El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Drug counterfeiting or adulteration is a worldwide concern due to the serious consequences they generate, especially in the health and economic sectors. This concern is greater in Peru, as it is among the top five countries with drug counterfeiting incidents in the Americas, according to a study carried out in 2018 by the Pan American Health Organization. In this paper, we present our project, which aims at implementing a technological solution that provides reliable information on the origin and authenticity of these products in Peru to the drug consumer user, preserving the security and integrity of the exposed information using Blockchain technology. Likewise, it allows showing detailed drug characteristics, such as: composition, pharmaceutical form, active ingredients, among other relevant information. The technological solution, proposed by our project, aims at publishing the commercial origin of drugs from their sale in laboratories and distributors to the sale to the public in pharmacies. In the development of this paper, a bibliographic review of research on the use of blockchain technology is presented, as well as its benefits in the health sector, the architecture used by the system and the conceptual commercialization chain that supports it, and the qualitative and quantitative validation for the drug query service is shown. / Revisión por pares

No / Research studies report that there are a growing number of falsified educational certificates being produced by dishonest job seekers and higher education applicants across the world. Technological development in the image-processing domain makes editing the document so simple that any individual can perform this kind of forgery without having high-level skills in image editing. Most national governments have put in place stringent policies and procedures to verify and authenticate academic documents. However, due to the amount of human intervention in the process, the efficiency of such measures is debatable. Such systems leave open the possibility that unethical insiders may engage in forgery. In addition, the process of document verification and authentication consumes substantial amounts of time and money. Existing systems of document attestation do not provide a simple and instant way of verifying the authenticity of certificates from transcript level onward. In response to the above issues, this project proposes a prototype model for digitally managing and attesting the academic records using permissioned blockchain technology. By this method, the block-chaining of a student record begins from the time of admission to the Higher Education Institute (HEI) and continues to record the academic progress until graduation, having the graduation details stored as the last block in the chain. The whole blockchain of the student record will remain in the system with the participants enabling any indirect stakeholder to verify the details instantly based on the hash code or QR code. Additional privileges will be provided for direct stakeholders such as (here in Oman) the Ministry of Manpower and the Ministry of Higher Education to access further details of the certificate-holder. The system includes the student as a stakeholder and also as a participant to ensure transparency for her/his academic records.

The implementation of internet of things is plagued by problems such as security and scalability. It is a very heterogeneous environment and overcoming these hurdles is therefore not an easy feat. A concept of using the decentralized and secure nature of the blockchain technology to combat these problems have been identified. However the stark contrast of blockchain technology being resource hungry and internet of things devices being resource depraved is among other things a new hurdle that is introduced. This systematic literature study aimed to identify problems that a rose when trying to merge these technologies while focusing on the authentication aspect.Smart contracts play a huge role in making most of the identified solutions at least feasible to implement on a larger scale. While most systems have solved the authentication problem the major problems of the blockchain adaptation for internet of things remains unsolved. Three solutions were identified that really try to combat these problems by changing the blockchain technology at its core while the rest feel like they are trying to do the best with what is available and falls short in some major way.

Blockchain was first described in 1991 by Stuart Haber and Scott Stornetta as a methodology to timestamp documents and became popular with the introduction of cryptocurrency in 2008. A blockchain can be both public and private and is often described as a special ledger (like a spreadsheet) with five distinctive features. (1) It is distributed, with no central database that if a copy is corrupted others can replace it. Although each participating member on the blockchain has access to the database, there is no single controller of the information. Every member can verify transactions directly without involving intermediaries. (2) Transactions are peer to peer. There is no central node for transactions. Each peer stores and forwards transactions to all other peers. (3) It is transparent, with all transactions visible in the blockchain. Members are given access to the blockchain and all nodes of the transaction. (4) It is immutable. Once a transaction is created in the chain and the accounts are updated, it cannot be altered. (5) It is based in cryptography, the connection of the blocks is cryptographically secured, and the last line of the block is added as the first line in the next block. Each block is connected to the preceding chain making the record chronological and permanent. Furthermore, the blockchain can be programmed to include rules that activate transactions between nodes. Blockchain technology expedites and solves many business challenges. For example, blockchain technology can be used for payment processing, fraud detection, supply chain management, and verification of ownership. Blockchain technology continues to gain recognition by consumers and companies promising to disrupt existing centralized establishments while improving transparency and increasing accountability. This special session has several objectives. First, we will discuss blockchain technology and how it functions. Second, we will introduce cases of how industries are using this technology. Finally, we will propose a research framework that corresponds with four distinct exchange relationships: consumer-to-consumer, firm-to-firm, firm-to-consumer, and consumer-to-firm.

