No description available.

Det långsiktiga målet för Skanska är att nå klimatneutralitet år 2050. Ett steg i den riktningen är att ställa krav på leverantörer att tillhandahålla klimatinformation för att möjliggöra en minimering av klimatpåverkan vid byggproduktionen. Inköp utgör 75 - 80 % av totalkostnaderna i ett projekt, en stor påverkan. Detta examensarbete blir ett av de första stegen i riktningen mot klimatneutralitet. Syftet med uppdraget var att undersöka Skanskas möjligheter att erhålla klimatinformation från sina leverantörer. Med hjälp av Skanska togs en lista över 24 företag fram med de största inköpsposterna från första april 2016 till sista mars 2017. Företagen kontaktades via telefonsamtal för att presentera projektet, därefter har information samt länk till en webbenkät distribuerats via e-post. EPD systemet med certifierade miljövarudeklarationer, Skanskas inköpsprocess och byggprocessens klimatpåverkan har studerats som grund till undersökningen. I resultatet jämfördes svaren mellan leverantörer och underentreprenörer där 19 av de 24 företagen valde att delta vilket ger en svarsfrekvens på 79 %. Rapporten visar att Skanskas leverantörer och underentreprenörer i stor utsträckning kan leverera klimatinformation om sina produkter. Medelvärdet visar att 45 % av företagens produkter har klimatinformation och bland dem finns även produkter med certifierade miljövarudeklarationer (EPD: er). Denna information finns inom produktkategorierna:  Byggvaror  Betongvaroroch stommar  Elmaterial  VVS-produkter / Skanska's long term goal is to be climate neutral in 2050. One of the first steps in that direction is to require climate information from suppliers to be able to minimize the climate impact in the building production. Purchases constitutes 75-80 % of the total costs in projects, a major impact. This examination thesis will be one of the first steps towards climate neutrality. The use of this task is to investigate Skanska’s ability to receive climate information from their suppliers. Together with Skanska, a list of 24 companies was compiled with the largest purchases from the first of April 2016 to the end of March 2017. The companies were contacted by telephone to introduce the project, thereafter information and a link to a web survey were distributed by e-mail. The EPD system, Skanska's purchasing process and the climate impact of the construction process have been studied as the basis for the survey. In the result, the answers were compared between suppliers and subcontractors. 19 of the 24 companies choose to participate, that led to a 79 % response rate. The report shows that Skanska’s suppliers and subcontractors can supply climate information regarding their products to a large extent. The average shows that 45 % of the company’s products have climate information and amongst them also products with EPDs. This information can be found in the following product categories:  Building materials  Concrete products  Framework  Electrical materials  Plumbing, heating, water and sanitation materials

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (HT-PEMFC) have received renewed interest in recent years due to its inherent advantages associated with the limitations faced by Low Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (LT-PEMFC). The high Pt loadings required for PEMFCs have significantly hindered its commercialisation. Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) is a promising route to reduce the noble metal loading. EPD is a method in which charged colloidal particles are deposited onto a target substrate under the force of an externally applied electric field. To effectively study the EPD method, the methodology of this study was divided into two parts: (i) the EPD method was studied via known empirical methods to fabricate, test and characterise MEAs suitable for HT-PEMFCs. The feasibility of the EPD method was determined by comparing the performance of the fabricated EPD MEAs to MEAs fabricated via spraying methods, and (ii) due to the promising results obtained in part (i) of the methodology, a theoretical model was developed to obtain a deep understanding about nature of the interactions between the Pt/C particles in a colloidal suspension. The theoretical model will serve as a foundation for future studies. In part (i) of the methodology, the Pt/C particles were studied in organic solutions (i.e. Isopropyl Alcohol, IPA) via the Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument under various salt (NaCl) concentrations and pH conditions while introducing polymeric surfactants, i.e. Nafion® ionomer and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to the suspension. The optimum catalyst suspensions were selected to fabricate GDEs via the EPD method. Physical characterisations revealed that the EPD GDEs exhibited cracked morphology with high porosity. Electrochemical characterisations revealed that the EPD MEA showed significantly better performance (i.e. 73% higher peak power) compared to the hand vi sprayed MEA due to lower charge transfer and mass transport resistance at high current densities. Compared to the ultrasonically sprayed MEA, the EPD MEA exhibited a peak power increase of ~12% at a slightly lower Pt loading (i.e. ~4 wt%). A comparative study between the Nafion® ionomer and PTFE in the CLs of two EPD MEAs revealed superior performance for the EPD MEA with the PTFE in the CLs. Part (ii) of the methodology deals with the electrical interfacial properties of the aqueous Pt/C suspension. The study consists of two sets of measurements (i.e. electrophoretic and coagulation dynamic studies) conducted for different electrolyte compositions. A theoretical background on determining the interfacial potential and charge from electrophoretic and coagulation dynamic measurements are provided. Detailed statements of the Standard Electrokinetic and Derjaguin, Landau, Vervey and Overbeek Models are given in the forms that are capable of addressing electrophoresis and the interaction of particles for an arbitrary ratio of the particle to Debye radius, interfacial potential and electrolyte composition. The obtained experimental data were processed by using numerical algorithms based on the formulated models for obtaining the interfacial potential and charge. While analysing the dependencies of interfacial potential and charge on the electrolyte compositions charge, conclusions were made regarding the mechanisms of charge formation. It was established that the behaviour of system stability is in qualitative agreement with the results computed from the electrophoretic data. The verification of quantitative applicability of the employed models was conducted by calculating the Hamaker constant from the experimental data. It was proposed how to explain the observed variations of the predicted Hamaker constant and its unusually high value.

