Introduction: After a brief statement that Proclus' 5th and 6th essays deal with Plato's discussions of poetry in the Republic, some remarks are made about the continuing interest and relevance of Platonic and Neoplatonic attitudes to art, the background to Proclus' work and the problems of studying Neoplatonic commentaries. The contents of the thesis are summarised and related to these remarks and some important recent bibliography is mentioned. Chapter 1. The Form of the Essays and their Scholastic Context: The chapter opens with a discussion of C. Gallavotti's view that Proclus' Commentary on the Republic is a heterogeneous collection of essays and that the 5th and 6th essays differ in their nature and purpose. This view is essentially accepted and the two essays are then examined separately as regards their form and their scholastic context. The 5th essay ia related to the " genre" of problems in the exposition of a philosophical authority exemplified by Πλ<missing letter>τ<missing letter>ινικ <another Greek word> of Plutarch and some of the Quaestiones of Alexander of Aphrodisias. It goes together with eleven of the other essays in the collection to form an introductory course on the Republic for students in the Platonic school. The 6th essay is similarly related to this "genre" of philosophical problems and also to the tradition of exposition of problems in Homer. It is shown to be the written up version of a lecture delivered to the Platonic school on Plato's birthday. After dealing with the question why Proclus wrote no continuous commentary on the Republic the chapter concludes with a discussion of the dating of the two essays. Chapter 2. The Text of Homer and the Text of Plato: Proclus' quotations from Homer and Plato are analysed in order to discover whether his text of these authors differed from ours. Our knowledge of the history of the text of Homer suggests that Proclus' Homer was essentially the vulgate text. This is borne out by the detailed examination of his quotations. Problems and variants are found principally in those quotations which also occur in Plato and examination of Proclus' Plato quotations reveals that his text of Plato differed significantly from ours and agrees with no one branch of the medieval tradition. This is fitted in with the general conclusions drawn by modern scholars about the Neoplatonic text of Plato. Chapter 3. Proclus' debt to Syrianus: This chapter is divided into five sections. In section (i) the problem of the relationship between the ideas of Proclus and those of Syrianus is set out and some views of it are discussed. Proclus' references to Syrianus in the 6th essay are examined and it is shown that Syrianus did not write anything of precisely the same format as Proclus' essay. Section (ii) analyses the four interpretations of Homer which Proclus refers explicitly to Syrianus, the Theomachy, Agamemnon's dream, the union of Zeus and Hera on Mount Ida and the unseemly behaviour of Achilles. In section (iii) conclusions are drawn from these analyses: Syrianus developed allegory of Homer in terms of transcendent metaphysical entities and Proclus was largely taking this over, adding some refinements and adaptations. Some more of Proclus' interpretations of Homer are attributed to Syrianus on the basis of these conclusions. Section (iv) deals with Proclus' debt to Syrianus in the interpretation of Plato. More passages of the 6th essay are analysed: pp. 155.25-156.9; 166.12-167.9; 168.3-169.24 (with 117.27-122.20); 169.25-170.26; and 173.4-177.3. The conclusion is drawn that Proclus is again following and adapting Syrianus, who in this sphere was closely following earlier interpretation. In section (v) it is argued that the theory of three types of poetry, developed at the end of the 6th essay, is Proclus' own. Syrianus had distinguished between two types, inspired and uninspired, and Proclus splits inspired poetry in two to create a new classification of inspired, didactic and mimetic. Chapter 4. Proclus' interpretation of Plato: The 5th and 6th essays are examined separately to see what kind of problems Proclus deals with in interpreting Plato and how he resolves them. Much of the 5th essay is analysed in detail and it is shown how Proclus' interpretation there is related to the criticisms of Plato made by Aristotle and his followers, and to the rhetorical concepts and terminology of Proclus' own time. Proclus' attitude to irony in Plato and his belief in the unity of Plato's thought are also discussed. The 6th essay is then examined, particularly Book II (pp. 154-205). As in the 5th essay, Proclus expounds Plato by means of his own words in other contexts, displays knowledge of rhetoric and literary criticism and takes up earlier criticism of Plato. His view that Plato and Homer agree is discussed and related to the belief in one authoritative tradition which is expressed by different writers in different ways. Finally Proclus' interpretations in the 6th essay of the Cratylus and the Ion are discussed. Throughout the chapter Proclus 1 interpretation is evaluated and some comparisons are drawn with modern interpretations of Plato. Chapter 5. Allegory. Symbols and Mysteries: This