Due to the development of, and the opportunities that social media provides for different groups in society, companies and organizations are encouraged to be present on, and be a part of the new social media landscape. This research examines how five companies and five organizations use social media as a tool to create relationships with individuals, and what role social media plays in the daily communication work. The social media platforms discussed in this research companies and organizations can utilize not only to create an identity and work with branding, but also to apply two-way communication with individuals. The research applies qualitative interviews with representatives from each company and organization. The main findings revealed surprisingly that there are not any significant differences between companies’ and organizations’ way of using social media, but that it differs more between different kinds of companies and organizations. Most companies and organizations use different social media platforms for different purposes or to reach different target groups. Facebook and Instagram are the two platforms that most companies and organizations from the research use. Facebook is generally used to share information and Instagram to inspire. Furthermore, social media provides different possibilities to reach out to people than more traditional ways of communication such as print advertising and newsletters. Hence, social media plays an important role in the work with communication in order to reach out to people and can have a decisive effect for companies and organizations. The advantages of social media that the participating companies and organizations emphasized are that they get to have their own voice, they can themselves create interest and commitment, rather than using a PR-firm for example, and it enables two-way communication which in turn foster relationships with individuals. Finally, one of the biggest advantages highlighted is the fast communication that is enabled on social media platforms which keep the companies and organizations closer to the public

We motivate the importance of understanding the kinematics and dynamics of the Milky Way stellar halo both in unravelling the formation history and evolution of our host Galaxy and in the more general context of galaxy dynamics. We present a cleaned picture of the kinematics of the smooth component of the stellar halo: we develop a method to quantify the average distance error on a sample of stars based on the idea of Schoenrich et al. (2012), but adapted so that it uses velocity information only on average. We use this scheme to construct an analytic distance calibration for Blue Horizontal Branch (BHB) field halo stars in Sloan colours and demonstrate that our calibration is a) more accurate than the ones available and b) unbiased w.r.t. metallicity and colour. We measure the rotation of the smooth component of the stellar halo with a tool-set of four estimators that use either only the l.o.s. velocities or the full 3D motion. From two samples of BHB stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we favour a non-rotating single halo. We critique conflicting results in the literature based on similar samples and trace back the disagreement (either in the sign of rotation or in the morphology of the halo) to sample contaminations and/or neglect account of the halo geometry. We propose a scheme that generalizes any isotropic spherical model to a model where the potential is axisymmetric and the distribution function is a function of the three actions. The idea is to approximate the Hamiltonian as a function of the actions with a library of quadratic fits to surfaces of constant energy in action space and then make explicit the dependence of the energy on the three actions in the ergodic distribution function. The transparency of the physics implied by the model we achieve, should make it possible to combine our spheroidal models to the f(J)-models of Binney (2010) for the disks and of Pontzen & Governato (2013) for the dark-matter halo, and obtain a complete actions-defined dynamical model of the Milky Way Galaxy.

The centre of the Milky Way, commonly referred to as the Galactic Centre, is roughly that region within 500 pc of the central black hole, Sagittarius A*. Within the innermost parsec around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* are more than a hundred massive young stars whose orbits align to form one or possibly two discs. At about 100 pc is a ring containing more than ten million solar masses of molecular gas which could be the origin of some of the most massive star clusters in the Galaxy. I have performed a number of numerical simulations to help us understand how it is that these structures may have been formed. I firstly describe and test an improvement to the smoothed particle hydrodynamics code I used. This improves conservation of energy and momentum in certain situations such as in strong shocks from supernovae, which were to be included in a later chapter. The discs of massive stars around Sagittarius A* are believed to have been born there within fragmenting gaseous discs. This is problematic, as the formation of two stellar discs would require two gaseous counterparts. A method is described of forming multiple discs around a black hole from a single cloud's infall and subsequent tidal destruction. This is due to its prolate shape providing a naturally large distribution in the direction of the angular momentum vectors within the cloud. The resulting discs may then go on to form stars. Energetically, it would appear that a sequence of supernovae could potentially cause a giant molecular cloud to fall inwards towards the central black hole from an originally large orbit around the Galactic Centre. I simulate the impact on a giant molecular cloud of supernovae originating from a massive stellar cluster located a parsec away. Ultimately, the supernovae are found to have little effect. Finally, I simulate the formation of the dense ring of clouds observed in the Central Molec- ular Zone at a distance of about 100 pc from Sgr A*. Infalling gas is shown to be subject to such extreme tidal forces that a single cloud of gas is extended to form a long stream. The ribbon grows to the point that it self-intersects and forms a ring-like structure. Its complexity depends on the orbit of the original cloud. The position-velocity data is compared with observations, and similarities are noted.

