ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper introduces a frequency scan/following scan twoway carrier acquisition method for USB and its following scan slope decision algorithm. Some measures are used to improve twoway acquisition speed such as selecting initiation direction and returning to zero in the shortest path, which can be implemented by software. Theoretic analysis, mathematical expression, design method and experiment results are provided. Practical engineering application shows the twoway acquisition using this new method has many advantages such as fast speed, low cost and programmability. The method has been used in Chinese USB system widely.

[pt] A calibração de padrões atômicos de tempo e freqüência, na forma atualmente realizada, apresenta o inconveniente de ter que se fazer o transporte do Padrão de Transferência até os laboratórios onde se encontram os padrões a serem calibrados. Isto se dá pelo fato destes laboratórios não possuírem uma maneira adequada para enviarem seus padrões ao Departamento do Serviço da Hora do Observatório Nacional (DSH/ON), órgão responsável perante o INMETRO na calibração em tempo e freqüência e detentor do Padrão Nacional. Propõe- se aqui a substituição do procedimento atual por um sistema de calibração automática via Internet, o que elimina a necessidade do deslocamento do Padrão de Transferência. Neste novo sistema de calibração, a referência passa a ser um receptor de GPS (Global Position Sistem), que assume o papel de Padrão de Transferência, ao qual o padrão a ser calibrado é ininterruptamente comparado. O acesso e armazenamento dos dados pelo DSH/ON é feito por meio de um programa que controla remotamente a calibração no laboratório via conexão pela Internet. O presente trabalho envolve uma comparação entre o sistema atual e o proposto aqui, todo o desenvolvimento e apresentação do programa computacional, a montagem de um sistema completo de simulação prática, inclusive com acesso remoto via Internet, a coleta e tratamento dos dados e a apresentação do procedimento utilizado para se chegar à incerteza de medição do sistema. Procura-se ressaltar a vantagem de um sistema de calibração automático, quanto à coleta dos dados, assim como a não dependência do transporte do Padrão de Transferência para a realização da calibração, evitando- se com isto a sua deterioração . Na conclusão deste trabalho a incerteza obtida é comparada com a do procedimento atualmente em prática e a partir desta comparação são feitas considerações quanto à implementação do novo sistema e ao uso do r eceptor de GPS como Padrão de Transferência. / [en] The time and frequency calibration of atomic standards presents the inconvenience of the need of transportation of the Transfer Standard to the laboratories in which stay the standards to be calibrate. This happens because the laboratories do not possess a way to send its standards to the Departamento do Serviço da Hora do Observatório Nacional (DSH/ON), organ representative of INMETRO in Time and Frequency calibrations and detainer of the National Standard. This work intends the substitution of the procedure adopted today by a system of automatic calibration using Internet, eliminating the need of the displacement of the Transfer Standard. In this new procedure, the reference is t he Global Position Sistem (GPS) receiver, assuming the role of the Transfer Standard, to which the standard to be calibrate is compared continuosly. The access and storage of the data for the DSH/ON are made by means of a computer code that remotely controls the calibration through an Internet connection. The present work involves a comparison among both systems, the whole development and presentation of the computer code, the assembling of a complete system of practical simulation, the acquisition and data treatment and the presentation of the procedure used to obtain the measurement of the uncertainty. The advantage of an automatic calibration system, as well as of the collection of the data, is the fact that it not depending of the transportation of the Reference Standard for the accomplishment of the calibratio. As a conclusion of this work the obtained uncertainty is compared with the one in use today and based in this comparison we made considerations about the implementation of the new system and the use of the GPS receiver as Transfer Standard. / [es] La calibración de padrones atómicos de tiempo y frecuencia, en la forma actualmente realizada, tiene el inconveniente de tener que realizar el transporte del Padrón de Transferencia hasta los laboratorios donde se encuentran los padrones que serán calibrados. Esto se debe al hecho de que estos laboratorios no poseen una manera adecuada para enviar sus padrones al Departamento de Servicio de la Hora del Observatorio Nacional (DSH/ON), óprgano responsable frente al INMETRO en la calibración en tiempo y frecuencia y detentor del Padrón Nacional. Se propone aqui la substituición del procedimiento actual por un sistema de calibración automática vía Internet, que elimina la necesidad del desplazamiento del Padrón de transferencia. En este nuevo sistema de calibración, la referencia pasa a ser un receptor de GPS (Global Position Sistem), que asume el papel de Padrón de Transferencia, al cual el padrón a ser calibrado es ininterruptamente comparado. El acceso y almacenamiento de los datos por el DSH/ON se realiza a través de un programa que controla remotamente la calibración en el laboratorio vía conexión por Internet. El presente trabajo compara el sistema actual con el aqui propuesto, todo el desarrollo y presenta el programa computacional, el montaje de un sistema completo de simulación práctica, incluso con acceso remoto víaa Internet, la recolección y tratamiento de datos y la presentación del procedimiento utilizado para llegar a los erros de medición del sistema. Se resalta la ventaja de un sistema de calibración automático, así como la no dependencia del transporte del Padrón de Transferencia para la realización de la calibración, evitando con esto su deterioración. En la conclusión de este trabajo se compara el error obtenido con el del procedimiento actualmente en práctica y a partir de esta comparación se realizan consideraciones respecto a la implementación del nuevo sistema y al uso del receptor de GPS como Padrón de Transferencia.

