<p>Measurements of film mass flow rate for annular, diabatic steam-water flow in tubes are presented. The measurements were carried out with four axial power distributions and at several axial positions at conditions typical for boiling water reactors, i.e. 7 MPa pressure and total mass flux in a range from 750 to 1750 kg/m2s. The results show that the influence of the axial power distribution on the dryout power corresponds to a consistent tendency in the film flow rate and that the film tends to zero when dryout is approached. Furthermore it is demonstrated that two selected phenomenological models of annular flow well predict the present data. A model for additional entrainment due to boiling is shown to degrade the predictions.</p>

Submitted by Kilvya Braga (kilvyabraga@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-26T15:19:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO FERREIRA SILVA -DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2016.pdf: 3315035 bytes, checksum: 915092a23718ba159ff32b574a8fb04e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T15:19:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO FERREIRA SILVA -DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2016.pdf: 3315035 bytes, checksum: 915092a23718ba159ff32b574a8fb04e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Capes / Na indústria de petróleo, o transporte de óleos pesados em oleodutos requer altas potências de bombeamento devido a sua alta viscosidade, sendo este um dos inconvenientes na produção de óleos dessa natureza; surge assim a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que otimize tais processos. Uma técnica economicamente viável e que pode ser usada, é o core anular flow, onde uma camada de água é responsável pela lubrificação do óleo que escoa no centro do duto. Desse modo, o presente trabalho apresenta um estudo energético e hidrodinâmico envolvendo o transporte de óleos pesados e água em dutos de conexões curvadas, através de simulação numérica via software ANSYS CFX® Release 15.0. Foi utilizado um modelo matemático que considera o modelo de mistura para tratar o escoamento bifásico águaóleo pesado, tridimensional, transiente e isotérmico, assumindo regime laminar para fase óleo e turbulento para a fase água adotando o modelo de turbulência k . Uma análise energética envolvendo as bombas também foi realizada. Resultados de campos de pressão, velocidade e fração volumétrica para as duas fases são apresentados e analisados. Verifica-se que o uso da técnica core-flow proporciona uma redução de 95,4% na queda de pressão por fricção comparado ao escoamento monofásico de óleo pesado, e que o desligamento e repartida das bombas de óleo e água afetam a queda de pressão por fricção. / In the oil industry, the transport of heavy oils in pipelines requires high power pumping due to its high viscosity, which is one of the drawbacks in oils production of this nature, thus emerge a need to develop new technologies that optimize such processes. An economically viable technique that can be used is the core annular flow, where a water layer is responsible for oil lubrication flowing in the center of the duct. In this way, this work presents an energy and hydrodinamic study of the heavy oils transportation in curved connections by numerical simulation via software ANSYS CFX® Release 15.0. It used a mathematical model that considers the mixture model to treat heavy oil-water two-phase flow, three-dimensional, transient and isothermal, assuming laminar flow to oil phase and turbulent flow to water phase, using k-ε turbulence model. An energy analysis involving pumps was performed. Results of pressure, velocity and volumetric fraction fields for the two phases are show and analysed. It was verified that the use of core-flow technique has decreased in 95.4% friction pressure drop as compared to monophase heavy oil flow and that stop-and-go from the oil and water pumps affect pressure drop by friction

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T14:50:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Granzotto_DesireeGrenier_M.pdf: 5773051 bytes, checksum: 11febefe7b30f0680e59ad8a34976576 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: As grandes reservas mundiais de óleo pesado e os elevados preços do barril de petróleo tornam essencial o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de elevação e transporte desses óleos. O óleo pesado, com suas características desfavoráveis de alta viscosidade (100 - 10000 cP) e de densidade (abaixo de 20° API), necessita de métodos específicos que viabilizem sua movimentação em dutos a altas vazões. Para isto, um dos métodos mais simples e que não requer utilização de calor ou diluentes é oferecido pelo escoamento anular óleo-água (core-flow). Entre as questões ainda não resolvidas sobre esse escoamento está o controle do escoamento bifásico, de modo a se obter uma operação segura com a razão água-óleo adequada. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma modelagem do escoamento anular de óleo viscoso e água em regimes permanente e transiente no interior de um duto horizontal. Das possíveis estratégias de controle, optou-se, por simplicidade, pelo controle da vazão de água a uma dada vazão de óleo (desejada para a linha), através da atuação na rotação da bomba d'água. A modelagem permanente da perda de carga em escoamento anular foi ajustada aos dados experimentais colhidos em uma linha de aço de 2,5 polegadas de diâmetro nominal e comprimento 30 m, para diversas combinações de vazões de óleo e água, devido a certa aderência do óleo na parede do duto. A modelagem transiente satisfaz o critério clássico de estabilidade de Ledinegg. Esses resultados possibilitaram projetar e testar um sistema de controle para a vazão de água em duas versões: proporcional-integral (PI) e fuzzy. As comparações permitiram concluir pelo melhor desempenho do controlador fuzzy, por suas características e robustez / Abstract: The significant heavy oil reserves worldwide and the presently high crude oil prices make it essential the development of technologies for heavy oil production and transportation. Heavy oils, with their inherent features of high viscosity (100-10,000 cP) and density (below 