Many astronomical observations, including rotational curve measurements of stars and the analysis of the cosmic microwave background, suggest the existence of an invisible matter density content in the Universe, commonly called Dark Matter (DM). Possibly, DM could be of particle nature, where Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) could be a viable DM candidate. The cubic-kilometer sized IceCube neutrino observatory located at the Earth’s South Pole can search indirectly for the existence of DM by detecting neutrino signals from WIMP self-annihilation in the Galactic center (GC) and the Galactic halo (GH). Two main physics analyses were developed and conducted to search indirectly for WIMP self-annihilation in the Milky Way’s GC and GH. Signal hypotheses for different WIMP annihilation channels, WIMP masses and DM halo profiles were tested. The results of both analyses were compatible with the background-only hypothesis for all tested signal hypotheses. Thus, upper limits at the 90% confidence level (C.L.) on the thermally averaged DM self-annihilation cross-section, &lt;σΑv&gt;, were set. Dedicated atmospheric muon veto techniques have been developed for the GC search making such an IceCube analysis possible for the first time. The GC analysis utilized data from 319.7 days of live-time of the IceCube detector running in its 79-string configuration during 2010 and 2011, whereas the GH analysis utilized pre-existing data samples developed for point-like neutrino sources with a live-time of 1701.9 days between 2008 and 2013. The most stringent upper limits on &lt;σΑv&gt; were obtained for WIMP annihilation directly into a pair of neutrinos assuming a Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) DM halo profile. Conducting the GC and GH analyses for this annihilation channel an upper limit on &lt;σΑv&gt; as low as 4.0 · 10-24 cm3 s-1 and 4.5 · 10-24 cm3 s-1 is set for a 65 GeV and 500 GeV massive WIMP, respectively. These galactic indirect neutrino searches for DM are complementary to the indirect gamma-ray DM searches usually performed on extra-galactic targets like spheroidal dwarf galaxies. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

Introduction: Following lateral ankle sprain, many individuals experience recurrent injury and symptoms of giving-way, known as Functional Ankle Instability (FAI). It has been proposed that altered joint kinematics during activity may contribute to instability in these individuals, however research findings have been inconsistent. Objective: To capture foot and ankle kinematic data during two common tasks (walking gait and jump landing) among three groups: individuals with FAI, healthy controls and copers. Design: 3-group observational cross-sectional study. Participants: Participants included 23 individuals with a history of ≥ 1 ankle sprain and at least 2 episodes of giving-way in the past year (FAI: M±SD; age=23.30±3.84years; height=1.71±0.11m, weight=68.66±14.60kg; Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool [CAIT]=20.52±2.94, episodes of giving-way=5.81±8.42 per month), 23 subjects with no history of ankle sprain or instability in their lifetime (Controls: age=23.17±4.01years, height=1.72±0.08m, weight=68.78± 13.26kg, CAIT: 28.78±1.78), and 23 individuals with a history of a single ankle sprain and no subsequent episodes of instability (Copers: age=23.52±3.68years, height=1.72±0.07m, weight=69.57±13.94kg; CAIT: 27.74 ± 1.69). Interventions: Ten trials of natural walking gait and 10 single leg drop jumps were recorded using a ViconMX motion monitoring system (OMG, Oxford, UK) and two imbedded force plates (Bertec, Columbus, Ohio, USA). Main Outcome Measures: Forefoot and hindfoot sagittal and frontal plane angles were calculated at initial contact (IC) and toe-off (TO) of walking gait, and IC and maximal vertical ground reaction force of jump landing. Results: At walking IC, there was a significant group difference in forefoot inversion (F2,66=4.68, p=0.013). Post hoc testing revealed that individuals with FAI were significantly more inverted than controls, but copers were not significantly different from the FAI or control groups. At jump landing IC, there were significant group differences in hindfoot motion (F2,66=6.12, p=0.004). Specifically, individuals with FAI were significantly more dorsiflexed than the control or coper groups. There were no other significant group differences (all p>0.05). Conclusions: Kinematic differences exist between healthy controls, copers and individuals with FAI. Copers and individuals with FAI have both experienced ankle sprain injury, yet copers do not experience subsequent instability. Analysis of coper movement patterns compared to control and FAI groups may provide insight into coping mechanisms.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