Colloidal processing has been widely used for many industrial application. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is an important colloidal technique, which plays an important role in the fabrication of organic-inorganic composites. In this work, advanced dispersing agents with excellent adsorption, dispersion and film forming properties have been developed. The adsorption mechanism and the deposition kinetics of EPD have been studied. It is shown that catechol and salicylic groups of dispersants can form chelation bonding with metal atoms on inorganic particle surface and provide particle charging, dispersion and deposition. The aromatic dispersants can adsorb on carbon nanotubes due to π-π interactions. The long chain ionic polymeric dispersants were investigated, which provide efficient electrosteric stabilization. The film forming properties of dispersants allow dispersants with dispersed materials to deposit and form composite films on the substrate. Universal dispersing agents have been developed for the colloidal processing. These dispersants show possibilities to adsorb and disperse various organic and inorganic materials and pave the way for the fabrication of multi-functional materials for various applications. The composite materials, prepared using new dispersants showed promising corrosion protection of metals, flame retardant and energy storage properties. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Over the past several decades, increasing awareness of sustainable building has led to the development and maturity of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a method used to assess the environmental impacts and resources through buildings’ life cycle. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an intelligent process based on 3D model that enables architecture, engineering and construction designers to collaborate. Because of its advantages and the collaborative alternative, the integrations of BIM and LCA have been studied and developed in many ways. However, none of the integrating approaches have been widely used due to interoperability issues and accuracy problems. Detailed information of LCA and BIM are introduced in this thesis, and then innovated integration of BIM and LCA are proposed. This is done with the direct access to the LCA data in XML format from EPD database by using Dynamo that is a plug-in Revit application, LCA can be conducted within the BIM environment. The results of life cycle impact calculation can be instantly presented in diagram, and users can visualize the results by color coding different materials in BIM model. Future research could focus on how to widely use the integrating method in real project and connect this approach into environmental certification system in order to demonstrate the environmental performance of buildings and projects in a standardized manner.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da síntese e caracterização de nanoestruturas de óxido de tungstênio (WO3) obtidos por via ultrassônica em meio não aquoso. Esta técnica tem como vantagens o uso de pouco material e o tempo empregado. A caracterização das nanoestruturas foi realizada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM), Microscopia Eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia Raman e no infravermelho, termogravimetria e difração de raios-X. A imobilização das nanoestruturas foi realizada em substratos condutores transparentes (ITO) por automontagem camadas por camadas (LbL) e deposição eletroforética (EPD). Foram efetuadas caracterizações eletroquímicas e espectroeletroquímicas com medidas in situ usando UV-Vis. Os resultados eletrocrômicos demostraram a estrutura nanométrica dos filmes obtidos, com parâmetros eletrocrômicos como contraste óptico, tempo de resposta e eficiência eletrocrômica típicos de sistemas nanoestruturados. Alguns aspectos relacionados com o uso de um líquido iônico prótico (PIL) foram mostrados, conferindo melhora na durabilidade dos filmes em relação ao eletrólito H2SO4 1,0 mol L-1. Com o objetivo de modular e incrementar a coloração dos filmes de WO3, foi preparado um viológeno para imobilização superficial através de um grupo ancorador. Os filmes modificados foram investigados por espectroeletroquímica e coordenadas de cor. As coordenadas de cromaticidade foram obtidas por um colorímetro virtual baseado na convenção CIE 1931, dados de cromaticidade para as reações eletrocrômicas dos filmes de WO3 modificado são mostrados em espaços de