22°API) require specific techniques for pipe flow at high flow rates. For this purpose, one of the simplest methods, which does not require use of heat or diluents, is provided by oil-water annular flow (core-flow). Among the still unsolved issues regarding core-flow is the two-phase flow control, in order to obtain a safe operation of the line at the lowest possible water-oil ratio. In this work a model of the viscous oil-water annular flow in a horizontal pipe for both steady and unsteady regimes is presented. From the possible strategies, the water flow rate control for a given oil flow rate was selected for simplicity. Due to the observation of some oil adherence to the wall, the steady state flow model was adjusted to experimental data collected in a 2.5 inches, 30 meters long steel pipe at several combinations of oil and water flow rates. On the other hand the transient model is shown to satisfy the well-known Ledinegg stability criterion. These features made it possible to design and testing a control system for the water flow rate in two different versions: proportional-integral (PI) and fuzzy. Comparisons indicate that the fuzzy controller performs better due to its features and robustness / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Measurements of film mass flow rate for annular, diabatic steam-water flow in tubes are presented. The measurements were carried out with four axial power distributions and at several axial positions at conditions typical for boiling water reactors, i.e. 7 MPa pressure and total mass flux in a range from 750 to 1750 kg/m2s. The results show that the influence of the axial power distribution on the dryout power corresponds to a consistent tendency in the film flow rate and that the film tends to zero when dryout is approached. Furthermore it is demonstrated that two selected phenomenological models of annular flow well predict the present data. A model for additional entrainment due to boiling is shown to degrade the predictions. / QC 20101108

The work is focused on experimental study and modelling of spacer grid influence on single- and two-phase flow. In the experimental study a mock-up of a realistic fuel bundle with five spacer grids of thin plate spring construction was investigated. A special pressure measuring technique was used to measure pressure distribution inside the spacer. Five pressure taps were drilled in one of the rods, which could exchange position with other rods, in this way providing a large degree of freedom. Laser Doppler Velocimetry was used to measure mean local axial velocity and its fluctuating component upstream and downstream of the spacer in several subchannels with differing spacer part. The experimental study revealed an interesting behaviour. Subchannels from the interior part of the bundle display a different effect on the flow downstream of the spacer compared to subchannels close to the box wall, even if the spacer part is the same. This behaviour is not reflected in modern correlations. The modelling part, first, consisted in comparing the present experimental data to Computational Fluid Dynamics calculations. It was shown that stand-alone subchannel models could predict the local velocity, but are unreliable in prediction of turbulence enhancement due to spacer. The second part of the modelling consisted in developing a deposition model for increase due to spacer. In this study Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) coupled to Discrete Random Walk (DRW) technique was used to model droplet movements through turbulent flow. The LPT technique has an advantage to model the influence of turbulence structure effect on droplet deposition, in this way presenting a generalized model in view of spacer geometry change. The verification of the applicability of LPT DRW method to model deposition in annular flow at Boiling Water Reactor conditions proved that the method is unreliable in its present state. The model calculations compare reasonably well to air-water deposition data, but display a wrong trend if the fluids have a different density ratio than air-water.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18589号 / 工博第3950号 / 新制||工||1607(附属図書館) / 31489 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科原子核工学専攻 / (主査)教授 功刀 資彰, 教授 中部 主敬, 講師 河原 全作 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Multiphase flows are of great interest to a large variety of industries because flows of two or more immiscible liquids are encountered in a diverse range of processes and equipment. However, the advent of high viscosity oil requires more investigations to enhance good design of transportation system and forestall its inherent production difficulties. Experimental and numerical studies were conducted on water-sand, oil-water and oilwater- sand respectively in 1-in ID 5m long horizontal pipe. The densities of CYL680 and CYL1000 oils employed are 917 and 916.2kg/m3 while their viscosities are 1.830 and 3.149Pa.s @ 25oC respectively. The solid-phase concentration ranged from 2.15e-04 to 10%v/v with mean diameter of 150micron and material density of 2650kg/m3. Experimentally, the observed flow patterns are Water Assist Annular (WA-ANN), Dispersed Oil in Water (DOW/OF), Oil Plug in Water (OPW/OF) with oil film on the wall and Water Plug in Oil (WPO). These configurations were obtained through visualisation, trend and the probability density function (PDF) of pressure signals along with the statistical moments. Injection of water to assist high viscosity oil transport reduced the pressure gradient by an order of magnitude. No significant differences were found between the gradients of oil-water and oil-water-sand, however, increase in sand concentration led to increase in the pressure losses in oil-water-sand flow. Numerically, Water Assist Annular (WA-ANN), Dispersed Oil in Water (DOW/OF), Oil Plug in Water (OPW/OF) with oil film on the wall, and Water Plug in Oil (WPO) flow pattern were successfully obtained by imposing a concentric inlet condition at the inlet of the horizontal pipe coupled with a newly developed turbulent kinetic energy budget equation coded as user defined function which was hooked up to the turbulence models. These modifications aided satisfactory predictions.

