Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KesiaKOSS.pdf: 3539390 bytes, checksum: 726018768b080de46ac5a1e64a59a8c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The great diversity of the textile industries activities causes the formation of wastewaters with high complex characteristics during the productive process, according to the industrial process used. The principal aim of the present work is the characterization of the wastewater from the textile industry that process the indigo, located in the Industrial District of Natal-RN, to know the contaminante load of each stage of the process and the framing of the wastewater with the standards of act of receiving of the System of Treatment of Wastewater of the Industrial District of Natal-RN SITEL-DIN, operated for the Company of Waters and Sewers of the RN CAERN. It was analyzed the following properties and pollutants agents: temperature; pH; alcalinity; color; COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand); total and suspended solids; heavy metals, thermotolerants coliformes, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity. As conclusion it is distinguished that the wastewater did not get resulted satisfactory, according to comparisons with other sources, in only three parameters: turbidity, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity, however none of these parameters is criteria of acts of receiving of the SITEL-DIN,therefore the wastewater if finds inside of normality. After the analysis of the obtained results it was verified that SITEL-DIN is indispensable for completing the wastewater treatment / A grande diversidade das atividades industriais t?xteis ocasiona, durante o processo produtivo, a gera??o de efluentes com caracter?sticas bastante complexas, variando de acordo com o tipo de processo industrial utilizado. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a caracteriza??o do efluente l?quido de uma ind?stria de beneficiamento do ?ndigo t?xtil, localizada no Distrito Industrial de Natal-RN, para conhecermos a carga contaminante de cada etapa do processo e o enquadramento do efluente final com os padr?es de recebimento do Sistema de Tratamento de Efluentes L?quidos do Distrito Industrial de Natal SITEL-DIN, operado pela Companhia de ?guas e Esgotos do RN CAERN. Analisou-se as seguintes propriedades e agentes poluentes: temperatura, pH, alcalinidade, cor, DQO, s?lidos totais, s?lidos suspensos totais, metais pesados, coliformes termotolerantes, turbidez, oxig?nio dissolvido e condutividade el?trica. Como conclus?o destaca-se que o efluente final n?o obteve resultados satisfat?rios, segundo compara??es com outras fontes, em apenas tr?s par?metros: turbidez, oxig?nio dissolvido e Condutividade el?trica, por?m nenhum desses par?metros s?o crit?rios de recebimentos do SITEL-DIN, portanto o efluente final se encontra dentro da normalidade. Ap?s a an?lise dos resultados observamos ser indispens?vel ? exist?ncia do SITEL-DIN para tratamento final dos efluentes da ind?stria

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-10-18T20:27:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianiPaolaRochaCruz_TESE.pdf: 7850620 bytes, checksum: 76ac66a2a99a5841c825866204febb92 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-23T22:34:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianiPaolaRochaCruz_TESE.pdf: 7850620 bytes, checksum: 76ac66a2a99a5841c825866204febb92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T22:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianiPaolaRochaCruz_TESE.pdf: 7850620 bytes, checksum: 76ac66a2a99a5841c825866204febb92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Nanocristais de celulose s?o nanoestruturas derivados da celulose, que ? um recurso renov?vel e abundante na natureza. Por apresentarem uma combina??o de propriedades como alta resist?ncia mec?nica e m?dulo de elasticidade, superf?cie reativa e biodegradabilidade, esses materiais t?m recebido grande interesse para aplica??es que incluem desde refor?o em materiais polim?ricos, embalagens alimentares, a aplica??es na ?rea farmac?utica. A produ??o de celulose nanom?trica a partir de fibras de algod?o tem sido relatada em v?rios trabalhos publicados na literatura. