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La rhéologie des fluides complexes est un sujet à l’intérêt grandissant dans le domaine de la recherche appliquée. Toutefois, les rhéomètres classiques nécessitent de grands volumes d'échantillons et sont généralement limités à une plage relativement étroite de fréquences de fonctionnement. En outre, seuls quelques rhéomètres sont dédiés à desmesures à hautes pressions, qui sont pourtant essentielles pour résoudre certains des problèmes rencontrés dans l’industrie pétrolière. Par conséquent, dans le cadre de cette thèse, un rhéomètre piézo-électrique à vibrations axiales est présenté. Il peut produire des données sur une large gamme de fréquences continues (1 Hz à 8 kHz). Il peut êtreutilisé avec de faibles quantités d'échantillons (jusqu'à 10 μL) et a servi pour la caractérisation d’huiles de synthèse. Enfin, cet appareil a été adapté pour faire face à des conditions de haute pression. Pour ce faire, une nouvelle conception de la cellule a été nécessaire et est présentée dans ce travail. Ce projet de thèse permettra d'étudier les propriétés de transport des huiles lourdes et de concilier les données obtenues dans les domaines de la sismique et de la pétro-acoustique. / Rheology of complex fluids is growing topic in applied research. However, the conventional rheometers require large sample volumes and are usually limited to a relatively narrow range of operating frequencies. Furthermore, only few rheometers are dedicated to high pressures conditions, which are nevertheless crucial to tackle some of the petroleum industry problem. Therefore, in this thesis, a piezoelectric axial vibrator rheometer is presented which can produce data for a large continuous frequency range (1 Hz to 8 kHz). It can be used for very small amount of samples (down to 10μL) andhas been employed to characterize synthetic oil. Then, this apparatus has been adapted to deal with High Pressure conditions. To do so, a new design of the cell has been required and is presented in this work. This thesis project will allow studying the transport properties of heavy oils to conciliate the data obtained in the areas of seismic and petro-acoustic.

Heavy oil is characterized by its high viscosity, which is a major obstacle to both logging and recovery. Due to the loss of T 2 information shorter than the echo spacing ( TE ), estimation of heavy oil properties from NMR T 2 measurements is usually problematic. In this work, a new method has been developed to overcome the echo spacing restriction of NMR spectrometer during the measurement of heavy oil. A FID measurement supplemented the CPMG in an effort to recover the lost T 2 data. Constrained by the initial magnetization ( M 0 ) estimated from the FID and Curie's law and assuming lognormal distribution for bitumen, the corrected T 2 of bitumen can be obtained. This new method successfully overcomes the TE restriction of the NMR spectrometer and is nearly independent on the TE applied in the measurement. This method was applied in the measurement of systems at elevated temperatures (8 ∼ 90 °C) and some important petrophysical properties of Athabasca bitumen, such as hydrogen index ( HI ), fluid content and viscosity were evaluated by using the corrected T 2 . Well log NMR T 2 measurements of bitumen appear to be significantly longer than the laboratory results. This is likely due to the dissolved gas in bitumen. The T 2 distribution depends on oil viscosity and dissolved gas concentration, which can vary throughout the field. In this work, the viscosity and laboratory NMR measurements were made on the recombined live bitumen sample and the synthetic Brookfield oil as a function of dissolved gas concentrations. The effects of CH 4 , CO 2 , and C 2 H 6 on the viscosity and T 2 response of these two heavy oils at different saturation pressures were investigated. The investigations on live oil viscosity show that, regardless of the gas type used for saturation, the live oil T 2 correlates with viscosity/temperature ratio on a log-log scale. More importantly, the changes of T 2 and viscosity/temperature ratio caused by solution gas follows the same trend of those caused by temperature variations on the dead oil. This conclusion holds for both the bitumen and the synthetic Brookfield oil. This finding on the relationship between the oil T 2 and its corresponding viscosity/temperature ratio creates a way for in-situ viscosity evaluation of heavy oil through NMR well logging.

