This study evaluates question of alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in hybrid system, which was designed in the bachelor's thesis, to meet the requirements of EN 197-1 and classified to the Blastfurnace CEM III/C cements. The durability of this system is a great unknown. For this reason, the same methods (ASTM C1260, ASTM C289 and ASTM C856) were used to observer the ASR effects as the ones used to observer the Portland cement based concrete. Supplementary methods include determination of compressive strengths according to EN 196-2 and scanning electron microscopy to observe the microstructure. Hybrid system results were compared to two different types of cements, CEM I and CEM III/B. From the results of the ASR evaluation assays, it was found that the hybrid system (CEM III/C-HB) and CEM III/B showed the lowest tendency to ASR. The results of the supplementary methods showed that CEM III/C-HB compressive strength increases after 14 days within NaOH by 43 % in comparison to 28 days strength. Based on those results, it is sure that the CEM III/C-HB shows little susceptibility to ASR.

This work is devoted to study of physical-mechanical properties and structure of high performance concretes (HPC) based on portland cement. The attention is focused on possibility of substitution of economic high-cost components of concrete with utilization of secondary raw materials or cheaper components. Properties of raw materials and their influence on whole quality of concrete were tracked by various methods. Mechanical properties of prepared HPC samples were tested especially (compression and flexural strength) with further microscopic study of structure. Isoperibolic calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction method were also used for concrete characterisation. These methods allowed to determine the influence of raw materials on prepared HPC and to carry out a certain optimization among price and quality of this material.

Preparation of geopolymer composites from industrial wastes of energy power stations and metalurgy.

This work deals with elemental analysis of inorganic materials, that are presented by blast furnace slag and geopolymeric material containing fly-ashes. In the theoretical part there are explained principles of elemental analysis of inorganic materials. Ways of dissolution of samples, optical emission spectroscopy and electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis are commented. In experimental part the ICP analysis of oxide standards is described. The standards were used for estimation of EDS-correction factors. Then follow the preparation, proving and use of standards in analysis of blast furnace slag. The work is finished by exact analysis of concentration profiles of elements in interface of phases in geopolymeric material.

Nowadays, the waste sands from the water glass production have no utilization and due to high alkali content are considered as a dangerous waste. So the aim of this thesis is to find and study some possibilities of their utilization in the building industry. First of all, some necessary analysis of these sands were performed and then some advantages and disadvantages of their application for production of materials based on portland cement and alkali activated materials were studied. Characteristics of fresh and hardened pastes, mortars and concretes containing these waste sands were determined. The most tested properties were their workability and their compressive and flexural strength. Close attention for the risks of alkali-silica reaction and for options of its suppressing by the mineral admixtures was paid.

Concrete as a building material is subject to continuous innovation and thanks to advanced technology and quantum of research, its properties are still improved. It is logical that the more concrete we produce, the more waste it arises. The volume of this waste can not be stored in landfills endlessly, nowadays most of the waste economies in the world are trying to recycle concrete rubble. The recycling is not such a problem, the technology has been long verified but the quality of the recycled concrete aggregate is unquestionably one of the primary assumption which leads to accomplish required properties of concrete. In fact, the recycling process is „crushing“ the concrete into particles with an effort to eliminate the cement paste on the surface of the aggregate. An ideal solution would be create a resistant and firm coating that would adhere perfectly to the cement matrix. This diploma thesis is focused on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate and methods of improvement and optimization of the concrete mix composition.

This diploma thesis deals with the constructional and calculation design of boiler for blast furnace and coke gas mixture combustion, including sizing of the heating surfaces. The opening section is dedicated to a brief characterization of burned fuels. The following chapter shows the parameters and composition of the resulting fuel mixture. The main part of this thesis involves; determining the stoichiometric amount air required for combustion and the resulting flue gas, determining the boiler efficiency and steam production rate, calculations regarding the combustion chamber and the detailed design of the individual heat exchangers. At the end of the thesis the heat balance of the entire boiler is verified. Drawing documentation of boiler is also part of this diploma thesis.

