The study has the intention to identify factors that prevent Organization X from succeeding with 5S as well as establish guidelines for reimplementation of the working method. Collected materials, through qualitative methods within phenomenological research framework, demonstrate that Organization X used to have good level of 5S in the organization. Maintaining this level has how ever been neglected during recent years. Current work in 5S is inadequate and several employees have requested structure and orderliness at the work place. Analyzation of differences between past and present work of 5S as well as analysing the difference between the employees’ expectations and Organization X promises of 5S in the organization and barriers affecting the accomplishment of 5S were identified. The identified barriers are: lack of top management commitment and requirement, lack of goals, vision and strategy, lack of education and training, inadequate leadership, resource shortages for improvement work, lack of follow-up and revision, unclear ownership responsibility and role allocation as well as lack of improvement process. A performed cultural analysis shows a rational organizational culture in Organization X which strives for stability and rapid short term changes. The organizational culture demonstrates a consonance with the current 5S-work, which may mean a resistance for change. An important activity to focus on in future reimplementation of 5S is to identify norms, values and incentive which have ability to affect drive forces to foster change. Organization X should focus on educating the top managers and the employees in 5S as well as initiating and follow up the implementation. The last implementation of 5S was successful. Based on the result of the previous implementation, Organization X could use previous strategy for reimplementation based on organizational experience. The chosen strategy for reimplementation of 5S should be adapted to Organization X words of value and business. Follow-ups and revisions as well as constructing an improvement process are important activities for 5S anchoring in the organization. The activities contribute to the cultural change 5S requires for successful reimplementation. / Studien har för avsikt att identifiera vilka faktorer som hindrar Organisation X att efterleva 5S i verksamheten, samt upprätta riktlinjer för framtida återimplementering av arbetssättet. Insamlat material, genom kvalitativa metoder inom fenomenologiska forskningsramar, påvisar att Organisation X upprätthöll en god 5S-nivå i verksamheten, där arbetssättet har åsidosatts och negligerats sedan dess. Nuvarande arbete enligt 5S är undermåligt där flera medarbetare efterfrågar ordning och struktur på arbetsplatsen. Genom analysering av skillnader mellan tidigare och nuvarande arbete och organisering för 5S-arbete i relation till analysering av skillnader mellan medarbetarnas förväntningar och Organisation X:s utlovande av 5S på arbetsplatsen, identifierades faktorer som hindrar för nuvarande efterlevnaden av 5S i verksamheten. De faktorer som identifierats för hindrande av efterlevnad av 5S är bristande efterfrågan och engagemang från ledningen, avsaknad av mål, vision och strategi, kunskapsbrist, bristande ledarskap, resursbrist för förbättringsarbeten, avsaknad av uppföljning och revidering, otydligt ägaransvar och rollfördelning samt avsaknad av förbättringsprocess. Genomförd kulturell analys påvisar att en rationell organisationskultur råder på Organisation X som strävar efter stabilitet och snabba kortsiktiga förändringar. Organisationskulturen påvisar en konsonans med nuvarande arbete enligt 5S, vilket kan innebära ett förändringsmotstånd i verksamheten. Viktiga aktiviterer att fokusera på vid framtida implementering av 5S är därmed att kartlägga normer, värderingar och drivkrafter för att påverka drivkrafternas förmåga så att de främjar för förändring. Organisation X bör vid implementering fokusera på att utbilda ledning och medarbetare i 5S och fokusera på initiering och uppföljning av implementeringen. Tidigare implementering uppnådde goda 5S-nivåer i verksamheten. Organisation X:s tillvägagångssätt uppnådde därmed resultat vilket påvisar att Organisation X kan genomdriva implementeringen baserat på tidigare erfarenheter, men där vald implementeringsstrategi bör vara anpassat till organisationens värderingar och verksamhet. För förankring av 5S i verksamheten efter genomförd implementering är uppföljning och upprättande av en förbättringsprocess av stor vikt för lyckad kulturell förändring, vilket genererar ett nytt stabilt läge för Organisation X.