Submitted by Kilvya Braga (kilvyabraga@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-26T15:19:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO FERREIRA SILVA -DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2016.pdf: 3315035 bytes, checksum: 915092a23718ba159ff32b574a8fb04e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T15:19:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO FERREIRA SILVA -DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2016.pdf: 3315035 bytes, checksum: 915092a23718ba159ff32b574a8fb04e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Capes / Na indústria de petróleo, o transporte de óleos pesados em oleodutos requer altas potências de bombeamento devido a sua alta viscosidade, sendo este um dos inconvenientes na produção de óleos dessa natureza; surge assim a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que otimize tais processos. Uma técnica economicamente viável e que pode ser usada, é o core anular flow, onde uma camada de água é responsável pela lubrificação do óleo que escoa no centro do duto. Desse modo, o presente trabalho apresenta um estudo energético e hidrodinâmico envolvendo o transporte de óleos pesados e água em dutos de conexões curvadas, através de simulação numérica via software ANSYS CFX® Release 15.0. Foi utilizado um modelo matemático que considera o modelo de mistura para tratar o escoamento bifásico águaóleo pesado, tridimensional, transiente e isotérmico, assumindo regime laminar para fase óleo e turbulento para a fase água adotando o modelo de turbulência k . Uma análise energética envolvendo as bombas também foi realizada. Resultados de campos de pressão, velocidade e fração volumétrica para as duas fases são apresentados e analisados. Verifica-se que o uso da técnica core-flow proporciona uma redução de 95,4% na queda de pressão por fricção comparado ao escoamento monofásico de óleo pesado, e que o desligamento e repartida das bombas de óleo e água afetam a queda de pressão por fricção. / In the oil industry, the transport of heavy oils in pipelines requires high power pumping due to its high viscosity, which is one of the drawbacks in oils production of this nature, thus emerge a need to develop new technologies that optimize such processes. An economically viable technique that can be used is the core annular flow, where a water layer is responsible for oil lubrication flowing in the center of the duct. In this way, this work presents an energy and hydrodinamic study of the heavy oils transportation in curved connections by numerical simulation via software ANSYS CFX® Release 15.0. It used a mathematical model that considers the mixture model to treat heavy oil-water two-phase flow, three-dimensional, transient and isothermal, assuming laminar flow to oil phase and turbulent flow to water phase, using k-ε turbulence model. An energy analysis involving pumps was performed. Results of pressure, velocity and volumetric fraction fields for the two phases are show and analysed. It was verified that the use of core-flow technique has decreased in 95.4% friction pressure drop as compared to monophase heavy oil flow and that stop-and-go from the oil and water pumps affect pressure drop by friction

Orientador: Denis José Schiozer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:48:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lamas_LuisFernandodeOliveira_M.pdf: 7621400 bytes, checksum: 2a0dfa71de9030f941d4937ac201a02e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A injeção de polímeros é uma técnica de recuperação melhorada de óleo que consiste da mistura de polímeros à água para aumentar sua viscosidade e diminuir a razão de mobilidade entre o fluido deslocante e o fluido deslocado. A menor razão de mobilidade resulta em um melhor varrido areal e retardamento da irupção do fluido injetado nos poços produtores. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o efeito da injeção de polímeros no espaçamento ideal entre os poços pois se a influência for grande, a decisão pela injeção de polímeros deve ser tomada nos primeiros estágios da vida do campo. Para isso, este trabalho compara estratégias selecionadas para injeção de água às selecionadas para injeção de polímeros e realiza um teste com simulações cruzadas, onde polímeros são injetados para a estratégia selecionada para água e água é injetada na estratégia selecionada para polímeros. Os resultados mostram que, para o caso estudado, a diferença entre os espaçamentos dos poços não é muito grande e que o controle dos parâmetros operacionais é suficiente para compensar possíveis vantagens devido a posições diferentes dos poços. Dessa forma, para o exemplo e condições testadas, o campo pode ser desenvolvido considerando injeção de água e a decisão pela injeção de polímeros pode ser tomada nos estágios posteriores da vida do campo / Abstract: The injection of polymers is an improved oil recovery technique which consists on the mixture of polymers