Isothermal flow development, gap instability, and gap vortex street generation in eccentric annular channels have been studied experimentally. A representative paradigm of a flow in a highly eccentric annular channel was examined for a channel having an inner-to-outer diameter ratio d/D = 0.50 and an eccentricity e = 0.8 for a Reynolds number Re = 7300. Observation of the flow development has identified three distinct regions: the entrance region, the fluctuation-growth region and the rapid-mixing region. Weak quasi-periodic velocity fluctuations were first detected in the downstream part of the entrance region, and grew into very strong ones, reaching peak-to-peak amplitudes in the narrow gap that were nearly 60% of the bulk velocity. The dependence on inlet conditions, d/D, e and Re on the development and structure of flows was also investigated. Experimental conditions covered the ranges: 0 ≤ Re ≤ 19000, 0 ≤ e ≤ 0.9 and d/D = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75. For Re < 7000, the Strouhal number, the normalized mid-gap axial flow velocity and the axial and cross-flow fluctuation intensities at mid-gap were found to increase with increasing Re and to depend strongly on inlet conditions. At higher Re, however, these parameters reached asymptotic values that were only mildly sensitive to inlet conditions. A map was constructed for the various stages of periodic motions vs. e and Re and it was found that, for e < 0.5 or Re < 1100, the flow was unconditionally stable as far as gap instability is concerned. For e ≤ 0.5, transition to turbulence occurred at Re ≈ 6000, whereas, for 0.6 ≤ e ≤ 0.9, the critical Reynolds number for the formation of periodic motions was found to increase with eccentricity from 1100 for e = 0.6 to 3800 for e = 0.9. The use of an empirically derived "mixing layer Strouhal number" permitted a universal description of gap vortex street periodicity in eccentric annular channels. This study has contributed to our understanding of the physical mechanisms that lead to gap instability and the development of a gap vortex street and the dependence of these flow phenomena on the channel geometry and the dynamic conditions of the flow.

The increasing activity of oil and gas extraction in deep water has stimulated several studies to solve problems encountered in drilling wells. During the drilling operation, a fluid (drilling mud) is pumped through the column to the bottom, carrying to the surface the drill cuttings generated, through the annular space formed between the column and the borehole wall. In this type of flow may appear a kind of hydrodynamic instability characterized by the appearance of toroidal vortices. This type of instability (Taylor-Couette) may profoundly alter the pressure drop of the flow, the shear stress at the borehole wall and the ability of carrying the solids. Moreover, during the process of drilling a well it is necessary promotes the well cementing and coating to provide a mechanical support, as well as, to isolate it from different rock formations traversed. For this step to be successful, the drilling mud must be completely removed from the annular space, and this removal may be impaired in wells which have varying eccentricity along the tube. Due to high costs of correction transactions and loss of drilling time, it is crucial to predict the mud flow around the annular. The effects of this variation of the eccentricity have not been much discussed in the literature, and they may have great influence on the displacement of the mud in the annular space. As an initial phase of work, numerical simulations were performed to study the flow and the emergence of Taylor- Couette instabilities in a concentric annular section, in order to compare them with literature data. Numerical simulations were developed in annular periodic sections, concentric and eccentric (E = 0.5) in order to obtain average profiles of axial and tangential velocities using different turbulence models, aiming at a comparison of simulated results with experimental data from literature. Later, it was made an experimental study and simulation to assess the effect of internal axis rotation on the pressure drop in the flow of non-Newtonian fluids (aqueous solutions of xanthan gum and carboxymethyl cellulose with 0.2% by weight) in a section annular concentric and the other with fixed eccentricity (E = 0.75). Finally, it was elaborated an experimental design (3k) with four variables, such as, xanthan gum concentration (0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% by weight), eccentricity (0.0, 0.23 and 0.46), fluid flow rate (5, 7 and 9 m3/h) and internal rotation axis (0, 100 and 200 rpm). Following this planning, experimental data of pressure drop were collected, as well as, numerical simulations (CFD) in periodic annular sections to get results of axial velocity, in order to evaluate the effect of variable eccentric rotation on the fluid dynamics of non-Newtonian flows in annular spaces. / A crescente atividade de extração de petróleo e gás em águas cada vez mais profundas tem impulsionando diversos estudos para