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ANNULMENT OF AWARDS UNDER THE WASHINGTON CONVENTION ON SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES The annulment mechanism plays a significant role in the system established by the Washington Convention. As a model of review, it strives to reconcile respect for the parties' desire to achieve final and efficient resolution of their dispute with the limited possibility to quash an award which is a product of a fundamentally flawed process. The existence of this exceptional opportunity to annul an award after its issuance has been widely recognized as an important factor in the success of ICSID as a platform for settlement of investment disputes. This thesis focuses on the issue of scope of review exercised by the ad hoc committees in annulment proceedings. The very first generation of ad hoc committees, represented by the annulment decisions in Amco I and Klöckner I, cast a shadow of doubt on ICSID's ability to transform its avowed dedication to the principle of finality into practice. Both of these decisions were accused of crossing the line between limited review anticipated by the Convention and substantive review typical for appellate systems. The primary ambition of this thesis is to explore the legitimacy of these concerns with respect to the current generation of ad hoc committees. Therefore, the first...

This initiative will seek to transform the suffering experienced by Catholic women when a marriage covenant ends through a research-based project to reimagine the Roman Catholic annulment process. This project is intended to increase awareness of the annulment process to foster healing and restoration. The Roman Catholic annulment process, dating back to A.D. 110, historically focused on a more transactional approach to breaking the covenantal bond established in a Catholic marriage. This process will help women view and experience the annulment process as a journey toward healing and restoration leading to new relationships with self, others, and God. Finding joy in a new beginning brings hope. Yet finding a new beginning in the annulment process is an experience of faith. The study examines Catholicism as a way of life in the broader context of sacramental theology. The sacramental life centers on seven interrelated sacraments. The sacrament of marriage creates a covenantal relationship and life-long marital bond. This bond cannot be dissolved. There is no Catholic divorce. Therefore, when a civil divorce occurs, a complex cycle of grief follows. While marriage remains a significant part of the fabric of our society, approximately 50% of all U.S. marriages end in divorce. Despite controversy regarding the annulment process, it can be a life-giving journey that transforms suffering. Church documents provide vision, clarity, and the opportunity for Catholics to understand teachings on marriage, divorce, and annulments. The project will include a group of 8-10 Catholic women, who were married in the Church and experienced a civil divorce. These women will build trust, develop authentic relationships, and support each other as they journey together. The group will be structured using the Bridges Transition Model which highlights three stages of transition: endings, neutral zone, and new beginnings. This one-year project will be evaluated using information gathered during individual and group sessions. A structured outline has been established for the project and aligns with the steps in the annulment process.

Durch das Eheschließungsrechtsgesetz (EheschlRG) 1998 wurde die Materie der fehlerhaften Ehe und ihrer Folgen völlig umstrukturiert und zum Teil neu geregelt. Die Regelung der Folgen eines fehlerhaften Zusammenschlusses zweier Personen zu einer Ehe ist äußerst heikel und diffizil, sind doch in aller Regel sehr persönliche Bereiche betroffen und bleiben, sofern Kinder vorhanden sind, die Auswirkungen nicht auf die Partner beschränkt. Zudem berührt die Auflösung einer Ehe unter Umständen gegenläufige Vermögensinteressen, die zu einem billigen Ausgleich gebracht werden müssen. Obschon die praktische Bedeutung fehlerhafter Ehen gering ist, gab und gibt es detaillierte Regelungen zu dieser Thematik. Hauptziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Bestimmungen des EheschlRG 1998 zur fehlerhaften Ehe daraufhin zu überprüfen, ob sie für die betreffenden Lebenssachverhalte angemessene Regelungen treffen und zu sachgerechten und praktikablen Lösungen führen. Hierzu wird die Berechtigung der beibehaltenen Aufhebungsgründe untersucht. Ferner werden das Aufhebungsverfahren und die Regelung der Aufhebungsfolgen kritisch beleuchtet. Geben die Regelungen Anlass zu Kritik, wird über annehmbarere Regelungen nachgedacht und werden eigene Lösungsvorschläge unterbreitet. Nicht zuletzt wird die Neuregelung an ihren Vorläufern gemessen. Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass fehlerhafte Ehen einer wohldurchdachten und ausgewogenen gesetzlichen Regelung bedürfen, die das EheschlRG 1998 nicht zu bieten vermag. Die Neuordnung des Rechts der fehlerhaften Ehe durch das EheschlRG 1998 stellt insgesamt keine Verbesserung gegenüber der alten Rechtslage dar. Zwar gibt es manche begrüßenswerte Änderung, doch weist das Gesetz auch beträchtliche Schwächen auf. / The German Marriage Act ("Eheschließungsrechtsgesetz") 1998 has led to an entire restructuring of the field of invalid marriages and their consequences and to substantial adjustments as regards content. It is extremely delicate to create statutory provisions governing the consequences of an invalid union of two persons because most of the times very private spheres are involved and - in case there are children - the consequences are not restricted to the partners. Additionally, the annulment of a marriage might affect contrary financial interests, which have to be fairly balanced. Albeit in practice the importance of invalid marriages is quite low there have been and are detailed provisions concerning that subject matter. The principal aim of that thesis is to examine the terms of the act with regard to their ability to appropriately govern the respective circumstances of life and whether they provide for proper and practical solutions. This includes an analysis of the legitimacy of the annulment reasons as well as a scrutiny of the annulment procedure and of the provisions concerning the consequences of an annulled marriage. If the stipulations give rise to concern more acceptable provisions are contemplated and own solutions are proposed. Furthermore, the new act is compared with its predecessors. The examination has shown that invalid marriages require a well thought-out and balanced statutory regulation, which the act is not able to deliver. Compared with the former statutory situation the reform of the invalid marriage law by the Eheschließungsrechtsgesetz 1998 cannot be viewed as an improvement. While there are some welcome amendments, the act also contains considerable weakness.

