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It is both curious and frustrating, given the perennial popularity of the cycle concept in Ancient Greece, that there has not been a single book written devoted to the wide variety of philosophic and historical conceptions bound up with that loosely descriptive designation. This study was originally undertaken to satisfy my own curiosity on the subject. Herein I intend to survey the entire history of the cycle concept in general from about 700 B.C. to the time of Polybius in the second-century A.D. It is intended to be a descriptive as well as an analytical report.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Friedrich Wilhelm-Universitt̃, 1875. Inaugural dissertation--Bonn. / Greek text, with introd. and notes in Latin. Greek title on p. [28] (romanized): Peri tes ton Akademaikon pros Platona diastaseos. Vita. Filmed with: Walter, K. / Emendationum in Sophoclis fabulas specimen -- Wandinger, C. / Pomponiana Graecina : Tac. Ann. XIII. 32 -- Walther, G.H. / Observationum in C. Cornelii Taciti opera conscriptarum specimen alterum -- Warren, M. / On the enclitic ne in early Latin -- Wasmansdorff, E. / Luciani scripta ea, quae ad Menippum spectant, inter se comparantur et diiudicantur -- Zellmer, W. / De lege Plautia quae fuit de vi -- Zijnen, F.B.J.S. / Specimen historico-philosophum, quo Plutarchi de nonnullis Chrysippi placitis judicium examinatur -- Waldfogl, C. / Ueber den Platonischen Dialog der Sophist oder vom Sein -- Waller, W. / Excursus criticus in P. Papinii Statii Silvas -- Wallinder, J. / De statu plebejorum Romanorum ante primam in montem sacrum secessionem quaestiones -- Wallrafen, W. / Einrichtung und kommunale Entwicklung der rm̲ischen Provinz Lusitanien -- Walther, E. / De dativi instrumentalis usu Homerico -- Walther, F. / Studien zu Tacitus und Curtius -- Widmann, H. / De Gaio Vettio Aquilino Iuvenco carminis evangelici poeta et Vergilii imitatore -- Werner, J. / Quaestiones Babrianae -- Wernicke, J.C. / De Pausaniae Periegetae studiis Herodoteis -- Wessig, H. / De aetate et auctore Philopatridis dialogi -- Wetzell, C. / De usu verbi substantivi Tacitino -- Werder, C.F. / De Platonis Parmenide -- Stamer, A. / Engkuklios paideia in dem Urteil der griechischen Philosophenschulen -- Sexauer, H. / Sprachgebrauch des Romanschriftstellers Achilles Tatius -- Stamkart, J.A. / Specimen litterarium inaugurale exhibens commentarium in Plauti Mostellarium -- Seibel, M. / Klage um Hektor im letzten Buche der Ilias -- Siegismund, A.J. / Quaestionum de metathesi Graeca particula I -- Tanzmann, J.J. / De C. Plinii Caecilii Secundi vita ingenio moribus quaestio -- Teetz, F. / Beitrg̃e zur Rhythmopoiie des Sophokles ... -- Siemering, F.O. / Quaestionum Lucretianarum particula I et II -- Theissen, W. / De Sallustii, Livii, Taciti digressionibus -- Schemann, L. / De legionum per alterum bellum Punicum historia quae investigari posse videantur -- Natorp, P. / Quos auctores in ultimis Belli Peloponnesiaci annis describendis secuti sint Diodorus Plutarchus Cornelius Iustinus -- Olsen, W. / Quaestionum Plautinarum de verbo substantivo specimen -- Partsch, J.F.M. / Darstellung Europa's in dem geographischen Werke des Agrippa. Includes bibliographical references.

Proefschrift (doctoral)--Universiteit te Nijmegen, 1941. / "Stellingen" ([2] p.) laid in. Includes bibliographical references (p. [203]-207) and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1966. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Proefschrift (doctoral)--Universiteit te Nijmegen, 1941. / "Stellingen" ([2] p.) laid in. Includes bibliographical references (p. [203]-207) and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 329-337). Also available online.