La thèse que nous proposons aboutit à une interprétation de l’ouvrage philosophique de Karol Wojtyla qu’est Osoba i czyn ou enfrançais Personne et acte. Dans sa préface, l’auteur présente cet essai non seulement issu de ses travaux concernant Max Scheler,mais également né d’une interrogation jaillie « dans l’esprit de celui qui » le rédigeant « étudia alors saint Thomas ». La présenteétude de ce texte phénoménologique tâche de comprendre un tant soit peu le lecteur de Thomas d’Aquin qui élabore cet ouvrage.Les écrits qui sont les témoins de l’histoire philosophique de Wojtyla et concernent tant Jean de la Croix ou Max Scheler queThomas d’Aquin, aident à comprendre l’auteur de Personne et acte. Leur examen ainsi que celui de ce dernier essai conduisent àrendre compte de l’importance de l’amour qui est seulement évoqué au terme du texte. Pour Wojtyla, la mystique de Jean de laCroix, dans laquelle l’amour joue un rôle primordial, est radicalement conforme à la doctrine thomasienne. Cette dernière se trouvealors enrichie par une prise en compte de la réalité en tant qu’elle est vécue par le sujet. Dans la phénoménologie schelerienne, quitend à manifester la personne dans l’amour, Wojtyla apprécie à nouveau cette considération de l’expérience qui manquait àThomas d’Aquin. Mais il remarque que l’émotionnalisme de Scheler conduit à une erreur résultant « de la radicale séparation del’opérativité de la personne d’avec son amour ». Dans Personne et acte, la pensée thomasienne permet à Wojtyla de corriger lapensée schelerienne en s’appuyant sur la conception de l’actus humanus. Le thomisme carmélitain de l’ouvrage implique uncertain « antithomisme » méthodologique étonnamment adéquat à la pensée thomasienne. A l’instar de la mystique, Personne etacte peut donc être interprété comme la description d’un exercice pratique de connaissance de la personne dans son acte : unexercice qui est une voie d’amour et plus précisément une voie d’extase nocturne où l’amour même est connaissance. / Our Doctoral Thesis is an interpretation of Karol Wojtyla’s philosophical work “Osoba i czyn” (in English Person and Act). In hispreface the author describes his work as emanating not only from his research on Max Scheler, but also as originating from aquestion that arose “from the mind of the one whom”, while writing on St. Thomas, “was at the same time studying him.” Thepresent study of this phenomenological text tries to arrive at a better understanding of the reader of St. Thomas as he develops hiswork. Wojtyla’s philosophical influences include John of the Cross and Max Scheler, as well as Thomas Aquinas. These allcontribute to an understanding of the author of Person and Act. The examination of these works, along with Person and Act, leadsto the revelation of the importance of love, which is however only mentioned at the end of the latter text. For Wojtyla, the mysticismof John of the Cross, in which love has a central role, is completely in accordance with Thomistic doctrine. This doctrine is thenenriched by taking into account the reality as experienced by the subject. In Schelerian phenomenology, where the person revealshimself in the act of love, Wojtyla found here what he thought was precisely lacking in St. Thomas. But he noted that Scheler’semotionalism leads to an error arising from “the radical separation between the person’s actions and his love.” In Person and Act,Wojtyla, by applying the Thomistic doctrine of actus humanus, is able to correct the weakness inherent in Schelerian thought. Thework’s Carmelitan Thomism suggests a certain anti-Thomistic methodology which is paradoxically consistent with Thomisticdoctrine. Like the mystic himself, Person and Act can thus be interpreted as the description of a practical exercise of knowledge ofthe person in action: an exercise which is a way of love, or, more precisely, a way of dark ecstasy where love itself is knowledge.

Les ondes de batillage générées par l’avancement des bateaux détruisent les rives des voies navigables et accélèrent les phénomènes d’érosion aussi bien au niveau des berges qu’au niveau du fond du canal. Leurs caractéristiques cinématiques dépendent de la vitesse, de l’enfoncement, du chargement du bateau et également de la profondeur de la voie navigable. En outre, les masses d’eau accélérées par l’immersion des bateaux et par leur système propulsif, induisent la remise en suspension d’une grande quantité de sédiments et provoquent l’érosion du fond de la voie navigable.Dans cette thèse, un modèle numérique 3D est présenté pour simuler la génération de ces ondes de batillage. Ce modèle, basé sur les équations de Navier-Stokes (RANS), a été couplé à un modèle d’advection-diffusion 3D pour caractériser la répartition et le mode de transport sédimentaire au passage du bateau. Ce couplage est mis en oeuvre avec prise en compte des effets des hélices du système propulsif du bateau. / Ship-generated waves in restricted waterways lead to the stream banks erosion and cause environmental damage which harms fish, plants, benthos, plankton, etc. They also alter the channel morphology because of the resuspension and transport of bed material by accelerated flows caused by moving-ships. The magnitude of these waves depends mainly on the geometrical and kinematical parameters of the convoy.The objective of this study is to predict the relationship between these geometrical and kinematical parameters and the amplitude of ship-generated waves as well as the water plane drawdown. Numerical simulations are conducted by solving the 3-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations along with the k-ε model for turbulent processes. The results are compared firstly with the empirical models and secondly with experimental measurements performed by the French Compagnie Nationale of Rhône (CNR). The exitance of the propeller increases the sediment in suspension. Therefore, the relationships between the re-suspended sediments and the advancing speeds of the convoy, the wakes generated by the moving convoy, as well as the number of barges are studied by adding 3D advection-diffusion equation and a propeller model.