solucionar problemas encontrados na perfuração de poços. Durante a operação de perfuração, um fluido (lama de perfuração) é bombeado através da coluna até o fundo do poço, retornando à superfície carreando os cascalhos gerados pela broca, passando pelo espaço anular formado entre a coluna e a parede do poço. Neste tipo de escoamento pode ocorrer um tipo de instabilidade hidrodinâmica caracterizada pelo aparecimento de vórtices toroidais. Este tipo de instabilidade (Taylor-Couette), pode alterar profundamente a perda de carga do escoamento, a tensão cisalhante na parede do poço e a capacidade de carreamento de cascalho. Além disto, durante o processo de perfuração de um poço é necessário promover o revestimento e a cimentação do poço para fornecer a sua sustentação mecânica, bem como, para isolá-lo das diferentes formações rochosas atravessadas. Para esta etapa ser bem sucedida, a lama de perfuração deve ser completamente removida do anular, sendo que, esta remoção pode ser prejudicada em poços que apresentem excentricidade variando ao longo do tubo. Devido aos altos custos das operações de correção e a perda de tempo de perfuração, é fundamental prever este deslocamento da lama ao redor do anular. Os efeitos desta variação da excentricidade ainda não foram muito abordados na literatura e podem apresentar grande influência no deslocamento da lama no espaço anular. Como etapa inicial do trabalho, foram realizadas simulações numéricas para estudar o escoamento com surgimento de instabilidades do tipo Taylor-Couette em uma seção anular concêntrica, com intuito de compará-las com trabalhos da literatura. Depois foram desenvolvidas simulações numéricas em seções anulares periódicas, concêntrica e excêntrica (E = 0,5), a fim de obter perfis médios de velocidades axial e tangencial usando diferentes modelos de turbulência, visando uma comparação dos resultados simulados com os dados experimentais da literatura. Posteriormente, foi feito um estudo experimental e de simulação para avaliar o efeito da rotação do eixo interno sobre a queda de pressão no escoamento de fluidos não-Newtonianos (soluções aquosas de Goma Xantana e de Carboximetilcelulose a 0,2% em peso) numa seção anular concêntrica e outra com excentricidade fixa (E = 0,75). Finalmente, elaborou-se um planejamento fatorial de experimentos do tipo 3k com quatro variáveis, tais como, concentração de Goma Xantana (0,05%, 0,10% e 0,15%), excentricidade (0,0; 0,23 e 0,46), vazão volumétrica (5, 7 e 9 m3/h) e rotação do eixo interno (0, 100 e 200 rpm). Seguindo este planejamento foram levantados dados experimentais de queda de pressão, bem como, simulações numéricas (CFD) em seções periódicas para obtenção de resultados de velocidade axial, com intuito de avaliar efeito do movimento de rotação excêntrica variável sobre a dinâmica do escoamento de fluidos não-Newtonianos em espaços anulares. / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Isothermal flow development, gap instability, and gap vortex street generation in eccentric annular channels have been studied experimentally. A representative paradigm of a flow in a highly eccentric annular channel was examined for a channel having an inner-to-outer diameter ratio d/D = 0.50 and an eccentricity e = 0.8 for a Reynolds number Re = 7300. Observation of the flow development has identified three distinct regions: the entrance region, the fluctuation-growth region and the rapid-mixing region. Weak quasi-periodic velocity fluctuations were first detected in the downstream part of the entrance region, and grew into very strong ones, reaching peak-to-peak amplitudes in the narrow gap that were nearly 60% of the bulk velocity. The dependence on inlet conditions, d/D, e and Re on the development and structure of flows was also investigated. Experimental conditions covered the ranges: 0 ≤ Re ≤ 19000, 0 ≤ e ≤ 0.9 and d/D = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75. For Re < 7000, the Strouhal number, the normalized mid-gap axial flow velocity and the axial and cross-flow fluctuation intensities at mid-gap were found to increase with increasing Re and to depend strongly on inlet conditions. At higher Re, however, these parameters reached asymptotic values that were only mildly sensitive to inlet conditions. A map was constructed for the various stages of periodic motions vs. e and Re and it was found that, for e < 0.5 or Re < 1100, the flow was unconditionally stable as far as gap instability is concerned. For e ≤ 0.5, transition to turbulence occurred at Re ≈ 6000, whereas, for 0.6 ≤ e ≤ 0.9, the critical Reynolds number for the formation of periodic motions was found to increase with eccentricity from 1100 for e = 0.6 to 3800 for e = 0.9. The use of an empirically derived "mixing layer Strouhal number" permitted a universal description of gap vortex street periodicity in eccentric annular channels. This study has contributed to our understanding of the physical mechanisms that lead to gap instability and the development of a gap vortex street and the dependence of these flow phenomena on the channel geometry and the dynamic conditions of the flow.