This project will contribute to our understanding of both Aristotle’s theory of friendship in particular and friendship as a philosophical topic in general. Chapter 1 focuses on explaining what Aristotle means when he says that friendship either is a virtue or is similar to virtue. Specifically, he claims that friendship is like a hexis prohairetikē (a state which chooses). This phrasing is remarkably similar to his description of the character virtues, and it invites comparison between the two kinds of states. In Chapter 2 I examine the common scholarly suggestion that Aristotle’s taxonomy of pleasure- utility- and virtue-based friendships is closely linked to the motivations that individuals have when they pursue friendship. By focusing on Aristotle’s remarks on the time it takes to properly establish a friendship, I develop a view of Aristotle on which the motivations that a person has for pursuing a friendship often uncouple from the kind of friendship they succeed in forming. In Chapter 3 I defend Aristotle’s account of friendship from three common contemporary objections. Some scholars believe that Aristotle is too strict in his account of friendship, that only truly good people can be friends, that many friendships on Aristotle’s account are not truly friendship, and that Aristotle is wrong about vicious peoples’ ability to form friendships. I reply to each objection. In chapter 4 I follow Aristotle in arguing that we should understand goodness of character as a necessary, grounding feature of friendship. In so doing, I disagree with those contemporary scholars who do not follow Aristotle on this point, insisting instead that two individuals can be friends without being good, and their friendship can be about bad or immoral things and activities. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In this dissertation, I explore and defend underappreciated and misunderstood features of Aristotle’s theory of friendship. Aristotle’s account of friendship is one of the foundational texts for contemporary philosophical discussions of friendship. Understanding Aristotle on his own terms is therefore important to carrying on these discussions. Furthermore, I argue that when his view is understood in the ways that I suggest, it is more philosophically defensible and psychologically plausible than is often supposed. I show that, for Aristotle, friendship and virtue are importantly connected; that his view on friendship’s development tracks with many of our contemporary intuitions; and that his view is defensible against several common contemporary objections. Finally, I defend Aristotle’s claim that goodness of character is an essential aspect of friendship and highlight the advantages this view offers contemporary discussions of friendship.

This thesis has as its focus five argumentative modes that lie at the heart of Sextus Empiricus’ Outlines of Pyrrhonism. They are the modes of disagreement, hypothesis, infinite regression, reciprocity and relativity. They are analysed, individually, in the first five chapters of the thesis (one mode per chapter) and, collectively, in the sixth. The first four chapters deal, respectively, with the modes of disagreement, hypothesis, infinite regression and reciprocity. They distinguish between two versions of these modes: “dogmatic versions”, on the basis of which a dogmatic philosopher, who holds some theoretical beliefs, might reach a sceptical conclusion; and “sceptical versions”, on the basis of which a sceptical philosopher, who lacks all theoretical beliefs, might do so. It is argued that scholars such as Jonathan Barnes have offered reconstructions of these modes which are dogmatic in the sense just described, and alternative sceptical versions of the modes are presented. A stand-alone fifth chapter offers an analysis of a stand-alone mode - the mode of relativity. It argues that there are in fact three different modes of relativity at play in the Outlines, that only one of them is non-trivial, and that the non-trivial version is incompatible with the mode of disagreement. The sixth and final chapter offers an analysis of how the modes (excluding relativity) are meant to work in combination with one another. Four different combinations are presented and it is argued that all of them are underscored by a variety of theoretical assumptions, which a sceptic, who lacks all theoretical beliefs, cannot make. The ultimate conclusion of the thesis is that, though the sceptic can deploy the various modes individually (by means of exercising his particular sceptical ability), he is not able to systematise them into a net by means of which he might trap his dogmatic opponent. Unless specified otherwise, translations are based on Annas, J., and Barnes, J., Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Plato’s attitude on Art has always been hardly debated among scholars, and in recent times the interest on ancient Aesthetics in general and Plato’s attitude in particular has been even increased in the philosophical debate. The problem with Plato’s position is twofold. On the one hand he expresses hard