Notre travail de thèse entend interroger les liens dynamiques existants entre mobilité quotidienne et socialisation à l'adolescence, au travers du cas d'adolescents résidant au sein de territoires ruraux franciliens. Pour cela, on a fait le choix d'une part de développer une conception particulièrement fine et extensive de la mobilité, qu'on a défini comme étant une interaction spatiale et sociale, ainsi que de procéder à une ethnographie localisée d'un village rural situé dans le sud-est de la Seine-et-Marne, durant près de deux ans et demi, et combinant différentes méthodes de recueil des données (entretiens ethnographiques, observations directe et participante…). D'un côté, l'analyse synchronique de ces liens permet de mettre en évidence une différenciation entre adolescents selon différents éléments centraux de leur socialisation, en l'occurrence dans leur mobilité, la dimension spatiale de leurs ressources sociales ou encore leurs manières d'habiter (usages des différents territoires, rapports à l'espace public et à l'espace domestique…). De l'autre, l'analyse des liens diachroniques entre mobilité et socialisation permet de resituer toute la dimension processuelle de la différenciation qui s'opère entre eux avec l'âge ainsi que les effets socialisants que comportent la mobilité, c'est-à-dire les manières avec lesquelles les pratiques remanient progressivement les dispositions acquises au cours de la socialisation primaire, dans la mobilité, les manières d'être et d'agir et plus largement participent à construire leur identité sociale et culturelle / Our thesis intends to examine the existing dynamic links at the adolescence between daily mobility and socialization, trough the cases of adolescents living in rural areas in the Paris region. For this, we chose to develop a fine and extensive view of mobility, as a spatial and social interaction, and to conduct an ethnography localized in a rural village located in the southeast of Seine et Marne, for nearly two and a half years, combining different methods of data collection (ethnographic interviews, direct and participant observations…). On the one hand, the synchronic analysis of these links can highlight the differentiation between teenagers from differents central elements of their socialization, namely in their mobility, the spatial dimension of their social resources or in their way of living (their uses of different territories, reports to the public and domestics spaces…). In the second hand, the diachronic analysis of links between mobility and socialization can account for all the procedural dimension of differentiation that occurs between them with age, and the socializing effects of mobility, that is to say the ways in which practices transform the dispositions acquired during the primary socialization, in the mobility, their ways of being and acting, and generally how they participate to build their social and cultural identity

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Mark Parillo / America forged a successful way of war that relied on adaptation, and this trait was not simply an adjunct to industrial might as a reason why the Allies won World War II. An American penchant for organization and corporate management allowed for mass production of war material, which clearly contributed to Axis defeat. However, to claim that the Axis Powers were merely overwhelmed by an avalanche of weapons and supply is reductionist. This dissertation contends that adaptability was as much an American way of war as mass production and overwhelming firepower. The particular nature of American adaptability and its contribution to Allied victory are exhibited in the Army’s use of animal power during a conflict synonymous with mechanized warfare and advanced technology. The application of pre-modern technology in a modern, machine-driven war was not archaic. On the contrary, the nature of American adaptability allowed the Army to move forward by retreating down a culturally constructed hierarchy of modernity and employing the traditional mode of animal transportation. The Army’s technological regression from motors to mules in North Africa, the Mediterranean, and China-Burma-India during World War II is the focus of this work. Americans possessed material abundance in campaigns across Western Europe and the Central Pacific in 1944 and 1945, as German and Japanese prisoners attested. Mountains of artillery shells, fuel, and food, however, did not exist in the backwater “sideshows.” American military success on the periphery was not due to material abundance, nor to a greater sense of determination. America won the backwater campaigns because the nature of American adaptability was cultivated over the centuries and converted from a way of life to an American way of war.