chapter examines the terms Proclus uses for allegory. Most of them are taken from mystery religion and from theurgy. The traditional use of mystery-language in Greek philosophy is surveyed and it is argued that in Proclus the mystery metaphor forms a meaningful part of an organised philosophical terminology. Some discussion of Proclus' attitude to theurgy, including the problem of the relationship in later Neoplatonism between theurgy and the Plotinian ideal of intellectual contemplation, reinforces the point that Proclus is revitalising the traditional mysterylanguage. At the end of the chapter further aspects of Proclus' use of mystery-language are briefly considered: the distinction between inspired and educational myths and their respective audiences; the danger of misunderstanding both myths and mysteries; the part played in both by the demons; and the application of mystery-language to the interpretation of individual passages of Homer. Chapter 6. The Theory of Three Types of Poetry: An account of pp. 177.7-199.28 of the 6th essay is followed by discussion of the passages where Proclus gives Homeric examples of his three types of poetry and claims that Homer knew his poetic theory. Proclus' use of Homer here is related to the tradition of Homeric interpretation. The three concepts of inspired, didactic and mimetic poetry are then considered individually. Proclus' interest in inspired poetry itself rather than the psychological state of its creator and his definition of inspired poetry in terms of its content are contrasted with other views of inspiration, ancient as well as modern. A discussion of the relationship in Heoplatonic thought between poetic and prophetic inspiration leads to an examination of Proclus' different uses of the concept of inspiration and the view which he shares with Hermias that inspiration is a kind of mystical cognition, though at a lower level than full mystical union. This view is made possible by Proclus' theory of mysticism, in which divine assistance plays a more important role than in Plotinian mysticism. Proclus' didactic poetry is distinguished from the modern concept of didactic poetry as a genre, its subject-matter is discussed and it is contrasted with some eighteenth century views of didactic poetry. Proclus' mimetic poetry is shown to be based on Republic X and subdivided into eikastic and phantastic on the basis of Sophist 235d ff. His interpretations of the Sophist passage and of Laws II 661 c ff. are discussed. The final part of the chapter considers the theory of three types of poetry as a whole.

This thesis addresses the potential that the relation between terms and images in multilingual specialized documentation has for glossary compilation, terminology alignment, and image indexing. It takes advantage of the recurrent use of these two modes of communication (i.e., text and images) in digital documents to build a bimodal co-occurrence model which aims at dynamically compiling glossaries of a wider coverage. The model relies on the developments of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) and text processing techniques. CBIR is used to make two images from different origin match, and text processing supports term recognition, artifact noun classification, and image-term association. The model aligns one image with its denominating term from collateral text, and then aligns this image with another image of the same artifact from a different document, which also enables the alignment of the two equivalent denominating terms. The ultimate goal of the model is to tackle the limitations and drawbacks of current static terminological repositories by generating bimodal, bilingual glossaries that reflect real usage, even when terms and images may originate from noisy corpora. / Esta tesis enfoca la relación entre términos e imágenes en documentación especializada y su potencial para compilación de glosarios, alineación de terminología e indexación de imágenes. Asimismo, esta investigación se vale del frecuente uso de estos dos modos de comunicación (i.e., texto e imágenes) en documentos digitales para construir un modelo de concurrencia bimodal que guíe la compilación de glosarios de más cobertura. El modelo se basa en los desarrollos de técnicas de recuperación de imágenes por contenido (CBIR) y de procesamiento de texto. Las técnicas de CBIR se usan aquí para conectar dos imágenes de distinto origen, mientras que el procesamiento de texto sustenta las tareas de reconocimiento de términos, clasificación de nombres de artefacto y asociación término-imagen. El modelo asocia una imagen con el término del texto circundante que la denomina y luego alinea esta imagen con otra imagen del mismo artefacto pero que se origina en otro documento, lo cual permite también la alineación de los dos términos equivalentes que denominan los artefactos de las imágenes. El objetivo principal del modelo es contribuir a compensar el estatismo, las limitaciones y las desventajas de los repositorios terminológicos actuales mediante la generación de glosarios bimodales bilingües que reflejen el uso real de los términos, incluso cuando éstos y sus imágenes se originen en corpus problemáticos.

