Abstract In the study, amounts of ceramic particles in coating layer deposited on the surface of cathode specimen are investigated under two kinds of ceramic particles of Al2O3 and SiC mixed in the Nickel sulfate bath during electroplating or electrophoretic depositing process. According to the IEP of the particles, Al2O3 particles which showed the positive charge in the nickel sulfate bath are deposited onto the work-piece of cathode during electrophoretic deposition (EPD)process. And the other hand, SiC particles which showed Neutral ( or zero ) charge in the same bath are deposited onto the work-piece of cathode during electrolytic deposition (ELD)process. Therefore, it is expect that the composite electro - deposition layers on the work-piece have large amount of particles and high strength are fabricated by using the method of ELD¡VEPD¡VELD in sequence (ELEPIS). In the experiment conditions, the bath mixing the SiC particle with average diameter of 3 £gm and the Al2O3 particle with average diameter of 1 £gm respectively is stirred using the air pump and the magnetic stirrer, concentration of 20 g/L for each particle is seted. EPD is carried out under the apply voltage of 30 V, and ELD is carried out under the current density of 3 ASD. Results show that the amount of Al2O3 particle deposited in the composite coating layer is about 29.25 wt% during EPD, and the amount of SiC particle deposited in the composite coating layer is large and its distribution is uniform during ELD. Moreover, ELEPIS is carried out in the bath mixing 4 g/L of SiC particle and 8 g/L of Al2O3 particle to fabricate the composite coating layer. Result shows that the hardness of composite coating layer is 527 Hv, which is two times of that using traditional ELD method. This indicates that the strength and wear resistance of Ni-SiC- Al2O3 composite coating layer fabricated by ELEPIS method is excellent. Keywords : EPD¡BELD¡BELEPIS

Generally speaking , high volumetric content of particles and well-dispersed condition in the metallic matrix are the purposes in composite electrodeposition for different applications. The composite electrodeposition layer by EPD has high volumetric content of particles but low structure strength. The composite electrodeposition layer by ELD has tight structure but low volumetric content of particles . In this study combines EPD and ELD to produce the composite electrodeposition layer in ELD-EPD-ELD three steps. We hope to combine their advantages .In this study ,we first look for the best operating condition of EPD, then increase the volumetric content of particles with ELD-EPD-ELD(ELEPIS). Finally, it was examined by scratch test to prove the structure strength. By the result of experiment, it can be known that at the voltage 10V,the concentration 100g/L,stirring speed 50rpm is the best operating condition. In the process of ELEPIS, we find that Ni ions permeate into the second layer. In this method, we can produce the electrodeposition layer which of the volumetric content of particles is 4 times the traditional electrodeposition layer. We also propose the possibility of multi-storey ELEPIS composite electrodeposition layer. Finally, by the result of scratch test , it can be known that there are the least cracks in the scratch which of the electrodeposition layer by ELEPIS. Its depth is shallowest and its width is narrowest. It shows that the sample by ELEPIS has excellent performance in structure strength and binding with substrate.

