In Rwanda, graves containing the bodies of those killed during conflict and the 1994 genocide hold great significance both for the Rwandan state and for individuals caught up in the violent conflicts that have troubled the country over the last century. The ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) has initiated a national exhumation program, unearthing thousands of genocide victims. The exhumations are undertaken by genocide survivors and local community members who unearth the bodies, disarticulate the corpses, wash and layout the bones for re-internment together. The destruction of graves and/or the reconstruction of memorials takes place alongside this process, a transformation into collective spaces of genocide ‘remembrance’. My thesis interrogates these processes and considers a conundrum: in as much as these are revealing acts, making visible the horrors of a violent death, that also conceal and complicate. Understanding the multiple intentions behind this work requires a delicate unpacking of the everyday presence of uncertainty within Rwanda post-genocide and a careful consideration of the properties of materials through which troubling memories are made visible. These are inherently risky projects and thinking through the transformations that are enacted upon the recovered items invites fresh review of the potential for material remains of the dead to evoke destabilizing pasts or assist in the imagining of the future at a salient moment for Rwanda.

No description available.

The composition of meteorites and the surface of asteroids suggest that planetesimals of the early solar system have undergone partial melting and differentiation. The sepa- ration of the denser metal (Fe-FeS alloy) from the lighter silicate is the most important differentiation process. The melting is mainly induced by the heat produced through the decay of 26Al and 60Fe. The distribution of these heat sources inside the celestial body is not uniform. In fact, 26Al is a lithophile element following the migration of the silicate and 60Fe is a siderophile element following the metal. In modeling the differen- tiation of small bodies it is fundamental to include at least two fluid phases in addition to the solid matrix. This study presents a first time three-phase mixture model for the metal-silicate segregation in a compacting body. The theoretical model is developed fol- lowing the classical averaging approach. The governing equations are then implemented in a numerical model in 1-D spherical geometry. In presence of two fluids, these can exchange their position within the porous matrix even in absence of compaction. They also act a mutual viscous drag force, which results in small fractions of metal to ascend with the lighter silicate, and viceversa. / <p>Validerat; 20151008 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

It is shown in this thesis that fluid dynamic forces on unsteadily moving bluff bodies depend on the history of motion as much as on the velocity and acceleration of motion. An empirical relationship between the motion of the body and the resulting force is obtained by analysing the effect of the history of motion on the fluid dynamic force at any instant. The fluid dynamic force, velocity and acceleration are obtained as functions of time, by oscillating test models in water while they are being towed at constant speed. The test models used are: 1. a two-dimensional circular cylinder, 2. a rectangular block with square frontal area and fineness ratio of 3:1, 3. a cruciform parachute canopy with arm ratio of 4:1, and 4. a ring-slot parachute canopy. The functions by which the history of flow affects the future forces, are evaluated by using the Convolution Integral. The results show that the effects due to history of both velocity and acceleration are by no means negligible, that is the velocity and the acceleration at a specific time prior to any instant is so domineering that the fluid dynamic force can approximately be expressed as being delayed by this period of time. This 'time-delay', or time lag (as opposed to phase-lag) in the part of the measured force is found to be independent of the frequency of excitation. In the light of this evidence, a prediction model is suggested for estimating unsteady fluid forces. The data required for the application of this prediction model are obtained experimentally. Chapter One of this thesis gives a brief explanation of the historical background of unsteady fluid dynamics. The effects of acceleration on the fluid dynamic force, in both ideal and real fluids, are discussed in Chapter Two. Explained in Chapter Three are the techniques used for building the force prediction model, and data acquisition. The experimental procedure is explained in Chapter Four. Chapter Five gives the empirical form of the prediction model, and some data that are used in association with this model.