Les observations astronomiques nous permettent d’étudier l’univers et de comprendre les phénomènes qui le gouvernent. La matière visible dans l’univers émet des ondes à des fréquences très diverses, réparties sur tout le spectre électromagnétique (domaines radio, submillimétrique, infrarouge, visible, ultraviolet, X et gamma). Ces ondes nous renseignent sur certaines caractéristiques physico-chimiques des éléments observés (nature, température, mouvement, etc.). Des télescopes couvrant différentes plages de fréquences sont nécessaires pour observer l’ensemble du spectre électromagnétique. Les radio-télescopes, sensibles aux ondes (sub)millimétriques, sont principalement dédiés à l’observation de la matière froide présente dans le milieu interstellaire. Le milieu interstellaire est le berceau des étoiles et son étude est essentielle pour comprendre les différentes étapes de la vie des étoiles. La fréquence maximale d’observation des radio-télescopes est en augmentation depuis la fabrication des premiers radio-télescopes dans les années 1930. Récemment, des radio-télescopes capables de détecter des signaux dans l’infrarouge lointain, au delà de 1 THz, ont été développés. Ces avancées technologiques ont été motivées, entre autres, par la présence, dans le milieu interstellaire, de molécules et d’ions uniquement observables à des fréquences supérieures à 1 THz. Pour observer des raies avec une haute résolution spectrale, les radio-télescopes sont équipés de récepteurs hétérodynes. Ce type de récepteur permet d’abaisser la fréquence de la raie spectrale observée tout en conservant ses caractéristiques (une raie observée à 1 THz peut, par exemple, être décalée à une fréquence de 1 GHz). Cette technique permet d’observer des raies avec une très haute résolution spectrale et c’est pourquoi les récepteurs hétérodynes sont largement utilisés pour les observations de raies spectrales aux fréquences GHz et THz. Dans les récepteurs hétérodynes, un oscillateur local (OL) émet un signal monochromatique à une fréquence très proche de celle du signal observé. Les deux signaux sont superposés à l’aide d’un diplexeur et transmis à un mélangeur. Ce dernier réalise le battement des deux signaux et génère un signal identique au signal observé mais à une fréquence plus faible. Durant ma thèse, j’ai travaillé sur la construction, la caractérisation et l’amélioration d’un récepteur hétérodyne à 2.6 THz. Cette fréquence d’observation (2.6 THz) est l’une des plus hautes atteintes par les récepteurs hétérodynes THz existant actuellement, ce qui constitue un défi technologique très important. Dans le but de caractériser et d’améliorer ce récepteur, je me suis concentré sur trois aspects essentiels ..... / (Sub)Millimeter-telescopes are often used to observe the interstellar medium in the universe and they enable us to study the stellar life cycle. To detect and study some important molecules and ions, we need receivers able to observe at frequencies above 1 THz. Receivers working at such high frequencies are quite new and the 2.6 THz heterodyne receiver I built and characterized during my PhD represents the state-of-the-art of THz heterodyne receivers. I especially focused on three important aspects of this receiver: its stability, the superimposition of the local oscillator signal (LO) and the observed signal by a diplexer, and the splitting of the LO signal by a phase grating. The stability was calculated with the Allan variance and I found that the two elements limiting the stability of our receiver were the 1.4 THz local oscillator and the mixer bias supply. The Martin-Puplett interferometer (MPI) diplexer I designed, built and tested is able to transmit 76 % of the LO power at 2.6 THz and we estimate a transmittance around 79 % for the observed signal. This MPI is operational and ready for the next generation of heterodyne receivers. Splitting the LO signal is essential to build heterodyne receivers with several pixels, which allows us to get spectra of the universe at many positions in the sky simultaneously. I have developed a new kind of grating, called Global gratings, and I made two prototypes of these Global phase gratings able to split the LO beam into four beams. These two phase grating prototypes, a transmissive and a reflective one, were optimized for 610 GHz and showed, respectively, an efficiency of 62 ± 2 % and 76 ± 2 %. These excellent results validate the design and fabrication processes of this new kind of grating. In conclusion, the work accomplished during this PhD constitutes an important step toward the realization of a very stable and highly sensitive 2.6 THz multi-pixel heterodyne receiver using a MPI diplexer.