cor. / The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of WO3 nanoplates in a non-aqueous solvent using ultrasonic irradiation process. This method presents some advantages such as the small amount of reactants and time consumed. WO3 nanoplates have been characterized by TEM and SEM microscopies, Raman and Infrared spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The nanostructured nanoplates were immobilized by electrostatic layer by layer and Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) processes onto ITO substrates. Spectroelectrochemical experiments were carried out showing electrochromic performance of the WO3 films such as optical density, response time and chromatic efficiency in a typical way for nanostructured films of WO3. The results using a protic ionic liquid (PIL) as electrolyte, instead of H2SO4, showed improvement in cyclic durability. Cyclic voltammograms were combined with transmittance measurements for all films that undergo typical reversible electrochromic reaction. In order to modulate and improve the colorimetric changes, viologen molecules were prepared with an anchoring group for modifying the surface by the chemisorption of a monolayer. WO3 films with viologen monolayer were investigated using Spectroelectrochemical and color coordinates analysis. A virtual colorimeter was applied for the accurate calculation of CIE 1931 xy color coordinates investigation during the electrochromic reaction of modified films.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da síntese e caracterização de nanoestruturas de óxido de tungstênio (WO3) obtidos por via ultrassônica em meio não aquoso. Esta técnica tem como vantagens o uso de pouco material e o tempo empregado. A caracterização das nanoestruturas foi realizada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM), Microscopia Eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia Raman e no infravermelho, termogravimetria e difração de raios-X. A imobilização das nanoestruturas foi realizada em substratos condutores transparentes (ITO) por automontagem camadas por camadas (LbL) e deposição eletroforética (EPD). Foram efetuadas caracterizações eletroquímicas e espectroeletroquímicas com medidas in situ usando UV-Vis. Os resultados eletrocrômicos demostraram a estrutura nanométrica dos filmes obtidos, com parâmetros eletrocrômicos como contraste óptico, tempo de resposta e eficiência eletrocrômica típicos de sistemas nanoestruturados. Alguns aspectos relacionados com o uso de um líquido iônico prótico (PIL) foram mostrados, conferindo melhora na durabilidade dos filmes em relação ao eletrólito H2SO4 1,0 mol L-1. Com o objetivo de modular e incrementar a coloração dos filmes de WO3, foi preparado um viológeno para imobilização superficial através de um grupo ancorador. Os filmes modificados foram investigados por espectroeletroquímica e coordenadas de cor. As coordenadas de cromaticidade foram obtidas por um colorímetro virtual baseado na convenção CIE 1931, dados de cromaticidade para as reações eletrocrômicas dos filmes de WO3 modificado são mostrados em espaços de cor. / The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of WO3 nanoplates in a non-aqueous solvent using ultrasonic irradiation process. This method presents some advantages such as the small amount of reactants and time consumed. WO3 nanoplates have been characterized by TEM and SEM microscopies, Raman and Infrared spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The nanostructured nanoplates were immobilized by electrostatic layer by layer and Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) processes onto ITO substrates. Spectroelectrochemical experiments were carried out showing electrochromic performance of the WO3 films such as optical density, response time and chromatic efficiency in a typical way for nanostructured films of WO3. The results using a protic ionic liquid (PIL) as electrolyte, instead of H2SO4, showed improvement in cyclic durability. Cyclic voltammograms were combined with transmittance measurements for all films that undergo typical reversible electrochromic reaction. In order to modulate and improve the colorimetric changes, viologen molecules were prepared with an anchoring group for modifying the surface by the chemisorption of a monolayer. WO3 films with viologen monolayer were investigated using Spectroelectrochemical and color coordinates analysis. A virtual colorimeter was applied for the accurate calculation of CIE 1931 xy color coordinates investigation during the electrochromic reaction of modified films.