Betong är vårt vanligaste byggmaterial men cement står globalt sett för 5 % av CO2-emissionerna. Med detta som bakgrund så har CBI Betonginstitutet anordnat en tävling, där målet är att nå den högsta tryckhållfasthet i en resurssnål betong, med enbart 200 kg cement per m3. Syftet med denna rapport är att utvärdera tävlingen, vilket har utförts genom en omfattande litteraturstudie.  En första analys av de olika betongrecepten medförde att olika grupperingar kunde urskiljas. Ur dessa fanns det tre stycken vars resultat var väldigt bra.   Concrete Innovation Centre, som med ett lågt vct, stora mängder granulerad masugnsslagg (81 %) och lite silikastoft (5 %), uppnådde en tryckhållfasthet på 80 MPa vid 28 dygn och 95 MPa vid 56 dygn.   CBI Stockholm, som genom användandet av ulltrafint filler och silikastoft (4,8 %), uppnådde en tryckhållfasthet på 84 MPa vid 28 dygn och 98 MPa vid 56 dygn.   Thomas Concrete Group som genom att ersätta cementet med en medelmåttig mängd granulerad masugnsslagg (54 %), liten mängd flygaska (9 %), kalkfiller och silikastoft (5 %), uppnådde en tryckhållfasthet på 94 MPa vid 28 dygn och 98 MPa vid 56 dygn.  Det finns således tre recept som vidare studier kan vara rättfärdigade på, de tre ovan nämnda. Det bör tilläggas att en imponerande tryckhållfasthet på nästan 100 MPa, kan uppnås i en betong med enbart 200 kg cement per m3. / Concrete is the most frequently used construction material, but cement globally stands for 5 % of the world’s CO2 emissions. With this as a background CBI Betonginstitutet has arranged a competition, where the goal is to reach the highest compressive strength in a resource economic concrete, with only 200 kg cement per m3. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the competition, which has been done via a substantial literature study.  A first analysis of the different concrete recipes resulted in that different groups could be identified. From these there were three recipes whose result was very good.   Concrete Innovation Centre, which with a low w/c, a high amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag (81 %) and little silica fume (5 %), reached a compressive strength of 80 MPa at 28 days and 95 MPa at 56 days.   CBI Stockholm, which by the usage of ultrafine filler and silica fume (4,8 %), reached a compressive strength of 84 MPa at 28 days and 98 MPa at 56 days.   Thomas Concrete Group, which by replacing the cement with a moderate amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag (54 %), a small amount of fly ash (9 %), lime filler and silica fume (5 %), reached a compressive strength of 94 MPa at 28 days and 98 MPa at 56 days.  The conclusion is that there are three recipes that further studies are justified to continue with, the three mentioned above. It should be added that an impressive concrete compressive strength of almost 100 MPa, can be reach with the use of only 200 kg cement per m3.

Stockholm Vatten has decided to close down the Bromma waste water treatment plantand manage the waste water from Bromma together with the waste water from the formerEolshällsverket to Henriksdal’s waste water treatment plant. Henriksdals wastewater treatment plant will be expanded for higher purification requirements and loads,estimated to be finished until 2040. This entails extensive renovations and additionsto the existing treatment plant in and on Henriksdalsberget, as well as a major expansionof the Sickla plant.The purpose of the study is to investigate an environmentally friendly alternative tothe standard concrete that will be used for the expansion of the Sickla plant. The largestenvironmental villain in concrete is the cement. The aim of this study has beento replace the cement with environmentally friendly additives in the largest possibleamount, thus reducing the negative impact of the cement on the environment.In the present study, a review was made of obtained data with exposure classes, then aliterature study was performed to gain knowledge in the area. With help from experts,two fictitious recipes for each exposure class have been calculated for the standardconcrete and the green concrete. In this way, a careful comparison between the concretetypes was made of the cement’s impact on global warming. Thereafter, a study wascarried out on existing EPDs, which were incorporated into the One Click LCA (2015)software. An LCA in the mentioned software was carried out, which enabled data to becompiled and a comparison of the climate impact between the four different fictitiousrecipes has been done.Compiled and compared data from LCA and analysis of EPDs show that 70% of thestructure with exposure class XD2 gets a 47% reduction in global warming when usinggreen concrete instead of standard concrete. Furthermore, the results show that theremaining 30% of the structure with exposure class XF3/XC4 gets a 20% reductionwhen using green concrete instead of standard concrete. The total reduction in globalwarming when using green concrete instead of standard concrete for the expansion ofSickla treatment plant was calculated to be 40%. / Stockholm Vatten har beslutat att lägga ned Bromma reningsverk och leda avloppsvattnetfrån Bromma tillsammans med avloppsvattnet från det forna Eolshällsverkettill Henriksdals reningsverk. Henriksdals reningsverk ska byggas ut för högre reningskravoch belastningar beräknade till år 2040. Detta medför omfattande om- och tillbyggnationeri det befintliga reningsverket i och på Henriksdalsberget samt en storutbyggnad av Sicklaanläggningen.Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka ett miljövänligare alternativ till standardbetongensom ska användas vid utbyggnaden av Sicklaanläggningen. Då den främsta”miljöboven” i betongen är cementet har målet med denna studie varit att ersätta cementetmed miljövänliga tillsatsmaterial i största möjliga mängd, i syfte att minskacementets negativa inverkan på miljön.I föreliggande arbete har en genomgång utförts på erhållna data med exponeringsklasser,därefter påbörjades en litteraturstudie i syfte att inhämta kunskaper inomområdet. Med hjälp av experter har två fiktiva recept för respektive exponeringsklassräknats fram för standardbetongen och den gröna betongen. Med denna metod genomfördesen noggrann jämförelse mellan de olika recepten avseende cementets inverkanpå den globala uppvärmningen. Därefter undersöktes existerande EPD:er, vilka infogadesin i programvaran One Click LCA (2015). En LCA i den nämnda programvaranutfördes, vilket möjliggjorde att data kunde sammanställas och en jämförelse av klimatpåverkanmellan de fyra olika fiktiva recepten kunde genomföras.Sammanställd och jämförd data från LCA och analys av EPD:er visar att 70% av konstruktionenmed exponeringsklass XD2 får en reducering på 47% på den globala uppvärmningenvid användning av grön betong istället för standardbetong. Vidare visarresultatet att resterande 30% av konstruktionen med exponeringsklass XF3/XC4 fåren reduktion på 20% vid användning av grön betong istället för standardbetong. Dentotala reduktionen på den globala uppvärmningen vid användning av grön betongistället för standardbetong för utbyggnaden av Sickla reningsverk beräknades till 40%.