This work is turned to a structural element with a large number of scientific studies, waffle slab. The aim of this study was to elucidate two recommendations of the Brazilian codes that have different values of international codes. The first concerns the accidental loading to garage floor recommended by the Brazilian code, where there is not recommending the use of concentrated loads, the same being recommended by international codes. The second is related to the different recommendations between the Brazilian code and international codes regarding the calculation of the bending of the table of waffle slabs. To meet the objectives of this work, some numerical simulations of floors containing a single waffle slab, modeled as one-way waffle slab and two-way waffle slab, were made using the finite element method and grillage analysis using specific software. The focus of structural analysis turned to determining the maximum bending moments acting on the flange of waffle slabs and arrows. The answers to these simulations showed that for garage floors, it is important to consider concentrated loads (vehicles). As utilization in structural designs of concentrated loads is a process slow and complicated, were defined values of distributed loads to provide arrows and moments in the ribs equal to those generated by the concentrated loads. On the analysis of bending on the table of waffle slabs, some recommendations were found, some of these one being equal to the Brazilian code, and other to international codes and some different compared to all codes. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho está voltado para alguns pontos em aberto sobre verificações de serviço e dimensionamento das lajes nervuradas moldadas no local. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e elucidar duas recomendações das normas brasileiras que apresentam valores diferentes das normas internacionais. A primeira diz respeito ao carregamento acidental para pavimentos garagem recomendado pela norma brasileira, onde não existe recomendação do uso de carregamentos concentrados, sendo o mesmo recomendado em normas internacionais. A segunda está relacionada às diferentes recomendações existentes entre a norma brasileira e as normas internacionais, no que tange ao cálculo da flexão da mesa das lajes nervuradas. Para atender aos objetivos deste trabalho, algumas simulações numéricas de pavimentos contendo uma única laje nervurada, lançadas como lajes nervuradas unidirecionais e bidirecionais, foram feitas, utilizando o método dos elementos finitos e grelha através de programas de análises específicos. O foco da análise estrutural, voltou-se para a determinação dos momentos fletores máximos atuantes nas mesas das lajes nervuradas e as flechas. As respostas dessas simulações mostraram que, para pavimentos garagem, considerando os carregamentos dos veículos atuais é necessária a consideração de carregamento acidental de cargas concentradas (veículos). Como a utilização em projetos estruturais dos carregamentos de cargas concentradas é um processo lento e complicado, foram definidos valores de carregamentos distribuídos que fornecessem flechas e momentos máximos nas nervuras iguais aos gerados, utilizando o carregamento acidental de cargas concentradas. Sobre as análises da flexão na mesa das lajes nervuradas, chegou-se a algumas recomendações, sendo parte destas em igualdade com a norma brasileira, outras com as normas internacionais e algumas diferentes em relação a todas as normas.

Recent events including deliberate terrorist attacks and accidental explosions have highlighted the need for comprehensive research in the area of structural response to blast loading. Research in this area has recently received significant attention by the civil engineering community. Reinforced Concrete (RC) water reservoir tanks are an integral part of the critical infrastructure network of urban centers and are vulnerable to blast loading. However, there is a lack of research and knowledge on the performance of RC reservoir walls under blast loading. The objective of this research study is to experimentally investigate the performance of reinforced concrete reservoir walls subjected to blast loading and to analyze the structural response. This study provides experimental test data on the performance of reinforced concrete reservoir walls under blast loading and complementary analytical predictions using the Singe-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) analysis method. The reservoir walls in this study were designed according to the water volume capacity using the Portland Cement Association (PCA 1993) methodology. The design was validated using software SAP 2000. The experimental program involved the construction and simulated blast testing of two RC reservoir wall specimens with different support conditions: (1) two opposite lateral edges fixed, bottom edge pinned and top edge free; and (2) two opposite lateral edges fixed, and bottom and top edges free. The first boundary condition was intended to promote two-way bending action, while the second was dominated by one-way bending. The two specimens were each subjected to a total of six consecutive incrementally increasing blast tests. The experimental program was conducted in the shock tube testing facility that is housed in the University of Ottawa. Wall displacements, reinforcement strains, and reflected pressures and impulses were measured during testing. Analytical calculations were conducted using the equivalent SDOF method to simulate the dynamic response of the RC reservoir wall specimens under different blast loadings. Published tables, charts and coefficients contained in Biggs (1964) and UFC 3-340-02 (2008) were adopted in the equivalent SDOF calculations. The analytical results were compared against the ii experimental data. The SDOF method predicted smaller displacements than those recorded during testing. The approximate nature of the parameters and tables used in the equivalent SDOF calculations contributed to the discrepancy between the analytical and experimental results. Furthermore, assumptions regarding the support conditions and neglecting residual damage from previous blast tests contributed to the underestimation of the displacements.