Bakgrund: Sveriges riksdag har lagstiftat ett långgående miljömål om att Sverige som nation ska vara klimatneutralt till år 2045. I Sverige står bygg- och fastighetsbranschen för ca 18 % av det totala nationella utsläppet av växthusgaser. Det växande behovet av byggande gör att det blir allt viktigare att ta hänsyn till ökande klimatpåverkan från byggnadsmaterialtillverkningen, byggandet och förvaltningen. Dokumentation av bygg- och anläggningsprojekts klimatpåverkan i form av Livscykelanalyser (LCA) börjar att efterfrågas av flera offentliga och privata beställare. Det är dock väldigt tids- och resurskrävande att utföra en LCA för ett projekt. Beräkning och planering av åtgärder för att minska klimatpåverkan, baserat på en LCA är inte ännu kopplat till tekniska projekteringen. Detta utgör ett hinder för att byggsektorn kan uppnå miljömålet om klimatneutralitet.Svenska byggföretag lagrar projektdata i olika IT-baserade produktions- och planeringssystem t.ex. kalkylsystem, digitala designprogram (CAD, Computer Aided Design), interna LCA-verktyg etc. Ett sätt för att effektivisera och göra mindre kostsamma LCA:er är att använda redan befintlig information i CAD-programvara. Den största offentliga beställaren på anläggningssidan Trafikverket ställer krav både på leverans av byggprojekthandlingar i ett digitalt format och rapportering av minskad klimatpåverkan i sina projekt. Idag saknas dock ett smidigt sätt att överföra projektinformation, t.ex. ingående byggnadsmaterial och dess mängder för konstruktionsdelar, från CAD-verktyg till LCA-programvara.Det nya byggklassifikationssystemet, CoClass erbjuder ett nytt sätt att strukturera digital projektinformation i CAD-verktygen. Det pågår en rad branschgemensamma initiativ för att utreda om användandet av CoClass kan förenkla överföring av projektinformationen från digitala modeller till LCA-programvaror.Syfte: Syftet med denna rapport var att ta fram en arbetsprocess för parametrisering av digitala modeller i enlighet med det nya CoClass-systemet och överföring av informationen på ett digitalt sätt till en LCA-programvara.Metod: Tillvägagångssättet baserades på flertalet semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna inriktade sig mot konstruktörer och klimat/LCA-samordnare. I arbetet utfördes parametrisering av en digital modell för en betongbro i en CAD-programvara, Tekla och överföring av informationen till en LCA-programvara, Gabi.Slutsats: Resultatet från intervjuerna och testerna visar att det är tekniskt möjligt att använda CoClass för att parametrisera informationen i digitala modeller med avseende på LCA redan idag. Det har också konstaterats att det i nuläget saknas incitament för beställare, entreprenörer och konsulter att börja strukturera sina digitala modeller enligt CoClass- systemet. En ytterligare slutsats är att de ökade beställarkraven på minskandet av klimatpåverkan i bygg- och anläggningsprojekt skulle kunna bli en drivkraft för olika marknadsaktörer att gå över till CoClass-systemet. Implementering av CoClass- systemet i byggbranschen kommer skapa nya affärsmöjligheter med klimateffektiva konstruktioner och tekniska utföranden, vilket kommer stödja uppfyllandet av Sveriges mål om klimateffektivitet. / Background: The Swedish Parliament has legislated a long-term environmental objective that Sweden as a nation should be climate neutral by 2045. In Sweden, the construction and real estate industry accounts for about 18% of the total national greenhouse gas emissions. The growing need for expanding construction makes it important to take into account the increasing climate impact of production of building materials, construction and maintenance. Documentation of the construction project's carbon footprint in terms of life cycle analysis (LCA) begins to be requested by several public and private clients. Creating an LCA-report today is a very time and resource consuming process. There is no connection between calculation and planning of climate impact, based on an LCA and the technical project planning which constitutes an obstacle to reach the climate targets.Swedish construction companies store project data in various IT-based production- and planning systems, eg. calculation systems, digital design programs (CAD, Computer Aided Design), internal LCA tools, etc. The Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) sets demands on both delivery of construction documentation in a digital format and reports of reduced climate impact in their projects. But currently the procedure lacks an effective way to transfer project information, such as building materials and their amount of construction parts, from CAD tools to LCA software.The new building classification system, CoClass, offers a new way of organizing digital project information in CAD tools. Initiatives from the construction industry are underway to investigate whether the use of CoClass can simplify the transfer of project information from digital models to LCA software.Purpose: The purpose of this report is to develop a process of parameterization in digital models in accordance with the new CoClass system and investigating ways of transferring information in a digital way to an LCA software.Method: In this report, the approach has been several semi-structured interviews. The interviews ware targeting building constructor and climate/LCA coordinators. In the work based on information from the interviews a parametrization of a concrete bridge was performed in a CAD-software, Tekla and further the information was transferred to LCA software, GaBi.Conclusion. The results of the interviews and the test shows that it is technically possible to use CoClass to parameterize the information in digital models regarding to LCA, today. There is currently no incentive for clients, entrepreneurs and consultants to start structuring their digital models according to the CoClass system. But the increased demand requirements for reducing climate impact in construction projects can become a spur for different market participants to switch to the CoClass system. Implementation of the CoClass system in the construction industry will create new business opportunities with climate-efficient constructions and technical designs, which will support the fulfillment of Sweden's climate efficiency targets.