Bakgrund: Den 1 juli år 2010 avskaffades revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag i Sverige. Diskussionerna före avskaffandet var många och det spekulerades om vilka följder detta skulle få för de små revisionsbyråerna. Efter avskaffandet finns det ingen undersökning som fastställer hur det verkligen blev, blev det som spekulanterna trodde? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda de faktiska konsekvenser som avskaffandet av revisionsplikten medfört för de små revisionsbyråerna utifrån den diskussion som föregick lagändringen. Studien ämnar kartlägga utfallet av en del av de spekulationerna som fördes fram då. Metod: För att undersöka utfallet av spekulationerna före lagändringen har en kvantitativ studie genomförts där små revisionsbyråer i hela Sverige studeras. Slutsats: Studien kommer fram till att de spekulationer som undersöktes i stor utsträckning inte infriades. De små revisionsbyråerna har inte påverkats på det sätt som de undersökta spekulationerna antydde och lagändringen har inte medfört så betydande effekter som befarades. / Background: The 1st of July 2010 the audit requirement for small business entities in Sweden was annulled. The discussions prior the annulment where many and there was speculations regarding what consequences this would have on the small audit firms. There are no studies post-annulment that establish the outcome from the amendment, did it turn out as speculated? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the actual consequences of the annulment of the audit requirement for small audit firms on basis of the discussion that preceded the amendment. The study aims to identify the outcome of some of the speculations put forward then. Method: A quantitative study has taken place to examine the outcome for small audit firms in Sweden based on the speculations prior the amendment. Conclusion: The study concludes that the speculations that where investigated largely where not fulfilled. The small audit firms have not been affected in the way that the investigated speculations suggested and the amendment have not lead to as significant effects as where feared.

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Santuokos pripažinimo negaliojančia institutas nėra naujas šiuolaikinės civilinės teisės kūrinys. Šis institutas pirmą kartą istoriniuose šaltiniuose paminėtas dar XVI amžiuje. Santuokos negaliojimo teisiniai pagrindai bei teisinės pasekmės reglamentuotos Lietuvos Respublikos civiliniame kodekse. Šiame darbe sisteminės analizės būdu atskleidžiama santuokos pripažinimo negaliojančia instituto esmė bei jo išskirtinumas. Šis institutas apibrėžiamas kaip pačios valstybės atsisakymas asmenų sudarytą santuoką pripažinti ir ginti, išreikštas teismo sprendimu. Lyginamuoju aspektu analizuojami skirtingų užsienio valstybių santuokos negaliojimo pagrindai, Lietuvoje pripažįstant ar nepripažįstant santuoką, turinčią užsienio elementą, negaliojančia. Didėjant mišrių santuokų skaičiui, daugėja ir santuokos negaliojimo atvejų. Šiame darbe nagrinėjamos tarptautinių konvencijų, tarptautinių sutarčių nuostatos, taikomos užsienio valstybių teismų sprendimų dėl santuokos pripažinimo negaliojančia. Ypatinga vieta skiriama ES teisei, o ypač – Briuselio IIbis reglamentui, kuriuo suvienodinama valstybių narių teismų sprendimų dėl santuokos pripažinimo negaliojančia procedūra. / The institute of marriage annulment is not new basis regarding the end of legal relations between spouses. Marriage annulment was first mentioned in Lithuanian historical sources in 16th century. The grounds and procedures for declaring Marriage Null and Void are provided in the Article 3.37 of the Civil Code of Lithuanian Republic. In this work by the help of systematic method there is developed the substance of marriage annulment and its distinguishing points extracting this institute from the others institutes declaring the end of legal relations between spouses. This institute is being determined as the rejection of the country to accept and guard the alliance of spouses and to acclaim such alliance as marriage. Different grounds of marriage annulment are being analysed by the help of comparative method. Marrying a foreigners and getting married in the foreign countries becomes more and more popular nowadays. But also with this, the institute of marriage annulment becomes more applicable in practice. In this work we analyse international conventions, agreements and other international documents regarding acknowledgement of the court ruling. The special place in this work is set for European Union Law concerning marriage annulment, especially the new Brussels II (Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility for the children of both spouses).

