Previous reports have shown that killed cells of S. aureus potentiate the lethal effect of crude staphylococcal alpha toxin for mice. In the present study this synergistic effect has been demonstrated with highly purified preparations of alpha toxin. Time studies indicate that the active principle does not appear to be released until approximately two hours following administration of the whole cells.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles. / La maladie de Parkinson (MP) se caractérise par une vulnérabilité sélective des cellules nerveuses, associée à la présence dans le cerveau d'agrégats de protéines mal repliées. Ces inclusions appelées corps de Lewy (CL) ont comme composant majoritaire une protéine appelée alpha-synucléine (α-syn). Pendant la dernière décennie, plusieurs études ont démontré que l'α-syn joue un rôle central dans l'initiation de la MP. Cependant, l'impact de ces agrégats sur l'homéostasie neuronale menant à la neurodégénérescence reste encore méconnu, en partie causé par l'absence d'outils appropriés. Dans ce but, notre équipe a créé une technologie novatrice qui nous permettra d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes conduisant à la formation de ces souches pathologiques. Cet outil basé sur l'optobiologie permet de contrôler l'agrégation de l'α-syn sous le contrôle de la lumière (le système LIPA : Light-Inducible Protein Aggregation). Notre système a permis d'induire la formation d'inclusions stables d'α-syn avec un contrôle spatial et temporel dans des cellules vivantes. Conduisant pour la première fois, à la formation in vivo d'inclusions mimant plusieurs des caractéristiques biochimiques et neuropathologiques des corps de Lewy. In vivo, les agrégats LIPA-α-syn ont compromis la transmission nigrostriatale, induit une perte neuronale dopaminergique et une altération du comportement de type parkinsonien. Ce système constitue un outil novateur permettant de générer, visualiser et disséquer le rôle de ces agrégats protéiques dans la MP et éventuellement d'autres troubles neurodégénératifs. Ce projet de thèse consiste en la création de nouveaux modèles cellulaires et animaux de la formation des CL afin obtenir de précieuses informations sur le processus d'agrégation et de propagation de l'α-syn et leur rôle dans la pathogenèse de la MP : cette compréhension permettra de développer de nouveaux traitements curatifs efficaces dans cette maladie. / Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a selective vulnerability of nerve cells associated with the presence of aggregates of misfolded proteins in the brain. These inclusions called Lewy bodies (LBs) have as a major component a protein called alpha-synuclein (α-syn). During the last decade, several studies have demonstrated that α-syn plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PD. However, the impact of these aggregates on neuronal homeostasis leading to neurodegeneration remains poorly understood, partly caused by the lack of appropriate tools. To this end, our team has created a novel technology that will allow us to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to the formation of these pathological strains. This tool based on optobiology allows to control the aggregation of α-syn under the control of light (the LIPA system: Light-Inducible Protein Aggregation). Our system allowed to induce the formation of stable α-syn inclusions with spatial and temporal control in living cells. Leading for the first time, to the in vivo formation of inclusions mimicking many of the biochemical and neuropathological features of Lewy bodies. In vivo, LIPA-α-syn aggregates compromised nigrostriatal transmission, induced dopaminergic neuronal loss and altered PD-like behavior. This system provides a novel tool to generate, visualize and dissect the role of these protein aggregates in PD and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders. This thesis project consists in the creation of new cellular and animal models of LBs formation in order to obtain valuable information on the aggregation and propagation process of α-syn and their role in the pathogenesis of PD: This understanding will allow the development of new effective curative treatments in this disease.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 6, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23699号 / 理博第4789号 / 新制||理||1686(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 永江 知文, 准教授 銭廣 十三, 教授 中家 剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

It is well established that the 17-estradiol is involved in the development and homeostasis of reproductive and extra-reproductive tissues, particularly the mammary gland. Estradiol classically binds to Estrogen Receptor (ERα), which is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. ER mediates nuclear (transcription) and plasma membrane (signaling) ERα function. Interestingly, the membrane initiated steroid signaling (MISS) required a post translational modification of the receptor: palmitoylation of the human Cys-447 or the murine Cys-451 counterpart. The main objectives of my PhD thesis were to decipher the physiological role of membrane ERα in mammary gland development and to understand how the membrane ER signaling impact breast cancer. To do so, we used the transgenic mouse model C451A-ER in which the single point mutation (C451A) was introduced to abolish palmitoylation of ER (membrane addressing signal). We demonstrate that the point mutation of the palmitoylation site of ER alters the paracrine signaling of luminal epithelial cells and by consequence the repopulation properties of the mammary stem cells. We also studied the involvement of the membrane effects of the Estrogen Receptor ERα in the 17β-estradiol response dose of the mammary gland. Finally, by breeding the C451A-ER mice with the widely used transgenic mice model of tumorigenesis (PyMT), we provide the first evidence that the membrane ERα influences tumorigenesis. These findings pave the way on an unexpected role of non-genomic function of ERα in the mammary gland physiology and physiopathology. / It is well established that the 17-estradiol is involved in the development and homeostasis of reproductive and extra-reproductive tissues, particularly the mammary gland. Estradiol classically binds to Estrogen Receptor (ERα), which is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. ER mediates nuclear (transcription) and plasma membrane (signaling) ERα function. Interestingly, the membrane initiated steroid signaling (MISS) required a post translational modification of the receptor: palmitoylation of the human Cys-447 or the murine Cys-451 counterpart. The main objectives of my PhD thesis were to decipher the physiological role of membrane ERα in mammary gland development and to understand how the membrane ER signaling impact breast cancer. To do so, we used the transgenic mouse model C451A-ER in which the single point mutation (C451A) was introduced to abolish palmitoylation of ER (membrane addressing signal). We demonstrate that the point mutation of the palmitoylation site of ER alters the paracrine signaling of luminal epithelial cells and by consequence the repopulation properties of the mammary stem cells. We also studied the involvement of the membrane effects of the Estrogen Receptor ERα in the 17β-estradiol response dose of the mammary gland. Finally, by breeding the C451A-ER mice with the widely used transgenic mice model of tumorigenesis (PyMT), we provide the first evidence that the membrane ERα influences tumorigenesis. These findings pave the way on an unexpected role of non-genomic function of ERα in the mammary gland physiology and physiopathology.