to the water to increase its viscosity and reduce the mobility ratio between the displacing and the displaced injection fluids. This smaller mobility ratio results in a better sweep efficience and a delay in the breakthrough time. The objective of this work is to study the effect of the polymer injection in the ideal spacing among the wells once if the influence is important, the decision for injecting polymers should be taken in the earlier stages of the field life. This work consists on the comparison of production strategies considering water and polymer flooding and tests, a crossed simulations, where polymers are injected in the strategy selected for water, and water is injected in the strategy selected for polymers. The results show that for the studied case, the difference among the well spacing for both strategies is not very important, and the control of the operational parameters is enough to compensate possible advantages due to different perforation schemes. It means that the field can be developed considering water injection and the decision for polymer flooding can be taken in the later stages of the field economic life / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Dans un contexte où la demande énergétique ne cesse de croître et où les réserves pétrolières sont limitées, il est nécessaire de développer des sources énergétiques alternatives ainsi que de ransformer celles existantes afin de satisfaire les besoins croissants notamment dans les secteurs du transport et de la pétrochimie. Un des objectifs de l’IFP est de concevoir et d’améliorer des procédés de raffinages existants afin d’optimiser l’utilisation des ressources conventionnelles tout en les diversifiant afin de produire notamment du carburant à partir des produits lourds du pétrole. L'enjeu des prochaines décennies est de convertir efficacement des bruts lourds en produits légers valorisables tels que l'essence, le kérosène et le gazole. Pour cela, il est indispensable de disposer d'une connaissance précise des produits présents dans la charge, principalement des asphaltènes, afin d'adapter le catalyseur utilisé et obtenir les meilleurs résultats de conversion possibles. L’objectif de la thèse visait à obtenir une meilleure caractérisation physico-chimique des asphaltènes en solution. Le manuscrit décrit une nouvelle application de la technique RMN DOSY (Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy) à la caractérisation des produits lourds du pétrole. Des asphaltenes de cinq origines différentes ont été analysées sur une large gamme de concentration afin d’étudier leur agrégation en solution. Les résultats révèlent l’existence de deux familles d’agrégats en régime semidilué : une famille diffusant rapidement appelée nanoagrégats et un type d’agrégats diffusant plus lentement nommée macroagrégats dans ce manuscrit. L’influence du solvant a été étudiée sur une charge analysée dans le toluène, le tetra-hydrofurane et le chloroforme. Des informations physiques moyennes sur la taille et la masse moléculaire des nanoagrégats des asphaltènes ont été calculées à partir de leur diffusion en solution. Il a ainsi été possible de mettre en évidence des familles de produits caractérisées par une structure et une masse moléculaire en une seule expérience. Le manuscrit propose également une discussion sur le caractère continental ou/et archipel des asphaltènes. L’hypothèse de départ est basée sur la co-existence des deux types d’asphaltènes avec un caractère archipel (ou continental) plus ou moins marqué suivant l’origine des échantillons / New energy supplies need to be developed to face the growing worldwide energy demand. Heavy oils have attracted attention since their represent an important energy reserve. The problem to deal with during their upgrading is the presence of asphaltenes, representing the heaviest and the most resistant fraction of the crude oil. It is worth getting a better understanding into the physico-chemistry of asphaltenes to develop new catalysts and new conversion processes. The manuscript describes a new application of Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (1H-DOSY) NMR experiment. It is evaluated as a potential tool to investigate the physico-chemistry of asphaltenes from five different origins in just one experiment. Asphaltenes were studied over a wide range of concentrations in different solvents to get a deeper insight into their aggregation behaviour. For the first time, two different aggregates were observed in the semi-dilute regime and reported in this manuscript. Average size and molecular weight are estimated from diffusion measurements at infinite dilution. Based on different results, a discussion about continental and archipelago type is also provided. Asphaltenes are expected to be a distribution of the two types of asphaltenes with a more pronounced archipelago (or continental) type depending on the origin of the sample