This thesis has as its focus five argumentative modes that lie at the heart of Sextus Empiricus’ Outlines of Pyrrhonism. They are the modes of disagreement, hypothesis, infinite regression, reciprocity and relativity. They are analysed, individually, in the first five chapters of the thesis (one mode per chapter) and, collectively, in the sixth. The first four chapters deal, respectively, with the modes of disagreement, hypothesis, infinite regression and reciprocity. They distinguish between two versions of these modes: “dogmatic versions”, on the basis of which a dogmatic philosopher, who holds some theoretical beliefs, might reach a sceptical conclusion; and “sceptical versions”, on the basis of which a sceptical philosopher, who lacks all theoretical beliefs, might do so. It is argued that scholars such as Jonathan Barnes have offered reconstructions of these modes which are dogmatic in the sense just described, and alternative sceptical versions of the modes are presented. A stand-alone fifth chapter offers an analysis of a stand-alone mode - the mode of relativity. It argues that there are in fact three different modes of relativity at play in the Outlines, that only one of them is non-trivial, and that the non-trivial version is incompatible with the mode of disagreement. The sixth and final chapter offers an analysis of how the modes (excluding relativity) are meant to work in combination with one another. Four different combinations are presented and it is argued that all of them are underscored by a variety of theoretical assumptions, which a sceptic, who lacks all theoretical beliefs, cannot make. The ultimate conclusion of the thesis is that, though the sceptic can deploy the various modes individually (by means of exercising his particular sceptical ability), he is not able to systematise them into a net by means of which he might trap his dogmatic opponent. Unless specified otherwise, translations are based on Annas, J., and Barnes, J., Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

by Oli B.C. Madsen and Richard C. Larson. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-44).

R.M. Fano. / "November 18, 1948." / Bibliography: p. 13. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W36-039 sc-32037 Project No. 102B. Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1985. / "October 1985." / Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-169). / Research sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. F49620-78-C-0084 / by Michael B. Giles. / Ph.D.

Os procedimentos braquiterápicos atuais seguem as diretrizes apresentadas no protocolo da AAPM TG - 43, introduzido em 1995, que define a metodologia de cálculo de dose ao redor de fontes encapsuladas. Este protocolo, dentre outras considerações, adota a água como meio dosimétrico padrão e desconsidera a composição dos tecidos, densidades e dimensões do paciente nas estimativas de dose absorvida. Com o objetivo de realizar os cálculos de dose em condições mais próximas à realidade, a AAPM publicou em 2012 o TG-186, que introduz os algoritmos de cálculos de dose baseados em modelos na braquiterapia (MBDCA- model-based dose calculation algorithm). Estes algoritmos são capazes de considerar as complexidades descritas acima, além de permitirem estimativas de dose diretamente nos tecidos biológicos. Apesar deste advento, ainda há controvérsia sobre a melhor forma de se reportar a dose absorvida, com pontos favoráveis tanto para estimativas de dose na água, quanto nos tecidos. Esta tese se insere dentro deste contexto, buscando a correlação entre todo o conhecimento previamente adquirido baseado em água com os modernos algoritmos de cálculo de dose. A relação entre a dose na água e no meio é realizada através da teoria da cavidade, que assume que a fluência dos fótons na água e no meio é idêntica. Parte dos objetivos do presente trabalho foi avaliar a fluência energética de fótons em diferentes meios irradiados com fontes braquiterápicas de energias baixas (<50,0 keV), propondo uma forma eficiente de correlacionar a dose na água e no meio em situações nas quais a fluência dos fótons é relevante. Avaliou-se a dose absorvida na água e em diferentes tecidos humanos, para quantificar fatores de conversão entre as estimativas de dose, simulados por Monte Carlo. Para validar tais fatores foi proposta uma metodologia experimental com o uso de um objeto simulador, desenvolvido especificamente para a realização deste trabalho e