During the Apollo 10 and 17 missions NASA astronauts reported that they saw streamers emanating from the surface of the moon. They concluded that the streamers were produced by light scattering from dust particles. The particles are believed to be transported by an ambient electric field. This theorized electric field has never been measured directly, although the electric potential on the surface and above it has. The exact behavior and origin of the electric field is unknown, but has been approximated to be between 1 and 12 V/m. To measure this electrical field a new type of instrument, called Multi Plate Field Mills (MPFM) has been developed. This type of instrument is capable of measuring both the amplitude and directionality of the electrical field. Three of these instruments will be mounted on a 1U CubeSat to be lunched with the PTS mission to the moon scheduled to Q4 2019. In this work the MPFM were characterized. The precision of the instrument for electrical fields applied along the z, y and x axis was found to be 0.6, 1.3, 1.4 (V/m)/(Hz)^(1/2) respectively for measurements in air and 0.14, 0.6, 0.6 (V/m)/(Hz)^(1/2) for measurements in vacuum. This sensitivity outperforms the current state of the art Field Mills and, in addition to that, it provides an assessment of the directionality of the electrical field. / Umeå Lunar Venture

ABSTRACT DETERMINATION OF STOCHASTIC MODEL PARAMETERS OF INERTIAL SENSORS &Uuml / nver, Alper PhD, Department of Electric Electronic Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. M&uuml / beccel Demirekler January 2013, 82 pages Gyro and accelerometer systematic errors due to biases, scale factors, and misalignments can be compensated via an on-board Kalman filtering approach in a Navigation System. On the other hand, sensor random noise sources such as Quantization Noise (QN), Angular Random Walk (ARW), Flicker Noise (FN), and Rate Random Walk (RRW) are not easily estimated by an on-board filter, due to their random characteristics. In this thesis a new method based on the variance of difference sequences is proposed to compute the powers of the above mentioned noise sources. The method is capable of online or offline estimation of stochastic model parameters of the inertial sensors. Our aim in this study is the estimation of ARW, FN and RRW parameters besides the quantization and the Gauss-Markov noise parameters of the inertial sensors. The proposed method is tested both on the simulated and the real sensor data and the results are compared with the Allan variance method. Comparison shows very satisfactory results for the performance of the method. Computational load of the new method is less than the computational load of the Allan variance on the order of tens. One of the usages of this method is the individual noise characterization. A noise, whose power spectral density has a constant slope, can be identified accurately by the proposed method. In addition to this, the parameters of the GM noise can also be determined. Another idea developed here is to approximate the overall error source as a combination of ARW and some number of GM sources only. The reasons of selecting such a structure is the feasibility of using these models in a Kalman filter framework for error propagation as well as their generality of modeling other noise sources.

We correlated experimental results with theoretical estimations of the dielectric function ε(ω) in two contexts: the effect of an electric field in quantum wells and that of the spin polarization of an interacting electron-hole plasma in bulk semiconductors. In the first part, we recorded photoreflectance spectra from Ge/GeSi quantum wells of different widths but having comparable builtin electric fields caused by doping. The reason why the spectra differed in overall shape was difficult to understand by conventional methods, for example, by calculating the allowed transition energies or by fitting the data with lineshape functions at each transition energy. Instead, we computed the photoreflectance spectra from first-principles by using the confined electron and hole wavefunctions. This method showed that the spectra differ in overall shape because of the experimentally hitherto unobserved trend in quantum well electro-optical properties, from the quantum confined Franz-Keldysh effect to the bulk Franz-Keldysh effect, as the well width is increased. The second part develops a threeband microscopic theory for the optical properties due to spin-polarized carriers in quasiequilibrium. We show that calculations based on this theory reproduce all the trends observed in a recent circularly polarized pump-probe experiment reported in the literature. To make the computation less intensive, we proposed a simplified, two-band version of this theory which captured the main experimental features. Besides, we constructed a cw diode laser-based pump-probe setup for our own optical studies of spin-polarized carriers by Kerr rotation. We achieved a sensitivity of detection of Kerr rotation of 3 x 10¯ 8 rad, corresponding to an order of magnitude improvement over the best reports in the literature. The efficacy of our setup allowed for the demonstration of a pumpinduced spin polarization in bulk GaAs, under the unfavorable conditions of steady-state and room temperature.

