro lado, os casos da indústria exibiram que o balanço de força mencionado acima leva a uma superestimação da pressão mínima inicial. Em alguns estudos, uma explicação elicitada é o comportamento tixotrópico do petróleo gelificado, mas nossos resultados acima mencionados serviram para refutá-lo. Durante a primeira parte da minha tese de doutorado, buscamos verificar por laboratório porque o balanço de força não se aplica ao petróleo gelificado, em seguida, buscamos uma explicação fisicamente adequada para essa discrepância e também uma maneira confiável de prever a pressão mínima de início do escoamento. Nesta linha, mostramos o efeito do encolhimento do petróleo gelificado na discordância entre a tensão limite estática de escoamento e o gradiente de pressão mínimo necessário para iniciar o fluxo, através da reometria e do fluxo de fluido em um tubo. Em seguida, introduzimos uma equação de balanço de força modificada com o efeito de encolhimento incluído para obter o melhor estimação da pressão minima de início de escoamento. Outro elemento essencial sobre o início de escoamento de petróleo gelificado é descobrir uma estratégia confiável para modelar matematicamente a reologia do material. Na maioria dos modelos que visam prever o comportamento reológico de petróleo gelificado, as mudanças da microestrutura durante o fluxo são consideradas tixotrópicas; dependência temporal reversível. Porém, observamos em nossos experimentos com histórias de fluxo e térmicas bem controladas que o caráter irreversível da dependência temporal é bastante evidente. Assim, na segunda parte da tese, propomos um modelo baseado no desenvolvimentos anteriores de Souza Mendes e colaboradores que considera a dependência temporal irreversível observada experimentalmente para petróleo gelificado. A capacidade preditiva do modelo proposto é então avaliada através de comparações com dados experimentais. / [en] Throughout the wax gelation, the network of parafinn crystals modifies the behavior of waxy crude oil. It changes from a low viscosity Newtonian to a high viscosity time-dependent material with yield strength. Now, it is totally challenging to find out the restart pressure for gelled crude oil ow with such a complex microstructure. Through my Master s dissertation, we investigated two viscoplastic materials, namely a hair gel with a negligible thixotropy and a quite thixotropic 2 percent aqueous suspension of Laponite to mimic the startup flow of waxy crude oils. For both materials, the minimum axial pressure gradient required for the onset of flow was measured, and the measured values were in good agreement with the prediction of a conventional force balance. On the other hand, industry cases have exhibited that the just mentioned force balance leads to an overestimation of the minimum startup pressure gradient. In some studies, an elicited explanation is the thixotropic behavior of the gelled crude, but our results above-mentioned served to falsify it. Over the first part of my PhD thesis, we aimed to verify in the laboratory that why the force balance does not hold for gelled crude oil and then we sought a physically proper explanation for this discrepancy and also a reliable way to predict the minimum startup pressure gradient. Along these lines, we show the role of gelled crude oil s shrinkage in the discordance between static yield strength and required minimum pressure gradient to onset the flow, through rheometry and fluid flow in a tube. Then, we introduce a modified force balance equation with the role of shrinkage included to best estimate the minimum restart pressure gradient. Another essential element through the restart flow of gelled waxy crude is to find out a reliable strategy to mathematically model the material s rheology. In most models that aim at predicting the rheological behavior of gelled waxy crude oil, the microstructure changes during ow are assumed to be thixotropic (reversible time dependent). But, we observed in our experiments with well-controlled flow and thermal histories that the irreversible character of time dependence is quite evident. Thus, in the second part of thesis we propose a model based on previous developments by Souza Mendes and co-workers that accounts for the irreversible time dependence observed experimentally in a waxy crude oil. The predictive capability of the proposed model is then assessed via comparisons with experimental data.

For creep and shrinkage investigations, relatively small cylindrical specimens are generally exposed to constant climatic conditions. The derived mainly empirical prediction models are used for the calculation of large engineering structures with massive cross-sections. In this paper, the expected values of the material models according to fib Model Code 2010 and Eurocode 2 are compared with monitoring data, which were acquired over a period of more than 12 years during a structural health monitoring of a large viaduct. It was found that in addition to the measured continuous increase in the viscous deformations, seasonal fluctuations due to climatic influences could also be detected. The numerical calculations show that the material models differ significantly in their magnitude and time course of the predicted viscous concrete deformations. In comparison with the monitoring data, a good agreement was achieved when using the material models according to Eurocode 2. The models of the fib Model Code 2010, on the other hand, underestimated the deformations of the massive bridge girder.