This thesis deals with the use of active components in nonlinear circuits. First the variants of the current and voltage conveyors are theoretically described. Then the thesis deals with the design of the new curcuit structures with nonlinear components, which comes out from the former known realizations. Several possible solutions of the examined circuit have been designed and the most convenient structure has been selected. The chosen solution has been thoroughly analysed in subsequent diploma thesis to enable comparison of the theoretically designed circuit with the practically realized one.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de fournir à la banque Audi un outil à jour sur les façons de calculer le capital requis par Bâle pour certains risques financiers présents dans le portefeuille de la banque. La régulation internationale est en développement continu : des nouvelles approches sont proposées afin de couvrir au mieux les risques du marché et du secteur bancaire. Les crises financières récentes étaient à la base de ces réformes. De plus, la Banque Audi opère sur des marchés qui présentent des caractères spécifiques qu'il faut prendre en considération lors du calcul du capital requis. Cette thèse se concentre sur le risque de taux d'intérêt dans le livre de négociation de la banque, le risque de contrepartie et précisément l'ajustement d'évaluation de crédit tout en incorporant l'impact de la corrélation entre la qualité du crédit de la contrepartie et l'exposition prévue envers cette même contrepartie. La première partie de cette thèse traite de la nouvelle méthodologie suggérée par Bâle sur le Trading Book : Fundamental Review of the Trading Book. Le risque de taux d'intérêt est particulièrement analysé en utilisant la méthode standard, Sensitivity Based Approach (SBA), et des méthodes plus 'traditionnelles' de valeur à risque tout en utilisant différents modèles tels que Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH), l'Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP), l'Analyse en composantes indépendantes (ACI) et la version dynamique du modèle de taux de Nelson Siegel (DNS). Une application sur des portefeuilles d'obligations zéro coupons de différentes devises permet d'identifier la diversification des résultats entre les marchés stables européens (comme la France), moins stables (exemple Etats-Unis) et les marchés émergents (tel la Turquie). La deuxième partie est consacrée au risque de Contrepartie. Récemment, un nouveau capital est requis par les normes de Bâle afin de couvrir ce genre de risque. En 2014, la méthode est publiée : Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk (SA-CCR). On applique cette méthode sur différents types de produits dérivés afin de comparer le capital demandé par cette approche à celui obtenu par les modèles internes. Les modèles internes incorporent les estimations historiques ainsi que les projections futures du marché tout en se basant sur des modèles bien connus tels que Vasicek et GARCH. Plusieurs structures de hedging sont mises en place afin de mesurer l'impact de chacune sur les deux montants de capitaux requis (sous la méthode standard ou l'IMM). L'effet sur des produits en EUR et USD reflété que le modèle interne demande 80% du capital standard quand aucune stratégie de hedging n'est mise en place. Par contre, le hedging semble être beaucoup plus favorisé par le modèle standard que le modèle interne. La troisième partie est toujours sur le risque de Contrepartie, mais se focalise sur l'ajustement d'´évaluation de crédit (CVA). Ce sujet ne faisait pas partie des capitaux requis sauf récemment. A cause de son grand impact durant les récentes crises financières. Dès lors, si une opération avec des produits dérivés ne passe pas par une central clearing houses, un capital pour le CVA est requis. Dans ce travail, on détaille les méthodes acceptées par Bâle afin de calculer ces capitaux et on les compare entre elles. La comparaison se fait en se basant sur des portefeuilles de swap de taux d'intérêts avec, comme contreparties, différents pays d'Investment Grade. Cet article incorpore en plus l'impact de la corrélation entre la détérioration de la qualité de la contrepartie et l'augmentation de l'exposition prévue avec cette contrepartie connue sous le nom de WrongWay Risk : des modèles de correction d'erreurs (ECM) sont mis en place afin de déterminer ce lien. Les résultats permettent de montrer l'importance d'utiliser les CDS des contreparties et non de se limiter à leur note (Investment Grade ou pas)... / This thesis aims at providing Bank Audi with an updated tool to understand and investigate in given risk types encountered in their portfolios and the way Basel suggests computing their capital charges. International regulator is constantly changing and modifying previously used approaches to enhance the reflection of the market and banking sector risks. The recent financial crisis played a major role in these reforms, in addition the situation of Bank Audi and the markets it is operating in, represent certain specifications that should be accounted for. The work handles interest rate risk in the trading book, Counterparty Credit Risk faced with derivatives along a closer look on the Credit Valuation Adjustment topic and the incorporation of Wrong Way Risk. The first part discusses the new Fundamental Review of the Trading Book: focusing on the general interest rate risk factor, the paper compared Basel’s Sensitivity Based Approach (SBA) capital charge to more traditional approaches of VaR using several models such as Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH), Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Independent Components Analysis (ICA) and Dynamic Nelson Siegel. Application on portfolios with zero coupon bonds of different sovereigns revealed the divergence in results between stable markets (such as France and Germany), less stable (such as the USA) and emergent markets (such as Turkey). The second part is dedicated to the Counterparty Credit Risk. A new capital charge methodology was proposed by Basel and set as a standard rule in 2014: the Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk (SA-CCR). Applying this approach on different derivatives portfolios, we compared it to internal models. The internal methodologies incorporated historical estimations and future projections based on Vasicek and GARCH models. Different hedging cases were investigated on EUR and USD portfolios. The impact of each hedging technique and the difference between IMM and the standardized methods were highlighted in this work: without hedging, the internal approach amends 80% of the standardized capital whereas, in general, the hedging is encouraged more under the standardized approach relatively to its capital reduction under the internal model. The third part remains a part of the Counterparty Credit Risk however, the main focus in this work is the Credit Valuation Adjustment. This topic was neglected in terms of capital charge earlier but due to its important impact is now incorporated as a capital charge amended when no central clearing is put in place when dealing with derivatives. We focus on the regulatory approaches of capital computation, comparing both accepted approaches based on portfolios of interest rate swaps held with investment grade sovereigns. An incorporation of the Wrong Way Risk is another addition in this work: using Error Correction Models we were able to reflect the impact of the correlation between the exposure and the credit quality of the investment grade sovereign we are dealing with. Based on such results, a suggestion of a re-calibrated standardized approach is in place to encourage the use of the CDS as an indicator of the credit quality of the counterparty and not its grade (investment or not) as followed by the new Basel regulations

