S’appuyant sur une pratique artistique prenant comme pivot central le corps et l’art en marche, cette recherche est une incitation à explorer la mémoire collective en empruntant trois pistes à la fois plastiques et théoriques : la marche dans le paysage, la photographie et l’écriture. Le cheminement, c’est le parcours dans les archives, parmi les témoignages. C’est aussi les pérégrinations sur les chemins de la mémoire, en compagnie des témoins de certains épisodes tragiques de notre histoire, lors de rencontres et d’échanges. Mais encore, en tant qu’artiste-marcheuse, le chemin, c’est les déambulations dans le paysage, lorsque je revisite la mémoire s’imprégnant dans les sillons qui courent sur le sol, et que je projette celle-ci sur le paysage, dans la montagne et sur la ligne d’horizon. Le corps en marche, c’est un corps qui fait l’expérience du paysage. L’exploration de celui-ci passe par une intersensorialité qui stimule la mémoire. Je pars donc à la rencontre de notre histoire en tissant des liens entre la marche, la photographie et l’écriture. La photographie répond à la fois au rythme de l’artiste-marcheur, à la curiosité de l’artiste dans les archives, et au langage du photographe-plasticien qui creuse les questions des lieux de mémoire. L’écriture, quant à elle, permet d’approfondir l’étude des lignes, du mouvement et du témoignage, tout en soulevant des questions liées à la manuscriture et à la cartographie. Ces trois médiums s’entrelacent dans une pratique intermédiale autour des chemins de la mémoire. Entre cette pratique plastique et la théorie qui l’accompagne, se tissent des liens, éveillant une curiosité pour des sujets historiques, anthropologiques, philosophiques et architecturaux. Cette recherche suggère donc de découvrir ce maillage, d’explorer un dispositif de création, un cheminement de la mémoire, et un subtil croisement entre la marche comme pratique esthétique, la photographie et l’écriture. / With art walking and the body in motion at the heart of my artistic practice, this research incites us to explore collective memory via three visual and theoretical areas : walking in the landscape, photography and writing.The path we take demands exploring archives, using testimonies. It also means travelling alongside the witnesses of some of the most tragic episodes of our history, along the paths of their memory. As a walking artist, it is equally making my way, on foot, reactivating memory, which seeps into the furrows traces into the earth, projecting the past on the landscape, the mountains and the horizon. As we walk, our body in motion experiences the landscape, an intersensoriality that stimulates memory. I revive history whilst interweaving walking, photography and writing. Photography responds to the rhythm of the walking artist, to the artist's curiosity in the archives, and to the artistic language of the photographer questioning “lieux de mémoire”. Writing, in turn, examines the use of lines, movement and testimonies, while it also questions handwriting and mapping. These three mediums are intertwined in an intermedial artistic practice, discovering the paths of memory. We must imagine a process of weaving between creative work and theory that awakens curiosity for historical, anthropological, philosophical and architectural subjects. This research suggests considering this intermedial approach, this subtle blend between walking as an aesthetic practice, photography and writing, while walking the paths of memory.

Målet med denna studie har varit att visa utmaningarna som befinner sig i processer föreliggande trygghet, även om förutsättningar i den byggda miljön visar motsatsen. Därtill har målet varit att bidra med en kompletterande synvinkel på de utmaningar som finns med trygghet och otrygghet för kvinnor i den bebyggda miljön eftersom det oftast inte förmedlas hur kvinnor verkligen upplever obehag i det offentliga rummet. Genom att använda transect walking som huvudsaklig metod, och fotografering som kompletterande tillvägagångssätt, har det möjliggjorts en djupgående porträttering av de känslor Brunkebergstunneln och David Bagares gata kan förmedla. Metoderna har visat tydliga underliggande mönster i den bygga miljön och de återspeglar både sociala och fysiska möjliggörande och begränsningar. Resultatet har bekräftat många av de teoretiska utgångspunkterna, exempelvis att det tycks finnas ett samspel mellan det sociala och det fysiska som orsakar trygghet och otrygghet. Det har tillika visats att det finns en underordning hos många av kvinnorna som intervjuades. Däribland finns det några som avviker från detta och här går det att tyda hur de troligtvis grundar sina liv i andra sociala kontexter. Vad som befinner sig i överordningen är emellertid en del av framtida studier.

Heavy backpacks have been suggested to have a pathogenic role in experience of low back pain among children. We have conducted a repeated-measure study to investigate the backpack-induced changes in lumbo-pelvic coordination of forty gender-balanced college age students when they walked and jogged on a treadmill with two different types of backpacks: normal and ergonomically modified. The backpack-induced changes in lumbo-pelvic coordination were larger when carrying an ergonomically modified vs. a normal backpack as well as when jogging versus walking. The larger changes in lumbo-pelvic coordination when carrying an ergonomically modified backpack were likely due to kinematic restraints imposed by rigidity and enhanced attachments devised in the backpack for increased comfort. Given the role of lower back biomechanics in low back pain, the effects of such larger mechanical abnormalities in the lower back when carrying an ergonomically-modified backpack on risk of low back pain among children requires further investigation.