This thesis intends to evaluate the feasibility of supervised learning models for predicting house prices on the countryside of South Sweden. It is essential for mortgage lenders to have accurate housing valuation algorithms and the current model offered by Booli is not accurate enough when evaluating residence prices on the countryside. Different types of boosted decision trees were implemented to address this issue and their performances were compared to traditional machine learning methods. These different types of supervised learning models were implemented in order to find the best model with regards to relevant evaluation metrics such as root-mean-squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The implemented models were ridge regression, lasso regression, random forest, AdaBoost, gradient boosting, CatBoost, XGBoost, and LightGBM. All these models were benchmarked against Booli's current housing valuation algorithms which are based on a k-NN model. The results from this thesis indicated that the LightGBM model is the optimal one as it had the best overall performance with respect to the chosen evaluation metrics. When comparing the LightGBM model to the benchmark, the performance was overall better, the LightGBM model had an RMSE score of 0.330 compared to 0.358 for the Booli model, indicating that there is a potential of using boosted decision trees to improve the predictive accuracy of residence prices on the countryside. / Denna uppsats ämnar utvärdera genomförbarheten hos olika övervakade inlärningsmodeller för att förutse huspriser på landsbygden i Södra Sverige. Det är viktigt för bostadslånsgivare att ha noggranna algoritmer när de värderar bostäder, den nuvarande modellen som Booli erbjuder har dålig precision när det gäller värderingar av bostäder på landsbygden. Olika typer av boostade beslutsträd implementerades för att ta itu med denna fråga och deras prestanda jämfördes med traditionella maskininlärningsmetoder. Dessa olika typer av övervakad inlärningsmodeller implementerades för att hitta den bästa modellen med avseende på relevanta prestationsmått som t.ex. root-mean-squared error (RMSE) och mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). De övervakade inlärningsmodellerna var ridge regression, lasso regression, random forest, AdaBoost, gradient boosting, CatBoost, XGBoost, and LightGBM. Samtliga algoritmers prestanda jämförs med Boolis nuvarande bostadsvärderingsalgoritm, som är baserade på en k-NN modell. Resultatet från denna uppsats visar att LightGBM modellen är den optimala modellen för att värdera husen på landsbygden eftersom den hade den bästa totala prestandan med avseende på de utvalda utvärderingsmetoderna. LightGBM modellen jämfördes med Booli modellen där prestandan av LightGBM modellen var i överlag bättre, där LightGBM modellen hade ett RMSE värde på 0.330 jämfört med Booli modellen som hade ett RMSE värde på 0.358. Vilket indikerar att det finns en potential att använda boostade beslutsträd för att förbättra noggrannheten i förutsägelserna av huspriser på landsbygden.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El objetivo de esta tesis se considera de gran relevancia para los técnicos de las industrias textiles de género de punto, ya que contribuye a simplificar enormemente los cálculos productivos en las empresas de género de punto por trama. Ofrece un método eficaz para predecir el encogimiento longitudinal, transversal y al ancho de los tejidos de punto después de los procesos de tejeduría, tintura y acabados a partir de la forma dimensional que adopte la malla. Esta investigación se ha realizado con el análisis de más de 700 muestras de tejido extraídas de sus respectivas partidas de tejido. Con este análisis se han obtenido modelos de regresión lineal. Después de la verificación de los resultados obtenidos se validan los modelos, apreciando mínimos errores que verifican su aplicabilidad. Esta Tesis Doctoral comienza con el análisis de la variación dimensional de las tres estructuras fundamentales: interlock, 1x1 rib y single jersey. Durante los procesos de tejeduría, tintura y acabado de los tejidos de punto, se pueden dar una serie de circunstancias que pueden alterar la calidad del producto final del tejido y por consiguiente su transmisión directa al artículo al que va a ser destinado. Uno de estos factores que ha creado mucha incertidumbre en su trabajo a los técnicos de las industrias textiles ha sido la estabilidad dimensional de los tejidos de punto. La aplicación de los resultados de la Tesis puede proporcionar un importante ahorro de tiempo a las empresas de género de punto y, en consecuencia, un ahorro de inversión en stock de productos intermedios. Con la aplicación de los modelos desarrollados, las empresas no necesitan utilizar los métodos de cálculo comunes consistentes en la aplicación de la norma UNE EN ISO 6330-2012, que requiere un día de parada en la producción hasta la obtención de los resultados. También en esta tesis doctoral se han propuesto modelos que expliquen la variabilidad de la longitud del hilo absorbido por una malla, en cada una de las tres estructuras fundamentales, a partir de modelos que utilizan otras variables mucho más sencillas de analizar. De esta forma se deja de un lado el cálculo tradicional utilizado basado en la norma UNE-EN 14970, ya que este procedimiento es algo engorroso, requiriendo mucho tiempo y un aparato de medición del hilo. Con la utilización de los