Orientadores: Flavio Caldas Da Cruz, Luiz Eduardo Evangelista de Araujo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T03:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LamillaRubio_ErickAbraham_M.pdf: 5773132 bytes, checksum: 33effe596fdd1deb74be96f588fc6150 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo experimental da transmissão de padrões de frequência atómicos através de uma rede de fibra optica. Até onde sabemos este tipo de transmissão foi realizada pela primeira vez no Brasil. Utilizamos uma conexão de fibra óptica entre o Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin (IFGW) e a Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e Computação (FEEC) da UNICAMP, correspondendo a uma distância de aproximadamente 2 km, e um comprimento total de fibra de 18 km. Frequências de RF derivadas de padrões de frequência de Rubídio e de um receptor GPS foram transmitidas e caracterizadas através de medidas de frequência, particularmente por gráficos de variância de Allan, e medidas da fase / Abstract: In this experimental work, transmission of an atomic frequency standard through an optical fiber network has been implemented for first time in Brazil, to the best of our knowledge. We have used a fiber link between the Institute of Physics (IFGW) and the Department of Electrical Engineering inside the campus of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) corresponding to 18 km fiber link (2km between buildings). Radio frequencies derived from a Rubidium standard and a GPS (Global Position system) receiver has been transmitted and characterized via phase and frequency measurements, particularly trough Allan deviation plots and phase measurements / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 2013/15492-2 / FAPESP

This Master´s thesis on a topic ,,Meaurement process automatization of deviations and stability of oscilators‘‘ describes methods for measuring the difference of time scales. Using this method, calculates the parameters of the oscillator, which is also describes in this work. Parameters of the oscillator means inning and stability. Describes is the procedure for calculating the uncertainties and their presentation in the final calibration sheet. This Master´s thesis also describes the practical measurement with this method in the Czech metrology institute in Brno. Measurement of the parameters of oscillator by the method of measurement of the difference of time scales is carried out automatically by computer. This Master´s thesis deals with the creation and development of new software and thus the automation of the entire task.

La résolution d'un problème d'estimation de l'état d'un système nécessite de disposer d'un modèle régissant l'évolution des variables d'état et de mesurer de manière directe ou indirecte l'ensemble ou une partie de ces variables d'état. Les travaux exposés dans ce mémoire de thèse portent sur la problématique d'estimation en présence de méconnaissances de modèle et de pertes de capteurs. La première partie de ce travail constitue la synthèse d'un dispositif d'estimation d'état pour systèmes non linéaires. Cela consiste à sélectionner un estimateur d'état et convenablement le régler, puis à concevoir algorithmiquement, à partir d'un critère introduit pour la circonstance, une redondance matérielle visant à compenser la perte de certains capteurs. La seconde partie de ce travail porte sur la conception, à l'aide de la variance d'Allan, d'un sous-modèle permettant de compenser les incertitudes d'un modèle d'état, ce sous-modèle étant utilisable par un filtre de Kalman. Ce travail a été exploité pour tenir compte de dérives gyroscopiques dans le cadre d'une navigation inertielle hybridée avec des mesures GPS par un filtre de Kalman contraint. Les résultats obtenus, issus d'expériences sur deux trajectoires d'avion, ont montré un comportement sain et robuste de l'approche proposée / To solve the problem of estimating the state of a system, it is necessary to have at one's disposal a model governing the dynamic of the state variables and to measure directly or indirectly all or a part of these variables. The work presented in this thesis deals with the estimation issue in the presence of model uncertainties and sensor losses. The first part of this work represents the synthesis of a state estimation device for nonlinear systems. It consists in selecting a state estimator and properly tuning it. Then, thanks to a criterion introduced for the occasion, it consists in algorithmically designing a hardware redundancy aiming at compensating for some sensor losses. The second part of this work deals with the conception of a sub-model compensating for some model uncertainties. This sub-model, designed by using the Allan variance, is usable by a Kalman filter. This work has been used to take into account some gyroscopical drifts in a GPS-INS integrated navigation based on a constrained Kalman filter. The results obtained, coming from experiments on two plane trajectories, showed a safe and robust behaviour of the proposed method

This master thesis deals with measurement and modeling of MEMS inertial sensors. This paper describes basic principles of inertial sensors along with their most often errors. The next part shows results from inertial sensor market analysis, which enabling a selection of sensors to be measured. The following two chapters present methods for inertial sensor modeling and testing. The biggest part of text is dedicated to presentation of measurement results showing us static measurement of Allan variance, Earth rotation, temperature dependent bias and dynamic measurement of gyroscope sensitivity testing over temperature. In the last part of the thesis is presented a design of sensor error model by autocorrelation function and Allan variance and also an evaluation of achieved results.