A great challenge for democracy is to account for the conflict between the ideal of self-governance and the capacity of the average person to participate in democratic decision-making. This challenge has led some observers to question the defensibility of democracy and consider other systems of social organization. I argue instead that the problem can be solved with a technologically enhanced version of Thomas Christiano’s choice of aims model of democracy. I begin by setting up the voter competency problem: I describe the ideals of democracy and the role that is ascribed to citizens under traditional accounts of democracy, then proceed to a discussion of the empirical evidence that shows how unlikely it is that voters could ever adequately perform such a role. While I consider a number of alternative democratic models which attempt to reconstruct the role of citizens in a way that is consistent with their capacities and with the democratic ideal of self-governance, I find that the choice of aims model strikes this balance in a way that is most tenable. Despite this, I argue that changes to the way information is distributed in modern democracies, to do with the rise of the internet, pose a serious threat to the viability of even this model, as it is becoming increasingly difficult for voters to ascertain reliable information. The second half of the thesis offers support to Christiano’s model in the form of technologically enhanced institutions. Chapter 3 provides a basic understanding of an emerging technology called distributed ledger technology, which offers a new paradigm for how information is stored, controlled, and distributed around society. The final chapter demonstrates how this technology can be used to strengthen democratic institutions so that citizens are able to truly be said to self-govern in a way that is consistent with their capacities. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Adopting new technologies is a relatively slow process in the construction industry due to the nature of activities involved in construction projects. However, with the current evolution in Information Technology (IT) and other computing technologies it is essential to incorporate them into the construction world to enhance and upgrade some critical activities to yield higher accuracy and productivity. The current literature provides a good overview of the construction industry's modern technology. Still, it lacks specific details about the factors that contribute the most in the two pre-construction processes, i.e., cost estimation and contracts. Therefore, this dissertation expands the current literature and provides a more detailed analysis of each factor affecting the pre-construction planning process. It investigates incorporating modern innovative technology in two of the most critical aspects of the pre-construction processes, i.e., cost estimation and construction contracts. Currently, both aspects are mostly done using traditional manual or 2D (two-dimensional) approaches; however, this dissertation aims to integrate automated or 3D (three-dimensional) processes to ensure accuracy, enhance efficient stakeholders’ collaboration, upgrade the details, and reduce conflicts among project participants. This dissertation further identifies the factors in each pre-construction process to investigate how the contributing factors can be enhanced using innovative technology. For the cost estimation, the Building Information Modeling (BIM) 3D quantity takeoff (QTO) method has been introduced and compared with the manual or 2D process. Subsequently, smart contracts using blockchain technology (BCT) have been introduced for construction contracts to automate the current manual agreement process. A BCT?SmContract model has been developed, which utilizes blockchain to define contractual obligations among stakeholders without centralized administrative authority. A comparison between manual and automated contracts was drawn to identify the significant differences. In addition, for both the pre-construction processes, i.e., cost estimation and construction contracts, case studies have been performed using construction projects to ensure the validity and reliability of the new techniques. The findings indicated that incorporating innovative technology in the pre-construction processes achieved significant benefits regarding accuracy, efficiency, collaboration, and reducing conflicts. This dissertation has contributed to upgrading the traditional methods by developing an automated system to enhance operations and achieve higher productivity.

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The thesis begins by describing the current problems in the fragmented world of music copyrights indicating musicians are not being paid accurately due to lack of transparency in the calculation of royalties and this lead to legal battle. Later we investigate how blockchain technology can alleviate much of the difficulties associated with this complexity. We further explore the legislative and institutional support for the technology necessary for a successful implementation, in form of legislations and governmental projects. We find out that numerous authorities have started voting favourable legislations and recognizing the technology as a valid public ledger. Eventually, we confirm our findings by analysing existing laws.

Financial interactions on the capital market involve a wide variety of actors and processes. The requirement of security and privacy results to a large extent in non-shared and unintegrated databases among the different parties, leading to complex, time consuming and costly procedures. The last decade's introduction of innovative blockchain technologies such as Bitcoin, has brought attention to the possibilities of decentralized peer-to-peer networking in general, and its potential influence in the financial sector in particular. This master thesis investigates the possibilities for the capital market to adapt such a system from a technical point of view, with main focus on scalability. The analysis covers crucial aspects such as a peer-to-peer application's ability to handle large transaction volumes while maintaining security. The degree project also includes continued work on Visigon's blockchain application prototype with main focus on the network communication, as well as simulations of its performance capability. Results from the simulations showed that the transaction throughput capacity is limited to the time of broadcasting the transaction to the network, and thus decreasing linearly with increasing network size. The required time for handling other parts in the process appears constant and takes up a small fraction of the total time, therefore future work lays in further optimization of the communication protocol.

Purpose - The purpose of this master thesis is to explore if and how blockchain technology can improve textile and apparel recycling processes. It further aims to investigate which institutional and infrastructural preconditions have to be met for it to do so. This research seeks to extend the understanding of the technology’s potential and to derive theoretical and managerial implications. Design/ Methodology/ Approach - The study applies a qualitative, explorative research approach, following a deductive research strategy. Thereby, a theoretical framework was derived based on the results of a literature review. Primary data was collected using the method of semi-structured expert interviews and analysed using the method Thematic Analysis. The sample contained experts from different entities of the textile and apparel recycling industry, namely textile waste collectors, textile waste sorters, textile-to-textile recyclers, manufacturers, recycling experts and digital service-providers. Findings - The results show that blockchain technology in fact holds the potential to improve industry processes through its ability to verify data and assign value. However, the findings suggest that the main challenges of the textile and apparel recycling industry are grounded in its institutional complexity. Therefore, the lack of sufficient infrastructure, information exchange and value creation inhibit the industry from using blockchain technology to its full potential. Implications - To overcome this, it is advised that the individual industry players must collaborate to fulfil the essential institutional and infrastructural requirements. This means creating an inter-organisational network that relies on the exchange of recycling-relevant information, uniform data structures and unified norms and practices. Originality/ Value - Scientific research lacks a coherent understanding of the relation between blockchain technology and textile and apparel recycling. This research bridges this gap by illustrating the industry’s challenges and exploring blockchains potential to address them, while laying out the institutional and infrastructural preconditions for blockchain to contribute to an improved textile and apparel recycling.