com capacidade de medir os efeitos da heterogeneidade do meio utilizando doses absorvidas em dosímetros termoluminescentes. As correções baseadas na fluência energética obtidas neste estudo, quando necessárias, são capazes de correlacionar a dose absorvida no tecido e na água com uma precisão melhor do que 0,5 % nos casos mais críticos (ex. osso). Os fatores de conversão calculados mostraram que a dose absorvida na água subestima a dose absorvida no osso em até 80 %, mas superestima a dose no tecido adiposo em aproximadamente 75 %, ressaltando a necessidade de se considerar a composição e a densidade do meio nas estimativas de dose. Os resultados experimentais permitiram validar os fatores de conversão de dose simulados com diferenças máximas de 8,5 %, entre os valores experimentais e simulados. Todos os resultados obtidos comprovaram que a estimativa da dose absorvida em procedimentos braquiterápicos com baixas energias diferem significativamente quando realizadas na água e nos tecidos biológicos, evidenciando a necessidade do uso de algoritmos que considerem a heterogeneidade do meio. Tais resultados também enfatizaram a necessidade de se considerar com precisão a composição do corpo, uma vez que variações nas composições médias dos tecidos podem afetar as estimativas dosimétricas e aumentar as incertezas dos resultados. / Brachytherapy treatments are commonly performed using the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group report TG-43, introduced in 1995, which defines the formalism for the calculation of absorbed dose to water, and neglects human tissue densities, material compositions, body interfaces, body shape and dose perturbations from applicators. In order to perform dose calculations in conditions closer to reality, the AAPM published in 2012 the TG-186, which introduces the model-based dose calculation algorithm (MBDCA) in brachytherapy. These algorithms are able to consider the complexities described above, in addition, it allows dose estimates directly into biological tissues. Despite the advent, the best way to report the absorbed dose is still a matter of debate, with favourable points for both water and tissue absorbed dose estimates. The present thesis is inserted within this context, searching for the correlation between all previously acquired knowledge based in absorbed dose to water with the absorbed dose calculated using modern MBDCA. The correlation between the doses in water and the doses in tissue is performed through the cavity theory, which generally assumes that the fluence of the photons in water and in tissue are identical. Part of the purpose of the present work was to evaluate the energy-fluence of photons in different medium irradiated with low energy brachytherapy sources (<50,0 keV), proposing an efficient way to correlate absorbed dose to water and absorbed dose to tissue in brachytherapy in situations in which the fluence of the photons is relevant. In addition to this objective, the dose absorbed in water and in different human tissues was evaluated to quantify conversion factors between these dose estimates, simulated by Monte Carlo. To validate such factors, an experimental methodology was proposed in a phantom with the capacity to quantify the effects of the heterogeneity of the medium measuring absorbed doses in thermoluminescent dosimeters. The energy-fluence based corrections given in this work, when necessary, are able to correlate the absorbed dose to tissue and absorbed dose to water with an accuracy better than 0.5 % in the most critical cases (e.g.: bone tissue). The calculated conversion factors showed that the absorbed dose to water underestimates the absorbed dose to bone by up to 80 % but overestimates the dose in adipose tissue by approximately 75 %, emphasizing the need to consider the composition and the density of tissue in the dose estimates. The experimental results allowed validating the simulated conversion factors with maximum differences of 8.5 % between the experimental and simulated dose values. All the results obtained showed that the estimation of the dose absorbed in low energy brachytherapy procedures differ significantly when performed in water and in biological tissues, evidencing the necessity of using MBDCA. These results also emphasized the need to accurately consider tissue composition, since the smallest variations in tissue compositions may affect dosimetric estimates and increase uncertainties of the results.

