Cette thèse se présente comme une traversée de ma pratique artistique. A travers l’étude de divers objets hétéroclites, comme les arbres et le bois, les miroirs et le verre, des « choses » qui pour des raisons contingentes sont apparues au cours de mes expériences comme des su-jets dignes d’intérêt, elle se propose de mettre en évidence une manière de penser les objets dans leur singularité. J’essaye de faire échoir la vision familière que nous portons sur eux, pour montrer une « histoire blanche ». C’est par exemple : Fissurer la surface pour montrer la matière, continuer à creuser pour constituer une faille dans nos systèmes de représenta-tions, c’est créer des travaux où ce que nous voyons et percevons ouvre sur ce que nous ne pouvons voir et percevoir. C’est trouver les procédés plastiques qui puissent montrer les in-connus de ces matériaux et phénomènes, c’est chercher des moyens poétiques pour faire émerger la puissance de ces objets uniques. Pour ce faire, cette thèse s’est construite par des allers-retours incessants entre pratique et théorie, trouvant son inspiration dans l’analyse de techniques industrielles et artisanales de confection d’objets : sylviculture, scierie, menuiserie, miroiterie. Elle s’est également consti-tuée par la comparaison de travaux et réflexions d’artistes de la seconde partie du XXe siècle, comme Giuseppe Penone pour les arbres et le bois, et Roberts Smithson pour les miroirs et le verre. Enfin, elle articule mes travaux avec la notion d’Index, développée par le philosophe Charles Sanders Peirce. / This doctoral thesis is a journey throughout my artistic practice. It will be driven by the study of dissimilar objects, such as a tree or wood ; a mirror or glass. These « objects » emer-ged spontaneously during my experiments and proved themselves worthy of interest. From this, I will carry out a new mindset on « objects », focusing especially on their singularity. I will attempt to overturn the familiar vision we normally exert on them, to exhibit a «white history ». This may occur, for instance, by breaking the surface, exposing the material or by delving deeper into it. These kinds of gestures establish a breach in the usual idioms of re-presentation. It creates a showcase where what we see and get opens also on what we cannot see and cannot get. All this leads to the importance of finding the Artistic processes capable of showing the unbeknownst of these materials and phenomenon to us. It all comes back to the research of a poetic sense that makes the puissance emerge from these unique objects. For this purpose, the thesis’s construction will move back and forth between Praxis and theory. Its inspiration in found in the analysis of industrial and craftsmanship techniques as much as in the fabricating of objects ; sylviculture, saw milling, carpentry and mirror manu-facture. Once again we shall alternate in between the works and reflections of artists of the second half of the 20th century, such as Giuseppe Penone for trees and wood, and Roberts Smithson for mirrors and glass. Finally, the thesis articulates my personal work by use of the Index notion, brought out by the philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce.

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The aim of this study involved exploring qualitatively how local therapists practice psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the absence of explicit transference manifestations among the kinds of patients who never make any directly verbal or affectively intense (either positive or negative) references to the figure of the therapist. Close phenomenological analysis of the work of four therapists revealed striking parallels with the work of internationally based psychoanalysts among similar kinds of patients in analysis centering on the role of the countertransference as a key analytic tool in the seeming absence of explicit transference. While the findings of this study also revealed striking divergences from classical analysis and convergences with more contemporary psychoanalytic practice, these all emerged on Winnicottian terrain. The conceptual distinctions between interpreting or working in the transference as transference, interpreting or working in the transference as non-transference and the idea of working with rather than directly in the implicit transference emerged as major findings of this study. HOW transference material is treated and interpreted emerged as playing a key role in understanding how psychoanalytic psychotherapy is practiced among the kinds of patients with whom integrated and intact ego functioning cannot be assumed. The central role of the countertransference when working in the transference as non-transference and interpreting or working with implicit transference material rather than directly in it, emerged as playing a central role not only in doing the kind of work that according to Winnicott involves ‘managing the setting’, but in positioning the therapists to maintain technical neutrality by assuming the very role that involves meeting the patient’s ego needs for symbiosis with interpretations that bring news of sameness. Limitations of this study and implications for further research are discussed.