Composite electro-deposition always requires high volume fraction of particles and good dispersion and high wear resistance.¡@Composite electro-deposition made by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) contains high volume fraction of particles but low structural strength, and it made by electrolytic deposition (ELD) are right opposite. Therefore, this study tries to combine the advantages of both EPD and ELD in the sulfamate bath with the average particle size 1

According to SMHI the largest contributing factor to globalwarming is the increased greenhouse gas emissions in theatmosphere. In year 2018 Boverket submitted a proposal for climatedeclaration on new buildings. In the Boverkets climatedeclaration, a building's climate impact is calculated in the formof carbon dioxide equivalents on the material included in thefoundation, building envelope and the non-load-bearing interiorwalls. The unit in the climate declaration is kg Co2e / kg m2where m2 is BTA for the building.The purpose of the theoretical study was to describe what impactthe climate declaration will have in the building industry. Thepurpose of the empirical study was to investigate whether Revit isa good tool for calculating a building climate impact with a focuson greenhouse gas emissions.The result of the theoretical study indicates that the Boverket'sproposal on climate declaration will not lead to changes in theclimate impact of buildings. The study also shows that there willbe changes in the project planning of buildings and increased timespent by participants as the Boverkets estimation of the timerequired for the climate declaration is approximately 180 hours.The result of the empirical study shows that Revit is a good toolfor climate declaration. The study was based on evaluating Revitby the categories easy-to-use, time-consuming and presentationoptions. This resulted in a SWOT analysis showing Revit'scapacity

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) methodology is being used as a means to determine genetic merit in beef cattle by interrogating animal genomes and associating the findings with performance traits. The ability to predict future trait performance is highly attractive to beef cattle producers as they can make important management and financial decisions earlier and with more certainty. To fully realize the potential of SNP testing technology the methodology must be vetted to assure producer confidence. The purpose of this project is to assess three sources of information for beef cattle trait assessment. These information sources are: SNP testing, Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) and direct animal measures. To conduct this study, young beef bulls (n=181) consigned to the SIU Beef Evaluation Station were utilized in an 84-day period to obtain direct measures. The SIU Beef Evaluation Station uses the Calan-Broadbent confinement feeding system which allows researchers to monitor individual animal feed intake and weight gain. Feed efficiency traits are important to the cattle industry since feed is generally among the largest input cost to producers. The evaluation of bulls also assesses reproductive and carcass traits which are also important to the producer’s financial success.Individual animal performance information was sent to the bull’s respective breed association for determination of EPD’s. Blood samples were submitted to a commercial company for SNP testing (Igentiy Gold and Igenity Beef Profile, Neogen, Lincoln, NE). Data was analyzed using pairwise comparisons by source of information. Pearson correlations were used to determine the direction and the strength for sources of information to vary together. Data was determined to be correlated when the correlation coefficient was 0.3 < r < - 0.3. No correlation was observed between RFISIU :RFINEO (r = 0.042), RFINEO:F/GSIU (r = - 0.09), RFISIU:ADGNEO (r = 0.091), RFISIU:ADGSIU (r = - 0.039), RFINEO:ADGNEO (r = 0.236), BWNEO:BWSIU (r = 0.115), FRAMESIU:BWSIU (r = 0.111), FRAMESIU:BWEPD (r = 0.159), FRAMESIU:ADGSIU (r = 0.148), FRAMESIU:ADGNEO (r = -0.005), BWSIU:BWEPD (r = 0.256), and BWNEO:BWEPD (r = 0.226). Correlations were observed between RFISIU:F/GSIU (r = 0.455), ADGSIU :ADGNEO (r = 0.353), and FRAMESIU:BWNEO (r = 0.326).This study determined that beef bulls should continue to be performance tested due to discrepancies between sources of information for key animal performance traits. Assessment of SNPs used in the commercial test should continue.

With many processing advantages, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has been chosen as the fabrication technique for inorganic-organic nanocomposites. However, before the EPD process, avoiding the particles agglomeration is considered a necessary perquisite for the success of fabrication. In this research, two different liquid-liquid extraction methods, one is one-step and the other is two-step, were developed to solve the agglomeration problem of inorganic particles. The adsorption mechanisms of the extractors and extraction mechanisms were investigated during this work. The strong adsorptions provided by –OH groups of the extractors and further Schiff base reaction allowed for the process of extraction. In the fabrication, polyelectrolytes acted as the film forming and charging agents. Relatively stable suspensions with extracted inorganic particles were prepared for the EPD of inorganic-organic nanocomposites. The thickness of deposited films is proportional to the concentration of the suspension and deposition time. With the addition of flame retardant inorganic particles, the prepared nanocomposite films showed an enhanced flame retardant performance. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