Under de senaste åren har webbapplikationsarkitekturen utvecklats för att möta webbapplikationsanvändarnas krav på sömlösa användarupplevelser (Aggarwal & Verma, 2018). Teknikval och ramverk påverkar prestandan för e-handelswebbplatser vilket i sin tur påverkar användarupplevelsen och e-handelsföretagens lönsamhet (Camilleri, 2021). Ett tekniskt experiment genomfördes för att jämföra teknikkombinationerna One-way data bindning, Virtual DOM och Two-way data bindning och Real DOM för ramverken ReactJS och Angular. Resultatet från de olika mätserierna visade på att hypotesen om att ReactJS med dess teknikkombinationer har en snabbare renderingstid, endast stämmer när en (1) produkt renderas ut i kundvagnen. Men när fler produkter renderas ut i kundvagnen falsifieras hypotesen då Angular med dess teknikkombinationer har en snabbare renderingstid. För framtida arbete skulle ytterligare mätningar behöva genomföras där fler antal produkter testasför att se vart gränsen går för teknikvalen utifrån antalet renderade element, men också att genomföra mätningar i fler webbläsare.

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Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Laurence A. Clement / Contemporary design of the urban environment focuses increasingly upon the quality of space found within the public right-of-way. Landscape architects and urban planners are beginning to ask new questions that deviate from the conventional streetscape designs of the latter half of the 20th century. Under the mantra “complete the streets,” communities all across America are calling for a paradigm shift towards multimodal, pedestrian-scaled urban rights-of-way. At the same time, existing stormwater and combined sewer infrastructure is nearing the end of its productive lifespan in cities all across the country and world. The direct costs associated with repairing this infrastructure combined with the indirect costs of poor water quality and a greater frequency and intensity of flooding events downstream present a strong argument for developing new, innovative ideas about how to best design the stormwater infrastructure of tomorrow. The reintegration of ecological processes into the urban fabric will act as a catalyst for the appreciation of genius loci (spirit of the place) and user meaning while mitigating downstream flooding, increasing water quality, and extending the lifespan of existing stormwater infrastructure. By studying the hierarchical categorization of urban rights-of-way according to increased levels of user orientation, this research project aims to clearly articulate a new theoretical framework for expanding upon the current discourse surrounding “complete streets” and “green streets” theory. In the long-term, it is both economically and socially profitable for cities to use ecological processes to reclaim auto-oriented, urban rights-of-way as valuable public space for the health, safety, and welfare of all their users.

Leaves 112 and 136 folded. / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

In this thesis we investigate the use of pairwise testing for PLC embedded software. We compare these automatically generated tests with tests created manually by industrial engineers. The tests were evaluated in terms of fault detection, code coverage and cost. In addition, we compared pairwise testing with randomly generated tests of the same size as pairwise tests. In order to automatically create test suites for PLC software a previously created tool called Combinatorial Test Tool (CTT) was extended to support pairwise testing using the IPOG algorithm. Once test suites were created using CTT they were executed on real industrial programs. The fault detection was measured using mutation analysis. The results of this thesis showed that manual tests achieved better fault detection (8% better mutation score in average) than tests generated using pairwise testing. Even if pairwise testing performed worse in terms of fault detection than manual testing, it achieved better fault detection in average than random tests of the same size. In addition, manual tests achieved in average 97.29% code coverage compared to 93.95% for pairwise testing, and 84.79% for random testing. By looking closely on all tests, manual testing performed equally good as pairwise in terms of achieved code coverage. Finally, the number of tests for manual testing was lower (12.98 tests in average) compared to pairwise and random testing (21.20 test in average). Interestingly enough, for the majority of the programs pairwise testing resulted in fewer tests than manual testing.