New high-K isomers have been populated in Ta and W by bombarding thick targets with pulsed 238U beams at 1600 MeV. The new inelastically excited multi-quasiparticle states include Kpi = 21/2- and 29/2- 3-quasiparticle isomers in 181Ta and Kpi = 7- and (16+) isomers in 186W. The Kpi = (16+) state in 186w has t1/2&ge;3 ms and extends the 4-quasiparticle isomer systematics beyond the limit accessible with fusion-evaporation reactions, using stable beams and targets, for the first time. In addition, a t1/2&ge;1 ms 3-quasiparticle isomeric state feeding a strongly coupled rotational band has been populated in Ta by nucleon transfer. The excitation energies of the intrinsic states are compared to predictions of blocked BCS calculations. A different study of high-K states used a radioactive 14C beam at 67 MeV to investigate the high-spin structure of Os. New rotational bands built on multi-quasiparticle states with Kpi = 5-, 7-, 9-, 10+ and 15+ are observed. The first crossing of the ground-state band at I = 14 h, is interpreted as involving a high-K t-band structure and explained using a two-band mixing model. The structure at higher angular momentum is dominated by intrinsic states, that exhibit a dramatic loss of isomerism. Potential-energy-surface calculations, with Lipkin-Nogami pairing, show these configurations to be triaxial, accounting for the breakdown in K conservation. The relation between the K projection and the total angular momentum is investigated for these non-axial states.

Background: Recent evidence suggests that the prostate cancer (PCa)-specific up-regulation of certain genes such as AMACR, EZH2, PSGR, PSMA and TRPM8 could be associated with an aberrant expression of non-coding microRNAs (miRNA). Methods: In silico analyses were used to search for miRNAs being putative regulators of PCa-associated genes. The expression of nine selected miRNAs (hsa-miR-101, -138, -186, -224, -26a, -26b, -374a, -410, -660) as well as of the aforementioned PCa-associated genes was analyzed by quantitative PCR using 50 malignant (Tu) and matched non-malignant (Tf) tissue samples from prostatectomy specimens as well as 30 samples from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Then, correlations between paired miRNA and target gene expression levels were analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of exogenously administered miR-26a on selected target genes was determined by quantitative PCR and Western Blot in various PCa cell lines. A luciferase reporter assay was used for target validation. Results: The expression of all selected miRNAs was decreased in PCa tissue samples compared to either control group (Tu vs Tf: -1.35 to -5.61-fold; Tu vs BPH: -1.17 to -5.49-fold). The down-regulation of most miRNAs inversely correlated with an up-regulation of their putative target genes with Spearman correlation coefficients ranging from -0.107 to -0.551. MiR-186 showed a significantly diminished expression in patients with non-organ confined PCa and initial metastases. Furthermore, over-expression of miR-26a reduced the mRNA and protein expression of its potential target gene AMACR in vitro. Using the luciferase reporter assay AMACR was validated as new target for miR-26a. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the expression of specific miRNAs is decreased in PCa and inversely correlates with the up-regulation of their putative target genes. Consequently, miRNAs could contribute to oncogenesis and progression of PCa via an altered miRNA-target gene-interaction.

Submitted by Haia Cristina Rebouças de Almeida (haia.almeida@uniceub.br) on 2015-02-19T12:59:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 61000892.pdf: 1421797 bytes, checksum: b0ad489d4243da5645322126debcce0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-19T12:59:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61000892.pdf: 1421797 bytes, checksum: b0ad489d4243da5645322126debcce0a (MD5) / O presente trabalho analisa o julgamento, pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) da Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) n.186-DF, proposta pelo Partido Democratas, visando à declaração de inconstitucionalidade da reserva de vagas para pessoas de cor preta e parda (afrodescendentes) na Universidade de Brasília - UnB. O estudo visita os temas da hermenêutica jurídica com ênfase no direito constitucional, numa leitura do magistério doutrinário, além de pertinentes textos normativos (Constituição Federal, Leis Federais, Decretos e Tratados Internacionais) e manifestações das partes (Partido Democratas - DEM, Advocacia Geral da União –AGU; Procuradoria Geral da República- PGR e demais “Amici Curie”, em cotejo com os votos e manifestações dos Ministros do STF, avançando nas argumentações de modo a verificar a coerência narrativa e a consistência normativa dos entendimentos por eles esposados, à luz do magistério doutrinário brasileiro. O problema jurídico consiste em verificar a pertinência dos argumentos sustentados pelos interessados com os textos normativos, bem como o eventual acerto ou desacerto da decisão do STF.