A demanda crescente por meios de armazenar eficientemente energia elétrica tem incentivado a busca de materiais que melhorem o desempenho específico de dispositivos armazenadores de carga elétrica. Dentre os materiais a base de carbono, destaca-se o grafeno e seus derivados como tendo grande potencial para aumentar o desempenho de tais. Nesse trabalho, estudam-se duas abordagens para a imobilização de grafeno sobre condutores metálicos e o efeito que essas tem na eletroquímica dos sistemas. De maneira geral, evitou-se a utilização de polímeros como aglutinantes na construção de eletrodos, visto que esses podem interferir negativamente na eletroquímica do sistema (além de não serem condutores elétricos, não têm nenhum benefício em relação a aumento de capacitância do eletrodo). As metodologias estudadas podem ser separadas em duas categorias, sendo essas a de eletrodos obtidos por deposição eletroforética de derivados de grafeno e imobilização de grafeno sobre condutores metálicos pelo uso de camadas orgânicas, que servem de ponto de ancoragem para os derivados de grafeno. Os eletrodos foram então caracterizados eletroquimicamente, visando principalmente seu uso em capacitores eletroquímicos. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas para tal, destacam-se o uso de voltametria cíclica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, além de técnicas não eletroquímicas como espectroscopia Raman, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia de força atômica e microbalança de cristal de quartzo. De modo geral, pode-se observar que a deposição eletroforética é uma maneira simples de obter eletrodos modificados, e apresenta alta reprodutibilidade. O fato de não possuírem outros compostos químicos que não o grafeno, além de serem altamente rugosos, mostrou que esses eletrodos tem desempenho capacitivo muito bom, sendo o método de obtenção do grafeno e a maneira escolhida para deposição diretamente responsáveis pela morfologia obtida. A construção de eletrodos pela ancoragem de grafeno foi feita com base na (eletro)química de sais de diazônio, que se mostrou bastante promissora quanto a capacidade de se obter uma ligação química estável entre as folhas de grafeno e o metal. A alta reatividade dos sais de diazônio, no entanto, se mostrou danosa a eletroquímica do grafeno, sendo que tais eletrodos não apresentaram nenhuma característica que justificasse seu uso em capacitores eletroquímicos. Assim, os avanços e desafios restantes em relação a essas abordagens na construção capacitores eletroquímicos com alto desempenho específico encontram-se aqui detalhados. / The increasing demand for efficient electrical energy storage devices has pushed research towards materials with potential to increase the specific performance of such devices. Among the carbon-based materials, one that has been heavily studied as a potential candidate to accomplish such feat is graphene and its chemical derivatives. In this work, two methodologies to accomplish graphene immobilization over metallic current collectors are approached, as well as the effects that such approaches have on the electrochemistry of the resulting electrodes. As a general guideline, the usage of polymeric binders as ways of keeping good mechanical stability are avoided, due to their tendency to negatively impact the system\'s electrochemistry (not only they\'re normally electrical in sulators, they also don\'t usually possess any intrinsic electroactivity that could enhance the electrode\'s capacitance). The methodologies in study can be separated into two categories, namely, electrophoretic deposition and usage of organic molecules as anchoring points to attach graphene sheets to the surface. Such electrodes were characterized by a number of electrochemical technics, most prominently cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the group of electrochemical technics, and Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance in the group of non-electrochemical technics. Electrophoretic deposition of graphene is proved to be a very straightforward and reproducible way to obtain modified electrodes. Since no chemical compound other than the graphene derivatives are necessary, and that the final electrodes have very rough surfaces, such electrodes have very high capacitance, and those characteristics are direct consequence of the chosen method. Anchoring graphene derivatives on the surface of metallic conductors by the (electro)-chemistry of diazonium salts is shown to be a promising method to achieve strongly bound graphene sheets to a surface. The high reactivity of diazonium salts, though, hampers the electrochemical activity of graphene, and no electrodes suitable to be used in electrochemical capacitors were obtained. In summary, the advances and remaining challenges towards the use of such methodologies in the construction of electrochemical capacitors are presented here.