Sveriges regering avser att införa ett lagkrav som innebär att byggherrar inom näringslivet som uppför en byggnad där bygglov krävs från och med 1 januari år 2022 måste lämna in en klimatdeklaration. Klimatdeklarationen ska ange hur mycket utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter den nya byggnaden genererar under byggskedet. Detta är ett steg i riktning mot att minska de utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter som genereras av byggsektorn. Den mängd material som krävs för byggnadens klimatskärm, bärande konstruktioner samt alla innerväggar ska tas upp i klimatdeklarationen. I denna studie jämförs mängden utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter mellan en trästomme och en betongstomme med klimatförbättrad betong. En bestämd byggnad har dimensionerats i trä samt i betong, där mängderna av de olika materialen har registrerats i Byggsektorns miljöberäkningsverktyg, som tillhandahålls från IVL. Verktyget innehåller generisk data över olika materials utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter, alternativt kan produktspecifika data från en EPD registreras. När all materialdata har registrerats i verktyget kan en klimatdeklaration genereras fram. Studien visar att byggnaden utförd i trästomme har en klimatpåverkan med ett utsläpp av 108 kg koldioxidekvivalenter per kvadratmeter BTA. Betongstommen genererar ett utsläpp på 153 kg koldioxidekvivalenter per kvadratmeter BTA, alltså 42 procent mer än trästommen. För att jämföra olika materials genererade utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter kan data från materialets EPD användas, samt uppgifter om transportsträckor, spill och energiförbrukning på byggarbetsplatsen, vilket är de parametrar som registreras Byggsektorns miljöberäkningsverktyg för att få ut en klimatdeklaration. / The Swedish government intends to introduce a legal requirement which means that builders in the business community who erect a building where a building permit is required from 1 January 2022 must submit a climate declaration. The climate declaration must state how much emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents the new building generates during the construction phase. This is a step towards reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents generated by the construction sector. The amount of material required for the building's climate screen, load-bearing structures and all interior walls must be included in the climate declaration. In this study, the amount of emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents is compared between a wooden frame and a concrete frame with climate-improved concrete. A specific building has been dimensioned in wood and in concrete, where the quantities of the various materials have been registered in the tool Byggsektorns miljöberäknings-verktyg, which is provided by IVL. The tool contains generic data on various materials' emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, alternatively product_specific data from an EPD can be registered. When all material data has been registered in the tool, a climate declaration can be generated. The study shows that the building made of wooden frames has a climate impact with an emission of 108 kg carbon dioxide equivalents per square meter BTA. The concrete frame generates an emission of 153 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents per square meter of BTA, which is 42 percent more than the wooden frame. To compare different materials' generated emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, data from the material's EPD can be used, as well as data on transport distances, waste and energy consumption at the construction site, which are the parameters registered in the Byggsektorns miljöberäkningsverktyg to obtain a climate declaration. / <p>Betyg 2021-07-15</p>

Traditionell betong används i majoriteten av broar som byggmaterial. Om byggnadsmaterialet skulle kunna ersättas av en betong med mindre miljöpåverkan, kan stora delar av miljöpåverkan minskas. I denna avhandling, ska NCC:s samverkansbro utredas, där tre olika betongtyper ska testas i dess olika konstruktionsdelar. Samverkansbron kommer att jämföras i tre olika scenarier av byggmaterial: traditionell betong, traditionell betong innehållande 5 % slagg och injekteringsbetong. Jämförelsen kommer att utföras genom en livscykelanalys (LCA) med hjälp av programvaran GaBi 6.5. Resultatet av modelleringen i GaBi presenteras på samma sätt som i en miljövarudeklaration (EPD). I presentationen av resultatet kommer diagram och tabeller visualisera de resultat som erhållits i livscykelanalysen. Det erhållna resultatet visar att vid jämförelse av de tre scenarierna ger injekteringsbetong en mindre klimatpåverkan i majoritet av resultaten. / Traditional concrete is used in the majority of bridges as a building material. If the building material could be replaced by a concrete with less environmental impact, large parts of the environmental impact could be reduced. In this dissertation, NCC Composite Bridge is to be investigated, where three different concrete types are to be tested in its various design elements. The composite bridge will be compared in three scenarios: traditional concrete, traditional concrete with slag as part of binder and prepact concrete. The comparison will be carried out by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using the software GaBi. The outcome will be in form of an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) table. (NCC has implemented the EPD system into the company with the ambition to easier and more thorough provide a legit evaluation of the environmental impact.) In the presentation of the result, diagrams and tables visualizes the results obtained in the EPD. The result obtained has shown that comparing the three scenarios; prepact concrete provides a less environmental impact and if replacing traditional concrete with prepact, savings of the environment can be made.