Thesis M. Med (Family Medicine)) -- University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010. / BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a neurological disorder which affects many aspects of personal health including psychological and sociological dimensions. Patients seen at Good Shepherd Hospital reported late for care since they perceived themselves victims of stigma, or discrimination. METHODOLOGY This study sought to explore experiences of patients with epilepsy seen at Good Shepherd Hospital of Tshikaji about their illness; the objectives were to explore experiences of stigmatization and discrimination of patients suffering from epilepsy, and their experiences resulting in them reporting late for care at the hospital. The setting was Good Shepherd Hospital, a private hospital in a rural area in the Province of Western Kasai, Democratic Republic of the Congo. An exploratory descriptive qualitative study was designed with free attitude interviews as a data collection technique. The study population was patients with epilepsy and who were attending at Good Shepherd Hospital. Purposeful sampling was the method used in the selection of the sample. A total of 8 epileptic patients attending at the hospital agreed to participate out of a total of 12 who were recruited initially. The free attitude interviews were conducted from October 2008 to April 2009. All interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed; and the transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. vi RESULTS The seven themes emerging from this study are as follows: experience of seizures, knowledge, stigma, family relationships, alternative treatment, unhealthy lifestyle, and unemployment. The study showed that patients’ experience were associated with the experience of seizures as a phenomenon which characterized their life. The participants, their families and the community had poor knowledge on epilepsy. The stigma resulted from the community members’ negative beliefs on the illness. The relationship of family members with the epileptic patient varied according to the family members’ opinion about the disease. The participants resorted to alternative treatment according to their belief of being victims of bad fate. Unhealthy lifestyle and unemployment were part of patients’ experience as expressed by the participants in the study. CONCLUSION Epilepsy has physical and psychosocial impacts which require a holistic approach for an appropriate management, but this remains a dream in the DRC. The patients’ experiences were marked by the existence of seizures (which affected their lives negatively resulting in physical injuries), poor knowledge on the condition and the perception of being victims of stigmatization and discrimination. vii The role of the health care provider is to educate the patients and the community on the disease and encourage the patients to attend and adhere to their medication for adequate control.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Breslau.

Les rats GAERS (Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg) et NEC (Non-Epileptic-Control rats) dérivent de la lignée de rats Wistar-Hannover (WH). Chez les GAERS les premières crises d’épilepsies apparaissent vers l’âge de 25 jours puis leur nombre et leur durée augmentent pour se maintenir à l’âge adulte à raison d’une crise de 20 secondes en moyenne par minute lorsque l’animal est en veille calme. Ce développement spontané des crises d’épilepsies permet d’étudier la période silencieuse avant les premières crises ainsi que la survenue de ces premières crises (l’épileptogènese). De nombreuses études pharmacologiques et électrophysiologiques dans des modèles animaux d’épilepsie révèlent un rôle critique de la transmission dopaminergique dans la susceptibilité aux crises. Les GAERS adultes présentent une surexpression de l’ARNm des récepteurs dopaminergiques D3 comparé aux rats NEC. L’expression ainsi que la fonction du récepteur D3 et celles du transporteur de la dopamine (DAT) sont liées. Le but de ce travail a été de déterminer l’implication du RD3 et du DAT dans le développement de l’épilepsie en mesurant leur expression et fonction chez les GAERS avant l’apparition des premières crises. L’expression et la fonction du RD3 ont été mesurées par autoradiographie au [125I]-PIPAT et induction de bâillement par injection de quinpirole respectivement, dans les 3 lignées de rats (GAERS, NEC and WH) chez des rats adultes, à P14 et P21. L’expression du DAT a été analysée par imagerie SPECT à [123I]-Ioflupane chez les adultes et par autoradiographie au [3H]-GBR12935 chez les adultes, P14 et P21. Par ailleurs l’activité du DAT a été mesurée par capture de dopamine tritiée sur des synaptosomes de striatum, cortex et hippocampe de rats adultes des 3 lignées. La participation du RD3 dans les crises a été évaluée par EEG vidéo après l’injection d’agoniste D3 (quinpirole et PD128907) ou d’antagoniste (SB277011 et SR21502). Les expériences