A demanda crescente por meios de armazenar eficientemente energia elétrica tem incentivado a busca de materiais que melhorem o desempenho específico de dispositivos armazenadores de carga elétrica. Dentre os materiais a base de carbono, destaca-se o grafeno e seus derivados como tendo grande potencial para aumentar o desempenho de tais. Nesse trabalho, estudam-se duas abordagens para a imobilização de grafeno sobre condutores metálicos e o efeito que essas tem na eletroquímica dos sistemas. De maneira geral, evitou-se a utilização de polímeros como aglutinantes na construção de eletrodos, visto que esses podem interferir negativamente na eletroquímica do sistema (além de não serem condutores elétricos, não têm nenhum benefício em relação a aumento de capacitância do eletrodo). As metodologias estudadas podem ser separadas em duas categorias, sendo essas a de eletrodos obtidos por deposição eletroforética de derivados de grafeno e imobilização de grafeno sobre condutores metálicos pelo uso de camadas orgânicas, que servem de ponto de ancoragem para os derivados de grafeno. Os eletrodos foram então caracterizados eletroquimicamente, visando principalmente seu uso em capacitores eletroquímicos. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas para tal, destacam-se o uso de voltametria cíclica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, além de técnicas não eletroquímicas como espectroscopia Raman, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia de força atômica e microbalança de cristal de quartzo. De modo geral, pode-se observar que a deposição eletroforética é uma maneira simples de obter eletrodos modificados, e apresenta alta reprodutibilidade. O fato de não possuírem outros compostos químicos que não o grafeno, além de serem altamente rugosos, mostrou que esses eletrodos tem desempenho capacitivo muito bom, sendo o método de obtenção do grafeno e a maneira escolhida para deposição diretamente responsáveis pela morfologia obtida. A construção de eletrodos pela ancoragem de grafeno foi feita com base na (eletro)química de sais de diazônio, que se mostrou bastante promissora quanto a capacidade de se obter uma ligação química estável entre as folhas de grafeno e o metal. A alta reatividade dos sais de diazônio, no entanto, se mostrou danosa a eletroquímica do grafeno, sendo que tais eletrodos não apresentaram nenhuma característica que justificasse seu uso em capacitores eletroquímicos. Assim, os avanços e desafios restantes em relação a essas abordagens na construção capacitores eletroquímicos com alto desempenho específico encontram-se aqui detalhados. / The increasing demand for efficient electrical energy storage devices has pushed research towards materials with potential to increase the specific performance of such devices. Among the carbon-based materials, one that has been heavily studied as a potential candidate to accomplish such feat is graphene and its chemical derivatives. In this work, two methodologies to accomplish graphene immobilization over metallic current collectors are approached, as well as the effects that such approaches have on the electrochemistry of the resulting electrodes. As a general guideline, the usage of polymeric binders as ways of keeping good mechanical stability are avoided, due to their tendency to negatively impact the system\'s electrochemistry (not only they\'re normally electrical in sulators, they also don\'t usually possess any intrinsic electroactivity that could enhance the electrode\'s capacitance). The methodologies in study can be separated into two categories, namely, electrophoretic deposition and usage of organic molecules as anchoring points to attach graphene sheets to the surface. Such electrodes were characterized by a number of electrochemical technics, most prominently cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the group of electrochemical technics, and Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance in the group of non-electrochemical technics. Electrophoretic deposition of graphene is proved to be a very straightforward and reproducible way to obtain modified electrodes. Since no chemical compound other than the graphene derivatives are necessary, and that the final electrodes have very rough surfaces, such electrodes have very high capacitance, and those characteristics are direct consequence of the chosen method. Anchoring graphene derivatives on the surface of metallic conductors by the (electro)-chemistry of diazonium salts is shown to be a promising method to achieve strongly bound graphene sheets to a surface. The high reactivity of diazonium salts, though, hampers the electrochemical activity of graphene, and no electrodes suitable to be used in electrochemical capacitors were obtained. In summary, the advances and remaining challenges towards the use of such methodologies in the construction of electrochemical capacitors are presented here.