The objective of this masters project is to develop a working application for Android devices. This is an application intended to be used by CSUSB. It has its own database, which has information about most of the facilities on campus. There are many GPS applications on the market, however I chose to design and implement WiN GPS, short for Walking GPS, because it will allow the possibility of a personalized GPS for the school and for users should they choose to use it. In order to develop Win GPS it was necessary to research the available tools and to become familiar with the ones that were selected. These tools such as map application providers, i.e. Google-maps, integrated development environments, database managers, software development kits, and mobile device emulators were analysed and compared. Once the tools were selected. It was necessary to study, to become familiar with and to learn how to use them. Finally an application is developed and its main functions/code will be explained. This masters project will allow potentially Android developers to evaluate possible barriers, such as price and limitations of map applications providers, so they can make an informed decision.

Mobility in the western U.S. is defined primarily by the private automobile. Since the conclusion of WWII, the private automobile has become readily available to the public, and as a result, has heavily influenced the design of our modern cities in the west. In recent years the connections between high motor vehicle use and rising obesity rates, crumbling road infrastructure, and deteriorating air quality have caused city officials to reexamine the transportation systems of the west. One solution advocates, city officials, and planning professionals have begun examining is active transportation (walking, cycling, and public transit). Research suggests that a robust active transportation network not only diversifies mobility options, it also encourages compact urban development, cleaner air, and a move active population. This thesis developed a methodology for examining and documenting the components of an active transportation network in the western U.S. This was done though a comprehensive literature review to glean important active transportation policies, infrastructure, and best practices. Then, two western U.S. case study cities with relatively high amounts of cycling, walking, and public transit use were selected and analyzed with site visits and planning professional interviews. The data gathered throughout this first phase of the research was then synthesized, and reoccurring themes about cycling, walking and public transit were identified. These themes were labeled as the prerequisites for active transportation in cities of the western U.S. and were documented and prioritized based on their potential impact. The themes were vetted by planning professionals in the two case study cities as well as in Cache Valley to insure accuracy and validity. A final version of the prerequisites was then documented. The final phase of this research applied the prerequisites to the transportation system in Cache Valley, UT in order to insure the list was valid and reproducible under a variety of conditions. The outcome of this phase was GIS map displaying an alternative future for active transportation in Cache Valley, UT.

Orientador: Eduardo Kokubun / Resumo: O deslocamento ativo traz muitos benefícios tanto individuais quanto ambientais, por exemplo, redução da mortalidade, redução da pressão arterial e redução da poluição. Apesar disso, vemos que no Brasil, utiliza-se pouco esse modo de transporte quando comparado a outros países. No caso de Recife, por exemplo, 16% de viagens de bicicleta, longe dos 48% de Amsterdam. O objetivo foi analisar o padrão do deslocamento ativo da Região Metropolitana de Campinas – SP e para tal feitio foram utilizados os dados da pesquisa “Origem-Destino 2003 e 2011 da Região Metropolitana de Campinas”. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e analítico da frequência do deslocamento ativo, fatores associados para ser ciclista ou caminhante por meio da regressão de Poisson, e uma análise descritiva de tendência temporal sobre as características das viagens ativas da RMC. Para a realização dos mesmos, foi utilizado o software Stata 12.0 (StataCorp). A amostra contou com 36.892 pessoas residentes da RMC e 66.362 viagens. Sendo encontrado uma queda entre 2003 e 2011 nas frequências dos ciclistas (2,2% - 1,6%) e suas viagens (3,5% - 2,1%), e para os caminhantes (21,9% - 17,3%) e suas viagens (35,4% - 24%). Sobre as características individuais, para os ciclistas, obteve-se que a cada 1000 habitantes 25,1 são homens, 21,1 adultos jovens e 29,8 provenientes da classe E. Nos caminhantes, a cada 1000 habitantes, 184,4 são mulheres, 367,4 crianças/adolescentes, 413,4 estudantes e 207,9 da classe E. Para os fatores ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Active displacement has many individual and environmental benefits, for example, reduced mortality, reduced blood pressure and reduced pollution. Nevertheless, we see that in Brazil, this mean of transport is not so used when compared to other countries. In the case of Recife, for example, 16% of bicycle trips, far from the 48% of Amsterdam. The objective was to analyze the pattern of active displacement of the Region Metropolitan of Campinas - SP and for that purpose we used data from the research “Origin-Destination 2003 and 2011 of the Region Metropolitan of Campinas”. A descriptive and analytical study of the frequency of active displacement, associated factors to be cyclist or hiker by Poisson regression, and a descriptive analysis of temporal trend on the characteristics of active CMR travel were performed. To perform them, the software Stata 12.0 (StataCorp) was used. The sample included 36,892 residents of RMC and 66,362 trips. A decline between 2003 and 2011 in the frequencies of cyclists (2.2% - 1.6%) and their trips (3.5% - 2.1%), and for hikers (21.9% - 17, 3%) and their travels (35.4% - 24%). Regarding the individual characteristics, for cyclists, it was found that every 1000 inhabitants 25.1 are men, 21.1 young adults and 29.8 from E class. In hikers, each 1000 inhabitants, 184.4 are women, 367.4 children / adolescents, 413.4 students and 207.9 of E class. For the associated factors the discoveries were that lower economic class and male gender are associated wi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at risk for negative health conditions due to high levels of sedentary behavior. Walking and cycling are the most common forms of physical activity engaged in by adults with ID. Research is limited in evaluating physical activity interventions for this population. The purpose of this study will be to evaluate the effectiveness of a token reinforcement intervention to increase distance walked for adults with mild to moderate ID at adult day training centers.