The topic of osmund iron is of great interest in both historical and metallurgical perspective. Between the 14th and the 17th century osmund iron was exported extensively from Sweden but it has been difficult to characterize and confirm what exactly osmund iron is. Further research should be conducted to improve the understanding of this kind of iron.   This work is primarily focused on medieval osmund iron. It is trying to determine what can be stated about their production methods and how to identify osmund pieces. A literature review was performed, to present an overview of iron production methods in medieval Europe. A metallurgical analysis was conducted on a number of osmund samples from the polish shipwreck ‘Miedsiowiec’, W5., together with samples from bar irons and iron billets from the same ship. Analysis was performed using LOM and SEM with EDS, analysing the crystallographic structure of the samples, and performing slag analysis using EDS to establish statistical trends. One of the aims was to evaluate a previously suggested hypothesis, namely that osmunds were shipped to Danzig from Stockholm, and then refined into iron bars and billets.  The studied iron bars and billets were purely ferritic with some slag inclusions. By looking at the shape of the slag inclusions, it can be stated that the bars and billets were forged differently from the osmund pieces. The osmunds were found to be made by indirect reduction as seen by the prevalence of cementite. It could not be confirmed if the bars and billets were forged by osmunds.  The osmunds showed different trace element compositions, than the iron bars and billets. The microstructure of all the osmunds varies greatly, which was to be expected. The osmunds had a higher carbon content and fewer slag inclusions. The hypothesis that osmunds were refined into iron bars and billets is not supported by the findings of this study. / Osmundjärn är av stort arkeometallurgiskt intresse, som en svensk exportvara som exporterades mellan 1300- och 1600-talet. Det är dock svårt att definitivt avgöra vad osmundjärn är för något. Det krävs därför ytterligare analyser och studier inom detta område för att förbättra vår förståelse av osmundjärn.   Denna studie behandlar upphittade medeltida osmundjärn och stångjärn i syfte att avgöra hur dessa har tillverkats. En litteraturstudie genomfördes som omfattande medeltida järntillverkningsprocesser, den existerande forskningen om osmundjärn samt relevanta forskningsmetoder. Järnproverna som erhölls kommer från den polska skeppsvraket ’Miedsiowiec’, W5. Mikrostrukturen av proverna analyserades med ljusmikroskop och en SEM-EDS analys utfördes. En föregående publicering om osmundar har föreslagit att osmundar exporterades från Stockholm till Gdansk, där de välldes och bearbetades till stångjärn. Osmundarna och stångjärnen som erhölls undersöktes också för att korrektheten i denna hypotes. Stångjärnens mikrostrukturer var ferritiska med ett flertal inneslutningar. Två av de så kallade iron billets hade anisotropiskt formad slagg, jämfört med de så kallade iron bars som hade isotropiskt format slagg. Det bedömdes att osmundarna var tillverkade i en masugn, på grund av perliten som hittades i mikrostrukturen i samtliga osmundar. Mikrostrukturen i alla osmundar varierade dock kraftigt, som väntat. Osmundarna hade också högre kolhalt, och färre slaggpartiklar. Hypotesen om att osmundar bearbetades till stångjärn stöds därför inte av resultaten som hittats i denna studie.