L'élaboration d'un revêtement submicronique est réalisée par électrodéposition de nanoparticules de silice (EPD = ElectrophoreticDeposition). Cette approche permet de contrôler l'épaisseur des dépôts, qui est un paramètre à ajuster pour élaborer un revêtement sélectif absorbeur de type capteur photothermique. La nature du revêtement recherché est un co-dépôt de silice et de carbone. Pour la compréhension et le contrôle des mécanismes de dépôt par EPD, le dépôt de silice seule est étudié. Deux systèmes ont été investigués : de la silice déposée sur du wafer de silicium ou sur du platine, notés respectivement SiO2/Si et SiO2/Pt. Une suspension colloïdale commerciale, le Ludox® HS-40, est utilisée pour permettre la dilution de sols stables de nanoparticules de silice monodisperses (12 nm de diamètre), chargées négativement. Un EPD anodique est réalisé en milieu aqueux grâce à ce sol.Le potentiel, la concentration initiale en nanoparticules et la durée de dépôt ont été explorés. Lorsque le potentiel appliqué est trop élevé, le phénomène d'électrolyse de l'eau est observé. Plus particulièrement, le système à base de platine se trouve limité par ce phénomène à partir d'un potentiel de +2V. La forte conductivité de ce substrat favorise le phénomène de dégagement gazeux. Ce bullage subséquent, dégrade la cohésion du revêtement. Néanmoins, l'application d'un potentiel inférieur au potentiel d'électrolyse de l'eau permet de bonnes conditions de dépôt. Des phénomènes similaires ont également été observés avec le système SiO2/Si. Les propriétés semi-conductrices du wafer de silicium permettent cependant d'appliquer des potentiels plus élevés (jusqu'à +40 V), en limitant le phénomène d'électrolyse. L'optimisation des conditions de dépôt sur ces deux systèmes ont permis d'obtenir des conditions expérimentales de dépôt compatibles avec l'objectif fixé, à savoir : un potentiel de +1 V pour le système SiO2/Pt et de +3 ou +30 V pour le système SiO2/Si, une concentration comprise entre 1 et 10 %mass, et une durée de dépôt de 1h.Dans les conditions optimales définies précédemment, les propriétés physico-chimiques de la suspension initiale ont été modifiées par l'ajout d'un co-solvant (EtOH), d'un sel (Na2SO4) ou d'un polymère (PAA out PVA) afin d'étudier l'influence du milieu dispersant, de la conductivité de la suspension ou du potentiel zêta des nanoparticules sur l'épaisseur des dépôts. Ces ajouts ont permis d'augmenter l'épaisseur des revêtements, notamment pour le système SiO2(EtOH)/Pt et les systèmes à base de PAA. L'ajout d'un composé carboné (PVA, PAA) dans la suspension a également été étudié afin d'obtenir après calcination (500°C) un revêtement présentant des caractéristiques intéressantes pour l'application envisagée. Les revêtements de type SiO2(PAA)/Pt présentent une certaine sélectivité optique. Toutefois les valeurs du ratio alpha/epsilon restent inférieures à 7, ce qui est plus faible que les valeurs obtenues pour le même type de système, avec des procédés sol-gel classiques. / The development of a submicron coating was carried out by electrophoretic deposition (EPD)of silica nanoparticles. This approach allows controlling the thickness of the deposits which is a parameter to adjust to develop a selective absorber coating dedicated to a photothermal sensor. The composition of the desired coating is a co-deposition of silica and carbon. For the understanding and the control of EPD deposition mechanisms, silica deposit is first studied. Two systems were investigated: silica deposited on a silicon wafer or platinum substrate, respectively noted SiO2/Si and SiO2/Pt. A commercial colloidal suspension, Ludox® HS-40, is used to realize stable diluted sols of monodispersed silica nanoparticles (12 nm diameter), negatively charged. Anodic EPD is performed in aqueous medium from this sol.The applied potential, the initial concentration of nanoparticles and the deposition time are investigated. When the applied potential is too high, the water electrolysis phenomenon occurs. More particularly, the platinum-based system is limited by this phenomenon, from a potential of +2 V. The high conductivity of this substrate promotes gassing phenomenon. This subsequent bubbling degrades the cohesion of the coating. However, an applied potential lower than the electrolysis potential gives some good deposition conditions. Similar phenomena were also observed with SiO2/Si system. However, the semiconductor properties of the silicon wafer enable to apply higher potential (up to +40 V) by reducing the phenomenon of electrolysis. Optimizations of the deposition conditions on these two systems have yielded experimental deposition conditions consistent with the objective, namely: a potential of +1 V to SiO2/Pt system and of +3 and +30 V for SiO2/Si system, a concentration between 1 and 10 %mass, and a deposition time of 1 hour.Under optimum conditions defined above, the physicochemical properties of the initial suspension are modified by adding a co-solvent (EtOH), a salt (Na2SO4) or a polymer (PAA or PVA) in order to study the influence of the dispersing medium, the conductivity of the suspension or the zeta potential of the nanoparticles on the thickness of the deposits. These additions have increased the thicknesses of coatings, especially for SiO2(EtOH)/Pt system and systems based on PAA. The addition of some carbon compounds (PVA or PAA) in the suspension was also studied to obtain after calcinations (500 °C) a coating with interesting characteristics for the intended application. Coating obtained with SiO2(PAA)/Pt system exhibit a significant optical selectivity. However, the value of the alpha/epsilon ratio remains below 7, which is lower than the values obtained for the same type of system with conventional sol-gel processes.