[pt] A injeção de água é o método de recuperação secundário mais utilizado no mundo. Mesmo em situações em que esse método não é o mais adequado, a facilidade de implantação e os menores custos comparativos impõem esse método como a opção selecionada. Em campos de óleo pesado, a razão de mobilidade desfavorável e as heterogeneidades de reservatório precipitam a formação de digitações viscosas e altos valores de saturação residual de óleo, levando a baixos fatores finais de recuperação. Os poços produtores desses campos produzem com altas frações de água muito rapidamente. O tratamento da água produzida é o principal custo operacional desses campos. O uso de emulsões diluídas de óleo em água foi avaliado como método de controle de mobilidade. Foi desenvolvido um extenso programa experimental em sandpacks de areia de sílica e plugs de arenito (Berea e Bentheimer) de forma a comparar as recuperações finais de óleo, perfis de pressão de injeção e razões água-óleo acumuladas nos casos de injeção de água, injeção de surfactantes e macroemulsões. Todos os meios porosos ensaiados foram saturados com petróleo cru originário da Bacia de Campos (20 graus API). Um estudo paramétrico foi feito de forma a identificar a influência da vazão de injeção, distribuição de tamanhos de gotas de óleo emulsionadas, concentração de óleo e permeabilidade no desempenho das emulsões injetadas. O programa foi complementado com um ensaio 3D (arenito Castlegate na configuração um quarto de five-spot) onde o fluido injetado foi dopado com Iodeto de Potássio para permitir melhor visualização da modificação de saturações de óleo e água com um tomógrafo de raios X. Os resultados obtidos indicaram ganhos na produção de óleo e redução da razão água-óleo acumulada. A possibilidade de preparar as emulsões óleo-água a serem injetadas a partir da água produzida pelo próprio campo traz um grande ganho ambiental ao se reduzir o descarte superficial de água oleosa. O efluente se transforma em um recurso. / [en] Water injection is the most used secondary recovery method in the world. This option is generally chosen even in situations where it is not the most efficient alternative to recover the oil due to its comparative simple implementation and lower operational costs. In heavy oilfields, the unfavorable mobility ratio between injection and displaced fluids in addition to reservoir heterogeneities cause water fingering phenomenon, high residual oil saturation and consequently poor final oil recoveries. Producer wells start to produce high water cuts very soon. Produced water treatment for surface disposal is the main operational cost in these oilfields. The use of diluted oil-in-water macroemulsions was evaluated as a mobility control method for these cases. An extensive experimental program was performed using silica sandpacks and sandstone plugs (Berea and Bentheimer) in order to evaluate final oil recovery factors, cumulative water-oil ratio and pressure behavior, comparing water injection, surfactant solution injection and oil-in-water injection. All porous media were saturated with crude oil from Campos Basin (20 degrees API). A parametric study was performed to identify the effect of injection rate, oil droplets size distributions, emulsion oil concentration and permeability level in emulsion injection performance. The experimental program was completed by an X-Ray computerized tomography monitored experiment in a Castlegate sandstone block (1/4 five-spot configuration). This block was submitted to an alternate water/emulsion/water injection. All injection fluids were doped with Potassium Iodide in order to better visualize oil and water saturations changes during this experiment. The results obtained have indicated final oil recovery improvement and cumulative water/oil reduction. The possibility, after some treatment, to prepare diluted oil-in-water emulsions using produced water from the oilfield brings the additional environmental benefit to emulsion injection. It would be a way to convert an effluent in a resource with clear environmental advantages.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdneyRVPG.pdf: 3193441 bytes, checksum: 9108a5643f51fcfe4a8b7479be215c58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-18 / Currently a resource more and more used by the petroleum industry to increase the efficiency of steam flood mechanism is the addition of solvents. The process can be understood as a combination of a thermal method (steam injection) with a miscible method (solvent injection), promoting, thus, the reduction of interfacial tensions and oil viscosity. The use of solvent alone tends to be limited because of its high cost. When co-injected with steam, the vaporized solvent condenses in the cooler regions of the reservoir and mixes with the oil, creating a zone of low viscosity between the steam and the heavy oil. The mobility of the displaced fluid is then improved, resulting in an increase of oil recovery. To better understand this improved oil recovery