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a obten??o de nanocelulose a partir do res?duo de tecido de fibra de algod?o tingido com corante ?ndigo, devido possuir alto conte?do de celulose, pelas vias de hidr?lise ?cida e enzim?tica. Nanocelulose foi obtida com e sem a realiza??o de pr?-tratamento para remo??o do corante e os efeitos do pr?-tratamento nas caracter?sticas da nanocelulose foram avaliados. Na hidr?lise ?cida, foram avaliadas duas condi??es de tratamento para isolamento de nanocristais de celulose: concentra??es de ?cido sulf?rico de 55% m/m a 60 C ou 65% m/m a 45 C, com tempos de 30 e 60 min. Na hidr?lise enzim?tica foram estudadas as influ?ncias do tipo de complexo enzim?tico (Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 ou Aspergillus fumigatus), o tempo (0 a 48h) e a carga enzim?tica (7,5 ou 12 FPU). As suspens?es obtidas ap?s hidr?lise foram caracterizadas pelas t?cnicas de potencial zeta, microscopia de for?a at?mica, microscopia eletr?nica de transmiss?o, espectrofotometria de infravermelho, difra??o de raios X, an?lise termogravim?trica, a??cares redutores totais e cromatografia l?quida de alto desempenho. Os resultados comprovaram a obten??o de nanocelulose a partir do tecido de algod?o tingido com corante ?ndigo, tanto no processo via hidr?lise ?cida, como no de via enzim?tica. As imagens de microscopia indicaram nanocristais de celulose com formato alongado (agulhas) a partir da hidr?lise ?cida. No caso da hidr?lise enzim?tica, as imagens mostraram a presen?a de nanocelulose com formato esf?rico. A hidr?lise ?cida realizada na condi??o de 65% a 45 C e tempo de 60 min resultou em nanocristais com menor comprimento e di?metro, tanto para o tecido pr?-tratado como para o sem pr?-tratamento. Com rela??o a hidr?lise enzim?tica, a realiza??o de pr?-tratamento n?o alterou significativamente as caracter?sticas das estruturas micro e nanocristalina. O tamanho m?dio das nanoceluloses obtidas foram na faixa de 80 a 230nm. Os resultados do processo de hidr?lise enzim?tica indicam que as melhores convers?es de celulose em glicose ocorreram utilizando o complexo enzim?tico produzido por Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 com carga de enzima de 12 FPU e tempo de hidr?lise de 48h. Este trabalho demonstrou que nanocristais de celulose podem ser obtidos a partir do tecido de algod?o tingido com corante ?ndigo, sem a necessidade de pr?-tratamento para remo??o do corante, e as caracter?sticas dos nanomateriais obtidos dependem do processo de hidr?lise utilizado. / Cellulose nanocrystals are nanomaterials derived from cellulose, which is a renewable and abundant resource in nature. Due to combination of properties such as high mechanical strength and modulus of elasticity, reactive surface and biodegradability, these materials have received great attention for applications ranging from reinforcement in polymeric materials, food packaging, to applications in the pharmaceutical area. The production of nanometric cellulose from cotton fibers has been reported in several works published in the literature. The objective of this research was to study the production of nanocellulose from indigo-dyed cotton fibers from waste fabric, via acid and enzymatic hydrolysis routes. Nanocellulose was obtained with and without pre-treatment for dye removal and the effects of the pre-treatment on the characteristics of the nanocellulose were evaluated. For the acid hydrolysis, two treatment conditions for the isolation of cellulose nanocrystals were evaluated: sulfuric acid concentrations of 55% m / m at 60 C and 65% m/m at 45 C, for 30 and 60 min. For the enzymatic hydrolysis, the influence of enzyme complex type (Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 and Aspergillus fumigatus), time (0 to 48h) and enzymatic load (7.5 and 12 FPU) were studied. The suspensions obtained after hydrolysis were characterized by the techniques of zeta potential, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, total reducing sugars and high performance liquid chromatography. The results demonstrated that nanocellulose was obtained from indigo dyed cotton fibers, in both processing routes evaluated: via acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. Microscopy images indicated needle shaped celulose from the acid hydrolysis. For the enzymatic hydrolysis, the images showed the presence of nanocellulose with