Ett holistiskt synsätt vid husprojektering. Det här examensarbetet presenterar en utforskande studie av den inbyggda- och operationella energin ur ett livscykelperspektiv hos ett passivhus. Där aspekter som påverkan från valet av isoleringsmaterial, miljöeffekter och geografisk placering behandlats. Med syftet att undersöka vilken procentuell variation av livscykelenergin för operationell- och inbyggd energi som sker när omgivningarna för ett passivhus ändras mellan Kiruna, Luleå och Malmö samt om isoleringsmaterialet ändras. Studien har begränsats till att undersöka den inbyggda energin hos isoleringsmaterialet som ingår i takkonstruktionen av passivhuset och miljöeffekter har bedömts utifrån energianvändning och CO2-utsläpp. Simulationer av den operationella energin utfördes för åtta olika uppsättningar av isoleringar i tre olika orter där en livslängd på 50 år antagits för huset. Två av isoleringarna hade en mycket högre energiförbrukning vid tillverkning och transport än de övriga. För de med lägre energibehov stod den inbyggda energin i isoleringsmaterialet för i Kiruna mellan 10-15 %, i Luleå mellan 15-20 % och i Malmö mellan 5-10 % av den totala livscykelenergin hos huset när den aktuella energimixen för uppvärmning användes vilket innebär att energibehovet beskrevs i primärenergiresurser tillverkade av icke förnyelsebara resurser. För de med högre energianvändning var samma förhållande mellan 25-35 %, 30-45 % och 20-30 %. Inget samband hittades mellan CO2-utsläpp för de olika undersökningarna och energibehovet vid tillverkning. Resultatet visar på en tydlig inverkan från den inbyggda energin för isoleringen på hela livscykelenergin därför dras slutsatsen att större hänsyn och ett helhetsperspektiv för miljöpåverkan från byggmaterialen bör tas då ett hus ska designas där all energiförbrukning för huset beskrivs i icke förnyelsebara energikällor. / A holistic approach on construction planning. This master thesis presents an exploratory study of the embodied- and operational energy of a passive house from a life cycle perspective. Where aspects such as the effect of insulation choice, environmental impacts and geographic location are treated. With the objective to investigate the variation of the life cycle energy for operational- and embodied energy when the surroundings for a passive house changes between Kiruna, Luleå and Malmö and the insulation material varies. The study is limited to examine the embodied energy of the insulation in the roof construction of a passive house. Environmental impacts have been assessed on the basis of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Simulations of operational energy was performed for eight different sets of insulation in three different places where a life span of 50 years was adopted for the house. Two of the insulations were found to have a much greater embodied energy than the other. For those insulations with lower energy the embodied energy was in Kiruna between 10-20 % in Luleå between 15-30 % and in Malmö between 5- 10% of the total life cycle energy for the house when the actual energy mix for heating was used, which means that the energy was described in primary energy made of non-renewable resources. For those with higher embodied energy the same ratio was between 35-55 %, 50-80 % and 25- 50 %. No correlation was found between carbon dioxide emissions and the embodied energy of the various studies. The result indicates a great impact of the insulation on the total life cycle energy it is therefore concluded that a better account for the environmental impact of building materials should be taken when a house is designed where all of the energy demands of the house are presented in nonrenewable energy resources.