modelos propuestos se agiliza la estimación de la longitud de malla entre los estados de relajación propuestos, dos en tejeduría (Tejeduría y relajación en seco y Tejeduría y relajación en húmedo) y dos en tintura (Tintura y relajación en seco y tintura y relajación en húmedo). / [CA] L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi es considera de gran rellevància per als tècnics de les indústries tèxtils de gènere de punt, ja que contribueix a simplificar enormement els càlculs productius a les empreses de gènere de punt per trama. Ofereix un mètode eficaç per predir l'encongiment longitudinal i transversal dels teixits de punt després dels processos de teixidura, tintura i acabats a partir de la forma dimensional que adopte la malla. Aquesta investigació s'ha fet amb l'anàlisi de més de 700 mostres de teixit extretes de les respectives partides de teixit. Amb aquesta anàlisi s'han obtingut models de regressió lineal. Després de la verificació dels resultats obtinguts es validen els models, apreciant mínims errors que verifiquen la seua aplicabilitat. Aquesta Tesi Doctoral comença amb l'anàlisi de la variació dimensional de les tres estructures fonamentals: interlock, 1x1 rib i single jersei. Durant els processos de teixidura, tintura i acabat dels teixits de punt, es poden donar una sèrie de circumstàncies que poden alterar la qualitat del producte final del teixit i per tant la seva transmissió directa a l'article a què serà destinat. Un d'aquests factors que ha creat molta incertesa a la feina als tècnics de les indústries tèxtils ha estat l'estabilitat dimensional dels teixits de punt. L'aplicació dels resultats de la Tesi pot proporcionar un important estalvi de temps a les empreses de gènere de punt i, en conseqüència, un estalvi d'inversió en estoc de productes intermedis. Amb l'aplicació dels models desenvolupats, les empreses no necessiten utilitzar els mètodes de càlcul comuns consistents en l'aplicació de la norma UNE EN ISO 6330-2012, que requereix un dia de parada a la producció fins a l'obtenció dels resultats. També en aquesta tesi doctoral s'han proposat models que expliquen la variabilitat de la longitud del fil absorbit per una malla, en cadascuna de les tres estructures fonamentals, a partir de models que utilitzen altres variables molt més senzilles d'analitzar. D'aquesta manera es deixa d'una banda el càlcul tradicional utilitzat basat en la norma UNE-EN 14970, ja que aquest procediment és una mica molest, requerint molt de temps i un aparell de mesura del fil. Amb la utilització dels models proposats s'agilitza l'estimació de la longitud de malla entre els estats de relaxació proposats, dos en teixidura (Teixidura i relaxació en sec i Teixidura i relaxació en humit) i dos en tintura (Tintura i relaxació en sec i tintura i relaxació en humit). / [EN] The objective of this thesis is considered of great relevance for the technical of the knitwear textile industries, since it greatly simplifies the productive calculations in weft knitting companies. It offers an effective method for predicting the longitudinal and transverse shrinkage of knitted fabrics after the knitting, dyeing and finishing processes, based on the dimensional shape adopted by the loop. This research has been carried out with the analysis of more than 700 knitting samples extracted from their respective fabrics items. With this analysis we have obtained linear regression models. After verification of the results obtained, the models are validated, appreciating minimum errors that verify their applicability. This Doctoral Thesis begins with the analysis of the dimensional variation of the three fundamental structures: interlock, 1x1 rib and single jersey. During the knitting, dyeing and finishing processes of knitted fabrics, can be given a series of circumstances that can alter the quality of the final product of the fabric and therefore its direct transmission to the article to which it is going to be intended. One of these factors that has created a lot of uncertainty in your work technical of the textile industries has been the dimensional stability of knitted fabrics. The application of the results of the Thesis can provide a significant save time for knitting companies and, consequently, an investment savings in stock of intermediate products. With the application of developed models, companies do not need to use the calculation methods consisting of the application of the UNE EN ISO 6330-2012 standard, which It requires a day of stoppage in production until the results are obtained. Also in this doctoral thesis models have been proposed that explain the variability of the length of the thread absorbed by a loop, in each of the three fundamental structures, from models that use other variables much easier to analyze. In this way, it leaves aside the traditional calculation used based on the UNE-EN 14970 standard, since this procedure is somewhat cumbersome, requiring a lot of time and a thread measurement. With the use of the proposed models, the estimation of the loop length between the proposed relaxation states, two in knitting (knitting and dry relaxation and knitting and wet relaxation) and two in dyeing (dyeing and dry relaxation and dyeing and wet relaxation). / Llinares Berenguer, JÓ. (2022). Modelización de la variación dimensional de los tejidos de punto por recogida durante todo el proceso productivo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/188844 / Compendio