The general purpose of this study was to examine factors that may influence acceleration characteristics of the upper body during walking, thereby clarifying the means by which the postural system facilitates dynamic stability of the upper body during walking. Upper body accelerations were measured during a range of straight-line walking tasks. Time domain, frequency domain, signal regularity and coupling analyses were used to 1) provide new insight into gait-related upper body accelerations during walking in normal healthy adults, and 2) determine how the postural system accommodates to perturbations that challenge upper body stability during walking. The specific perturbations to the postural system that were examined in the present study were the normal ageing process, changes in walking speed, and fatigue of the cervical and lumbar erector spinae. In general, the patterns of accelerations measured at the level of the head were an attenuated version of those at the lower trunk during normal walking. Power spectral analysis revealed that both the head and lower trunk in the anterior-posterior (AP) and vertical directions (VT) directions were characterised by a single peak frequency corresponding the step frequency during normal walking. However, the most notable of all attenuation profiles was the difference between accelerations of the head and lower trunk in the mediolateral (ML) direction. ML trunk accelerations were characterised by multiple low amplitude frequency peaks, which were attenuated to a single peak at the head corresponding to stride frequency. The coupling between acceleration directions was greater for the head than the lower trunk, suggesting that the postural system promotes a coordination strategy which enhances global stability of the head. Subdividing the upper body into neck and trunk segments facilitated a more comprehensive description how the gait-related oscillations are prevented from impacting on the motion of the head. Overall, acceleration amplitude, power content, and regularity were predominantly regulated by the trunk segment, especially for the AP and ML directions. This suggests that the trunk segment plays a critical role in modulating the amplitude and structure of gait-related oscillations prior to reaching the neck segment and thus the head. It was envisaged that examining factors that may challenge the individual (the normal ageing process), and the walking task (changes in walking speed, and induced fatigue of the upper body), would provide new insight into the extent to which the postural system prioritises head stability during walking. Regardless of the challenges imposed on the postural system due to the ageing process, upper body movement was organised in a manner which assisted in maintaining a degree of head stability comparable to those observed under normal walking conditions. Similarly, the importance that the postural system places on maintaining head stability was evident in the attenuation characteristics of the trunk and neck segments when walking speed was manipulated, and neuromuscular fatigue induced. Manipulating walking speed highlighted the critical role that the trunk segment has in regulating upper body accelerations arising from gait-related events. Aside from a minor contribution from the neck segment in the direction of travel at preferred and fast walking speeds, regulation of accelerations occurred due to the dynamics of the trunk segment. Inducing neuromuscular fatigue of the cervical and lumbar erector spinae groups (CES and LES) revealed compensatory movement strategies of the upper body, with a view of enhancing head stability. For several variables quantifying attenuation, fatiguing one muscle group, such as the CES, resulted in changes in the dynamics of another level of the upper body, such as the trunk segment. The trunk segment was particularly dominant in regulating upper body accelerations under fatigued conditions, further reinforcing the importance to control accelerations prior to reaching the neck and head. Overall, the results of this study suggest that optimal head stability is reliant on the trunk segment providing a stable base of support for the neck and head. By regulating accelerations via the trunk segment, the postural system is effectively regulating the orientation of the neck and head, and the inclusive sensory organs. It was evident that the postural system prioritises, and in general, maintains head stability during walking despite challenges imposed on upper body stability.