spherical shape. The acid hydrolysis carried out at 65% at 45 C for 60 min resulted in nanocrystals of smaller length and diameter, both for the pretreated fabric and the fabric without pretreatment. For the enzymatic hydrolysis, the pretreatment did not affect significantly the characteristics of the micro and nanocrystalline structures. The average size of the nanocellulose obtained was in the range of 80 to 230 nm. The results of the enzymatic hydrolysis suggest that the best cellulose to glucose conversions occurred using the enzymatic complex Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 with enzymatic load of 12 FPU and hydrolysis time of 48h. In summary, this study demonstrated that cellulose nanocrytals can be obtained from indigo-dyed cotton fibers from waste fabric, without the need for pretreatment for dye removal, and the characteristics of the nanomaterials obtained depend on the hydrolysis process used.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LianaFA.pdf: 3114958 bytes, checksum: 98adbf744d65a1ab7d9d6e74eb3bea83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The treatment of colored and alkaline effluent has been a challenge to the textile industry. An alternative to remove the colors of those effluents is applying magnesium chloride as a coagulant agent. The magnesium ion, in high pH, hydrolyzes itself, forming the magnesium hydroxide which has a large adsorptive area and positive electrostatic charges able to act as an efficient coagulant. The bittern wastewater from the salt industries has been studied as a potential font of this magnesium ion. Nowadays, this bittern wastewater is evicted into the sea, without any treatment or other use. This thesis has evaluated the potential of applying the wastewater from the salt industries in the treatment of dyeing effluent containing indigo dye and alkaline pH. All the experiments were made in jar tests simulating the chemical coagulation, flocculation and decantation steps ranging the pH and the concentration of magnesium ion. Were obtained removals between 96% and 76% for turbidity, apparent color, and true color, respectively, using 200mg/L Mg2+. The reduction of costs with acid, when were used the salt industries wastewater, comparing with Al2(SO4)3, was 62%. For the degradation of organic matter remaining in the clarified, around 900 mg/L, was applyed the advanced process of oxidation: photo-Fenton. The preliminary results showed 57% reduction in DOC. According to the results obtained, the salt industries wastewater can be applied, as coagulant, in the physical-chemical treatment of the denim dyeing wastewater, so it is not necessary a previous adjust of pH, efficiently and economically / O tratamento de efluentes coloridos e alcalinos tem sido um desafio para as ind?strias t?xteis. Uma alternativa para a remo??o de cor destes efluentes ? a aplica??o do cloreto magn?sio como coagulante. O ?on magn?sio, em pH elevado, se hidrolisa, formando o hidr?xido de magn?sio que possui larga ?rea adsortiva e cargas eletrost?ticas positivas capazes de agir como um eficiente coagulante. Como fonte deste ?on, tem sido estudada a ?gua residu?ria das salinas, conhecida como ?gua-m?e (A-M), rica em diversos sais. Atualmente, ela ? lan?ada diretamente no mar, sem tratamento ou aproveitamento. Esta tese avaliou a capacidade de aplica??o desta ?gua residu?ria no tratamento de efluente de tinturaria contendo corante ?ndigo e pH alcalino. Os experimentos foram realizados em Testes de Jarro, simulando as etapas de coagula??o, flocula??o e decanta??o, variando o pH e a concentra??o do ?on magn?sio. Foram obtidas remo??es m?dias de 96%, 91% e 76% para turbidez, cor aparente e cor verdadeira, respectivamente, utilizando 200 mg/L Mg2+. A redu??o de custos com ?cido, quando se usou A-M em compara??o com o Al2(SO4)3, foi de 62%. Para a degrada??o da mat?ria org?nica remanescente no clarificado, em torno de 900 mg/L, foi aplicado o processo de oxida??o avan?ada: foto-Fenton. Os resultados preliminares apresentaram redu??es de 57% de carbono org?nico dissolvido (COD). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a ?gua residu?ria das salinas pode ser aplicada, como coagulante, no tratamento f?sico-qu?mico do efluente de tinturaria de denim, sem ajustes pr?vios de pH, de forma eficiente e econ?mica