method, a numerical study of the process was done contemplating the effects of some operational parameters (distance between wells, injection steam rate, kind of solvent and injected solvent volume)on the accumulated production of oil, recovery factor and oil-steam rate. Semisynthetic models were used in this study but reservoir data can be extrapolated for practical applications situations on Potiguar Basin. Simulations were performed in STARS (CMG, 2007.11). It was found that injected solvent volumes increased oil recovery and oil rates. Further the majority of the injected solvent was produced and can be recycled / Um recurso cada vez mais utilizado pela ind?stria petrol?fera para aumentar a efici?ncia do mecanismo de inje??o de vapor ? a adi??o de solventes. O processo pode ser compreendido como a combina??o de um m?todo t?rmico (inje??o de vapor) com um m?todo misc?vel (inje??o de solvente), promovendo, dessa forma, a redu??o das tens?es interfaciais e da viscosidade do ?leo. O uso do solvente sozinho tende a ser limitado, em fun??o do seu alto custo. Quando coinjetado com o vapor, o solvente vaporizado condensa nas regi?es menos quentes do reservat?rio e mistura-se ao ?leo, criando uma zona de baixa viscosidade entre o vapor e o ?leo pesado. A mobilidade do fluido deslocado ? ent?o melhorada, implicando num aumento do fator de recupera??o. Para melhor compreender esse mecanismo de recupera??o avan?ada, foi realizado um estudo num?rico, onde se verificou a sensibilidade de alguns par?metros operacionais (dist?ncia entre po?os, vaz?o de inje??o de vapor, tipo de solvente injetado e quantidade de solvente) sobre a produ??o acumulada de ?leo, o fator de recupera??o e a raz?o ?leo-vapor. Neste estudo, foram utilizados modelos semi-sint?ticos, por?m com dados de reservat?rio que podem ser extrapolados para situa??es de aplica??es pr?ticas na Bacia Potiguar. As simula??es foram realizadas no m?dulo STARS (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) do programa da CMG (Computer Modelling Group), vers?o 2007.11. Os resultados mostraram que a presen?a do solvente nas quantidades analisadas melhorou os fatores de recupera??o e as vaz?es de ?leo. Al?m disso, a maior parte do solvente injetado foi produzido, podendo ser reciclado

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-16T11:37:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JÉSSICA LACERDA DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2016.pdf: 2418283 bytes, checksum: 526f1819ad8814222db5d1a6d985ad51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T11:37:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JÉSSICA LACERDA DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2016.pdf: 2418283 bytes, checksum: 526f1819ad8814222db5d1a6d985ad51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-17 / CNPq / O modal dutoviário consiste na principal forma de transporte da produção de fluidos multifásicos, onde os dutos cilíndricos com seção transversal circular são os responsáveis pela interligação das regiões produtoras aos centros consumidores. O aumento da produção de óleo direciona o interesse da indústria do petróleo para estudos que tratem do aumento da vazão dos fluidos nos sistemas de transporte, utilizando tecnologias que permitam uma maior eficiência nesses sistemas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o escoamento laminar de óleo e água em um duto com seção transversal elíptica, considerando o escoamento tridimensional, incompressível, sem transferência de calor, em regime permanente e com as propriedades físico-químicas constantes, por meio de simulação numérica. Resultados dos campos de pressão, velocidade e fração volumétrica das fases no escoamento para diferentes razões de aspecto do duto cilíndrico elíptico são apresentados e analisados. Verificou-se que quanto maior a razão de aspecto em um duto cilíndrico com seção transversal elíptica, menor será a perda de carga no duto. / The modal pipeline is the main form to production transportation of multiphase fluids, where the cylindrical ducts with circular cross section are used to link the producing regions to consumer centers. Increased oil production directs the interest in the oil industry to studies that deal with the increasing flow of fluids in transportation systems, using technologies that enable greater efficiency in these systems. In this sense, the objective of this work is to study the oil and water laminar flow in a pipeline with elliptical cross section, considering threedimensional and incompressible flow, no heat transfer, steady state regime with physicochemical properties through the numerical simulation. Results of pressure, velocity and volume fraction distribuitions of the phases in the flow for different aspect ratios of elliptic cylindrical duct are presented and analyzed. It has been found that when higher the aspect ratio of the a cylindrical duct with elliptical cross section, the lower the pressure loss in the duct.