Orientador: Emilio Carlos Elias Baracat / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T01:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fraga_AndreadeMeloAlexandre_M.pdf: 2944008 bytes, checksum: 7cae7c945b29860aec49fb63648bedd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A aspiração de corpo estranho (ACE), no trato respiratório, é uma situação potencialmente fatal na faixa etária pediátrica. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar as manifestações clínicas, achados broncoscópicos e identificar fatores determinantes de complicações na evolução de crianças com idade menor que 14 anos que aspiraram corpo estranho (CE). Foi realizado estudo descritivo e retrospectivo de 69 crianças com CE removido via broncoscopia no período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2005 na Unidade de Emergência Pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP. Para comparação de proporções foi utilizado o teste de Qui-quadrado quando necessário e o valor p<0,05 foi considerado como significativo. A faixa etária variou de oito meses a 12 anos e 75,4% dos pacientes tinham idade menor que três anos. Quarenta e três crianças (62,3%) eram do sexo masculino. A principal queixa foi tosse de início súbito (75,4%) e 40,6% dos pacientes foram admitidas no hospital nas primeiras 48 horas de ocorrência do evento. Insuficiência respiratória aguda foi observado em 29 pacientes (42%). A avaliação radiográfica mostrou alteração em 88,1% dos exames e atelectasia foi o achado mais freqüente (38,8%). O CE estava localizado predominantemente na árvore brônquica direita (55%) e era de origem vegetal em 40,6% dos casos, principalmente feijão e amendoim. A tosse foi um sintoma menos freqüente quando o CE estava localizado na traquéia. Na evolução, 26% dos pacientes apresentaram algum tipo de complicação, principalmente pneumonia e atelectasia (15 casos - 21,7%), sendo estas estatisticamente mais freqüentes em crianças com tempo de aspiração maior que 48 horas. Broncoscopia para remoção do CE foi repetida em cinco casos (7,2%) e todos estes evoluíram com complicações. Ventilação mecânica invasiva foi necessária em sete pacientes (10,1%). Não ocorreu óbito nesta casuística. A história clínica com início súbito de tosse, mesmo sem desconforto respiratório, independente de anormalidade no exame radiográfico, devem ser cuidadosamente considerados no diagnóstico de aspiração de CE e a broncoscopia deve ser indicada. A ocorrência de complicações pulmonares mais graves foi significativamente maior em crianças com longo período de aspiração e quando houve impossibilidade de remoção do CE no primeiro procedimento. A alta prevalência de corpos estranhos de origem vegetal alerta para a necessidade de intensificar programas de prevenção, principalmente dirigidos aos cuidadores de crianças menores de três anos / Abstract: Foreign body (FB) aspiration into the respiratory tract is a potential life-threatening situation in pediatrics. The objective of this study was to analyze clinical manifestations, bronchoscopic findings, as well as to identify important factors with consequent complications in children under 14 years of age with FB aspiration. A descriptive and retrospective review of 69 children who had FB removed via bronchoscopy, from January 2000 to December 2005, was conduced at UER-Ped of HC - UNICAMP. For proportion comparison Chi-square Test was used as needed and p < 0,05 was considered significant. The children ages ranged from 8 months to 12 years and 75.4% were under 3 years old. There were 43 males (62.3%). The main complaint was subtle coughing (75.4%), and 40.6% went to the hospital within the first 48 hours of history. Acute respiratory failure was observed in 29 cases (42%). Radiographic evaluation showed abnormality in 88.1% and atelectasis was the most frequent finding (38.8%). The FB was found mainly in the right bronchial tree (55%) being 40.6% of vegetal origin (especially bean and peanut). Cough was a symptom less common when the FB was in trachea. On follow-up, 26% of the patients presented some sort of complication, mainly pneumonia and atelectasis (15 cases; 21.7%), and these were statistically more frequent in children with time of aspiration longer than 48 hours. Bronchoscopy performed to remove FB was repeated in 5 children (7.2%) and all of them had complications. Mechanical ventilation was needed in 7 patients (10.1%). There were no deaths in this series. Clinical history of sudden coughing, even without respiratory distress, regardless of radiological abnormality, should be carefully considered in the diagnosis of FB aspiration and bronchoscopy should be indicated. Occurrences of severe lung complications were significantly higher in children with longer aspiration time and failure to remove the FB in the first procedure. The high prevalence of vegetal origin FB points out the importance of more prevention programs, aimed mainly at children younger than 3 years old / Mestrado / Pediatria / Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Modern automobiles are painted with basecoat, technology which is either metallic, solid colour or pearlescent. This requires protection from chemicals, scratching, weathering and UV light by applying a protective top coat (clearcoat) over the basecoat. For the clearcoat to cure into a hard protective shell it undergoes an irreversible crosslinking process. This usually takes place over the first four to five hours, depending on the formulation and weather conditions. The speed of crosslinking can be enhanced by temperature. Pot life is important as it can affect the overall quality of the painted surface. If crosslinking occurs too quickly, before the clearcoat is applied onto the surface, the clearcoat cannot be used to produce a good quality finish. The “expired” mixture is thus discarded. If used, the quality of the finished product cannot be guaranteed to last, and the paintwork may have to be redone. This often means removing the underlying paint and primer as well with the clearcoat film. Besides the time lost, the discarded clearcoat mixture often lands in the landfill, polluting ground water and the environment. It is thus important from the point of view of both the environment preservation and waste management, that as much clearcoat as possible is used without being wasted. It was proven in an earlier study (BSc Hon Formulation Science Treatise, 2011) that adding eugenol to a clearcoat mixture after crosslinking had started could reduce its viscosity, which is an indicator of crosslinking progress. Crosslinking subsequently resumed at a lower rate than in traditional blends. If stored away from oxygen and high temperatures, this blend could maintain optimum viscosity indefinitely. In this follow up study an optimum formulation was developed using D - optimal experimental design. It sought to extend the pot life to avoid waste to spray painters while saving the environment from pollution. The formulation that gave the desired viscosity after five hours of pot life was adopted. It was hypothesised that the optimum formulated clearcoat mixture would have a longer pot life than its traditional counterparts, and that it would perform just as well as the traditional clearcoat mixtures. To study the rate of crosslinking (disappearance of functional groups and appearance of the urethane bond), FTIR spectrometry was performed on a mixture produced from the optimized formula in comparison to that of a traditional mixture (the control). The rate of disappearance of functional groups was found to be lower in the eugenol mixture than in the control mixture. After six hours, eugenol was added into the control mixture, and this seemed to reduce the viscosity with the re-emergence of functional groups in the mixture. After 24 hours of crosslinking, an FTIR scan was done on the solid sample and this revealed that the eugenol mixture had crosslinked fully, with no detectable functional groups in the sample.