Thesis (M.A. (Social work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017. / The overall aim of this study is to explore factors that contribute towards divorce among young couples in the Lebowakgomo area of Limpopo Province. The objectives of this study were to identify factors contributing towards divorce among young couples in Lebowakgomo, and to establish whether the causes of divorce among young couples in Lebowakgomo are the same as those identified in the literature. The research used the qualitative method in the study and the exploratory research design to investigate the factors contributing to divorce among young couples at Lebowakgomo Township. The target group was divorced young adults up to the age of 35 years who had been married for the period of not more than ten years. The researcher used snowball sampling because he knew someone who met the criteria for inclusion in this study. The sample size was based on the principle of saturation which suggests that data collection stops when there is no new theme emerging. The researcher reached a point of saturation at participant six. The researcher used the semi-structured interview to collect data. This allowed the researcher to elicit information about the respondents’ thoughts, feelings and perceptions as open-ended questions were used. The researcher used Interpretative Phenomenological Data Analysis (IPA) which allowed the researcher to explore in detail how the participants made sense of their personal and social world. This study found that sudden character change, lack of and poor communication, financial problems, abuse and infidelity are associated with divorce among young couples. It also emerged in the study that mastering all the stages of family life cycle can reduce the chances of divorce among young couples. This can be achieved by ensuring that young couples receive pre-marital counselling before they enter into marriage. In addition, after entering into marriage young couples should attend marital enrichment programmes.

No / A party to arbitration has the right to challenge an award if the party so chooses. A challenge may seek to vacate (annul or set aside), suspend, or remit the award to the arbitrator due to an error on the face of the award or due to an injustice in its rendering. The scheme for challenging an award is a vital aspect of the arbitration process and serves as a safeguard against corruption, arbitrariness, and bias, while also providing a mechanism for balancing the arbitral process. What is more critical in the annulment scheme, however, is the courts’ attitude toward a challenge to an award.This article discussesthe policy issuesthat English courts weigh when considering whether to annul an award. Additionally, it examines the question of annulment of awards on legal grounds, using English case law to indicate the approach Nigerian courts may take when asked to annul an award on the basis that the arbitrator’s ruling on a legal point is clearly erroneous. It contends and concludes that Nigerian courts’ pragmatic attitude to annulment claims based on arbitrator’s misconduct and/or improper ordering of arbitral procedures or awards will increase the efficacy of international arbitration in Nigeria, just as it does in England.

The topic of the thesis "Formation, Incorporation and Invalidity of the Business Company" has been chosen by the author due to its permanent topicality. The goal is to analyse process of formation and incorporation of business companies according to the Czech legislation. The incorporation of new juridical person consists of two-stage process of establishment. This thesis is primarily based on the analysis of definitions of laws, expert publications and on examples of judicial decisions. It shows risk of insufficient or incorrect formulation in the Articles of Association. With the detection of serious drawbacks in founding legal action, the existing company is threatened with resolution of its invalidity. The thesis is divided into seven parts including introduction and conclusion. The second chapter, most comprehensive, deals with the essentials of form and content of Articles of Association. The part dealing with content essentials is furthermore divided into five subchapters depending on figures, which the Articles of Association must contain so that a company can be properly incorporated. The third chapter describes a process how to get an entrepreneurship authorization aimed on Trade Certificate. The fourth chapter analyses the form of power of attorney, which is required when an associate is...