Background: Older adults walk more slowly than healthy young adults at fast and normal walking speeds. These age-associated changes in mobility impact upon daily function. A slower gait, for example, may reduce the older adult’s ability to safely cross at traffic intersections due to the time restriction. Recent research has demonstrated whole body vibration (WBV) can improve the strength and power (Roelants, Delecluse & Verschueren, 2004; Russo et al., 2003; Verschueren, Roelants, Delecluse, Swinnen, Vanderschueren & Boonen, 2004) of community dwelling elderly females, and the mobility of nursing home residents (Bautmans, Van Hees, Lemper & Mets, 2005; Bruyere et al., 2005). To date, no published research has examined the impact WBV has on the gait parameters of community dwelling elderly females. The research was conducted in three phases. Phase One – Development of a WBV Platform: This phase outlines the development of a WBV platform (ACUWBV) that was designed and built for this research. A unique aspect of the ACUWBV was the method of adjusting WBV amplitude and therefore intensity. Current WBV technology, using tilting oscillations, requires the individual to increase their stance width. The ACUWBV allowed for the adjustment of WBV amplitude while maintaining the same stance width. The reliability and accuracy of the ACUWBV eccentric cam was measured during this phase of the research. Although an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.4 was calculated and is considered an indication of low reliability, calculations of typical error (TE -95% error range) for each amplitude indicated the error to be small in the overall precision of the instrument. Specifically, at a frequency of 20 Hz, the expected WBV acceleration ranges for amplitudes of 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm were 7.58 m.s-2 to 8.85 m.s-2 (TE = 0.02 mm) and 16.90 m.s-2 to 17.53 m.s.-2 (TE = 0.01 mm), respectively. Phase Two – Pilot Study: This phase established the response of elderly community-dwelling female fast gait to WBV. Seven elderly female participants attended three WBV sessions per week for three weeks. Participants performed fast walks over an electronic walkway (GAITRite) at the end of each WBV session. A time-series graph displayed a linear increase in stride velocity over the three week intervention period. Conversely, stride time, stance time and double support time exhibited linear decreases. However, stride time (p=0.04) and stance time (p=0.04) were the only variables that exhibited a significant difference. It was concluded that the linear changes in stride velocity, stride time, stance time and double support time warranted further investigation with a larger sample size within a longer intervention period. Phase Three – Major Study: Phase three was an extension of phase two. This WBV intervention study was performed over a twelve week period. Twenty-two elderly female participants were placed in one of two groups. Group one (placebo/WBV; Group; n=12) was exposed to a placebo intervention for the first six weeks followed by a six week WBV intervention. Group two (Group WBV/placebo; n=10) was exposed to WBV for the first six weeks and a placebo intervention for the following six weeks. Group placebo/WBV exhibited no change in stride velocity during the placebo period, but a seven per cent increase during the six week WBV period (p=0.005). The changes in stride velocity coincided with increases in stride length (p=0.017), and reductions in stride time (p=0.007), stance time (p=0.001) and double support time (p=0.001). Group WBV/Placebo demonstrated stride velocity to increase by five per cent during the WBV period. Although the time-series graphs demonstrated improvements in stride velocity to be associated with decreases in stride time, stance time, and double support time, the changes failed to reach significance. Single support time and stride length showed no change over the WBV period. The improvements shown by group WBV/placebo from the first six weeks of WBV were maintained during the six week placebo (detraining) period. In summary, WBV was an effective intervention for enhancing the walking speed of community dwelling elderly female gait. This form of exercise may have positive outcomes on the daily function of elderly females, which in turn may improve their quality of life.

A modified version of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test (RFWT) has been determined to be reliable for persons with mental retardation. Previous investigations have used one pacer for each participant. While this protocol may be reliable, it is not likely feasible in most school or community-based settings. Therefore, the purpose of this study is twofold: first to evaluate the reliability of a modified version of the RFWT using one pacer per five participants; second, to determine the agreement among the one to one protocol and the proposed five to one protocol. This study compared the end completion times and mean peak heart rates of three different one-mile walking sessions of 35 participants with mild mental retardation. Eighteen females (21.1 �� 2.7 yr.) and 17 males (19.7 �� 2.8 yr.) participated in each testing session. Each participant randomly completed two sessions of walking with one pacer per five participants and one session of one pacer per participant on an indoor surface 1/9th of a mile long. Results from ANOVA indicated end completion times and mean peak heart rates did not differ based on gender (p=0.798), sessions (p=0.053), and gender x sessions (p=0.855). To determine agreement, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for end completion times for the first five to one and the one to one (R=0.83) and the second five to one and the one to one (R=0.85). ICC's were calculated for mean peak heart rates for the first five to one and the one to one (R=0.95) and for the second five to one and the one to one (R=0.93). The results support that the five to one modified walking protocol produces results similar to the results using the one to one testing. / Graduation date: 1998