de radiographie ont révélé une surexpression des RD3 chez les GAERS dans les structures connues pour participer à l’initiation des crises (cortex somatosensoriel), à leur contrôle (noyaux accumbens) ainsi que dans d’autres structures (thalamus antérieur, tubercules olfactifs et ilots de calleja), à P14 et P21 comparé aux autres lignées. Ni le SPECT ni l’autoradiographie n’a relevé de modification d’expression du DAT chez les rats adultes, cependant à P14 et P21 le DAT est surexprimé au niveau du striatum. Ces résultats sont accompagnés d’une augmentation de la fonctionnalité du DAT aux 3 âges chez les GAERS compares aux autres lignées. Les agonistes D3 induisent une augmentation des décharges de pointes-ondes sans que les antagonistes aient un effet. De plus l’injection chronique d’aripiprazole (un neuroleptique connu pour sa capacité à stabiliser la libération de dopamine) chez les rats GAERS dès la naissance entraine une diminution des crises associée à une diminution d’expression des RD3. L’utilisation de lentivirus contenant une séquence shRNA anti-RD3 chez les GAERS adultes entraine aussi une diminution du nombre de crises d’épilepsie. Nos résultats suggèrent ainsi que l’augmentation du nombre de RD3 chez le GAERS est concomitante à une augmentation de la sensibilité du système dopaminergique, et cela avant l’apparition des premières crises épileptiques. Cette augmentation au cours de la maturation pourrait participer à l’aggravation progressive des crises d’épilepsie qui est la base de l’épileptogenèse et expliquer le déséquilibre de la tonicité dopaminergique que nous avons démontré chez l’adulte / Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) and Non-Epileptic-Control rats (NEC) derive from an original Wistar-Hannover rat strain (WH). The onset age of spike-and-waves discharges in GAERS is about 25 days post-natal (P25). In adult GAERS with fully developed epilepsy, dopamine plays a modulatory role in seizure expression. Adult GAERS display an over-expression of dopaminergic D3-receptors (D3R) mRNA as compared to NEC. Expression and function of D3R and dopamine transporter (DAT) are closely related. The aim of this work was to investigate the putative involvement of D3R and DAT during epileptogenesis by measuring their expression and functionality in GAERS before the onset of epilepsy (P25). D3R expression and functionality was investigated by [125I]-PIPAT autoradiography and quinpirole-induced yawning, respectively, in the three strains of rats (GAERS, NEC and WH) in adults, P14 and P21. DAT expression was investigated in GAERS and NEC by [123I]-Ioflupane SPECT imaging in adults and [3H]-GBR12935 autoradiography in adults, P14 and P21 rats. Furthermore, DAT activity was assessed by 3H-dopamine reuptake in synaptosomal living fractions of striatum, cortex and hippocampus of adult rats in the three strains. The involvement of the D3R was further investigated by video-EEG recording following systemic injections of either D3R agonist (quinpirole and PD128907) or antagonists (SB277011 and SR21502). Autoradiography showed an over-expression of D3R in GAERS in structures known to be involved in seizure initiation (somato-sensory cortex), seizure control (nucleus accumbens,) as well as in other structures (anterior thalamus, olfactory tubercles and islands of Calleja) at P14 and P21, as compared to age-matched NEC and WH. As in adults, this over-expression was associated with a higher number of quinpirole-induced yawns in GAERS at P14 and P21. Neither SPECT imaging nor autoradiographic data revealed any modification in DAT expression between the three strains in adults, however at P14 and P21 DAT is overexpressed in the striatum of GAERS rats. However, we found a consistent increase in 3H-dopamine reuptake in adult GAERS as compared to NEC and WH in the functional assay supporting an increase in dopamine translocation velocity. Administrations of D3R agonists increased spike-and-wave discharges, whereas antagonists had no effect. Furthermore, the chronic injection of aripiprazole (an atypical neuroleptic known to stabilize dopamine release) to GAERS pups reduced the number of seizures in adults along with a decreased expression of D3R. Preliminary data using lentiviral infection with shRNA anti-D3R also support reduced seizure number in adult GAERS rats. Our results suggest that an over-expression of functional D3R already exists before the onset of seizures in GAERS and that, despite a lack of changes in DAT expression, functional changes in this transporter occur in adults. They further support that a profound modification in basal ganglia function together with changes in D3R could be a conditional factor for epileptogenesis. The dopaminergic system appears persistently altered in spontaneous epileptic rats, which could contribute to the development of the chronic epileptic state and may represent a potential new target for antiepileptic therapies and/or improvement of quality of life of epileptic patients.