criticism against poetry and he even banishes the poets from the ideal state he envisages in the Republic. That has been usually regarded as an illiberal, totalitarian position. On the other hand, the criticisms he makes of poetry seem to present inconsistencies among the Platonic corpus and they could prima facie appear to the modern reader odd, paternalistic or moralistic. Throughout my work I suggest to adopt a new approach, based both on historical and theoretical grounds, according to which it will be possible to resolve the problems that Plato’s objections to poetry give rise to. The historical and cultural context will be the focus of the first chapter. It consists of the following points. On the one hand I will first focus on different features that characterize Greek poetry, and on the other I will emphasize the pre-literacy of Plato’s contemporaries. I will also highlight how the ethical and political role, along with the educational function, made poetry the privileged source of information and education, and the ultimate reference for everyone in the Athens of the fifth B.C. In the second section of the first chapter I will analyze Plato’s teleologism, which I regard to be a fundamental entity in his stance on art. Such a notion, although not as much emphasized by scholars, plays a pivotal role in Plato’s arguments on poetry, I contend. This is especially evident in the Republic, where Plato’s criticism regards the flaws of poetry in teaching (Resp. II and III) first, and secondly as the main source of knowledge (X). In the third and last section of chapter one, I will face the complex issue of the alleged existence of the concept of beauty in antiquity. In this occasion I argue in favour of the existence of such an entity, both among average Greeks and for Plato, even though in different ways and degrees of awareness. After having provided the historical and theoretical frame of my approach, I will then move to textual examination of the Platonis Opera. In the second and third chapter I will analyse the so-called ‘early dialogues’, in order to single out the recurrent features of Plato’s stance on poetry. In fact, one of the main goals of my study is to retrace an overall, consistent view on art in general and poetry in particular among the Platonic corpus. While the second chapter is mainly focused on the Apology and the Protagoras, a special emphasis deserves the Ion, which is the object of the third chapter. I argue indeed that for the first time in this early dialogue we find a clear theoretical expression of a key-concept of Plato’s stance on art. In fact, Plato bases his criticism toward the eponymous rhapsode pointing out that the rhapsode on the one hand lacks the knowledge of the things he (demands to be able to) talk(s) about. On the other hand, the rhapsode lacks the knowledge of what poetry, as well as his trade, is. Such a ‘twofold ignorance’, as we will see, it is a recurring pattern in Socrates’ pupil. While the fourth chapter is mainly devoted to the analysis and comment of the Symposium, the fifth, sixth and seventh chapter present the detailed examination of the Book II, III and X of the Republic. They are respectively devoted to the analysis and criticism of the ‘middle dialogues’, the Republic and the ‘late dialogues’. Because of its capital importance for the purpose of my argument, I will analyze Plato’s criticism in the Republic in details and I will face different approaches to the subject. Afterwards I will confront them with my own theory in order to show that adopting my approach the apparent discrepancies regarding Plato’s aesthetics within the Republic itself as well as in others Platonic dialogues disappear. (And, on the contrary, this does not happen if the reader accepts the mainstream interpretation on the subject at issue). In essence: I propose to take Plato’s criticism of poetry not as an aesthetic attitude, but rather as a justified concern about the pursuit of truth through poetry, as if it were the main source of teaching, moral value, knowledge and information in the ancient Greek society. That is the core of my argument. The eighth chapter analyses the ‘late dialogues’, in particular The Laws, given the abundant of relevant passages on the matter. Finally, the ninth and last chapter faces Popper’s notorious judgement of Plato as totalitarian scholar. In this section of the study I will contend that Popper’s notorious reading of Plato’s political system is fallacious. Further, I will reveal that Plato and Popper’s stance on mass media essentially correspond. It is my understanding that such a fundamental passage will give the ultimate proof of the rightness of my revolutionary reading of the vexata quaestio of the ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry in Plato. Finally, the outcome of my investigations will show that Plato does not banish poetry because he is attacking it as a dangerous, free, “fine” Art. On the contrary, I propose to take his attack as the only way to release poetry from its educational and political context and to baptize it into the realm of Fine Art.