Doctor Educationis / This study is based on an investigation into the way RCL members participate in the deliberation of their School Governing Bodies. The study was conducted in two primary schools in the Western Cape town of Vredenburg. The research participants were members of the Representative Council of Learners from these schools. Focus group discussions as well as in depth interviews were used to explore the RCL members' views on the nature of their participation during SGB deliberations. the main fining of this study is that, due to external as well as in-school factors, a huge gap exists between normative RCL policy exp[ectations and the actual manifestation policy in the real world of the RCL members' schools. the findings of the study reveal a lack of participative capacities among these RCL members, which, in combination with a non participative culture at their homes, the community and the school, leads to learners being excluded from democratic processes. / South Africa

No description available.

Les corps nucléaires PML (CNs) sont des structures sphériques organisées par la protéine PML où, de nombreuses protéines impliquées dans divers processus biologiques tels que la sénescence, la mort cellulaire ou la défense virale, y sont recrutées. Ces protéines ont été identifiées individuellement dans des études spécifiques mais aucune étude n’avait permis la purification des CNs et l’établissement de liste des partenaires de PML de façon systématique. La protéine PML est sensible à l’oxydation et le stress oxydant promeut son assemblage en CNs permettant le recrutement de l’enzyme E2 clé de la conjugaison, UBC9. Les interférons (IFNs), cytokines aux propriétés antivirales induisent l’expression de PML. L’arsenic et les IFNs augmentent l’assemblage des CNs.Dans cette étude nous avons exploré, in vivo, le rôle de PML dans la sumoylation en réponse au stress en utilisant deux modèles de souris et un modèle cellulaire, les cellules souches embryonnaires de souris (mESC), exprimant des versions taguées de SUMO1 ou SUMO2. Nous avons montré que PML augmente rapidement la sumoylation dans les foies de souris KI His6-HA-SUMO1 en réponse aux traitements arsenic/IFN. De façon similaire, dans la leucémie aiguë promyélocytaire (LAP), où les CNs sont désorganisés, l’arsenic promeut la reformation des CNs et la conjugaison par SUMO. L’analyse par spectrométrie de masse quantitative des conjugués His10-SUMO2 a permis de mettre en évidence une liste de protéines sumoylées en réponse au traitement thérapeutique à l’arsenic. Parmi ces protéines, TRIM28/KAP1 et d’autres protéines appartenant au même complexe régulant la chromatine ont été identifiées. TRIM28, qui joue un rôle clé dans la répression des rétrovirus endogènes (ERV) dans les mESC, est sumoylée de façon dépendante de PML dans ces cellules. Les CNs régulent également l’ubiquitinylation et la dégradation dépendante du protéasome, de certaines de ces protéines. Enfin, nous avons montré que les CNs favorisent la formation de chaînes SUMO2/3, expliquant le rôle des CNs dans la dégradation des protéines. Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence que les CNs sont des compartiments nucléaires qui contrôlent la conjugaison de diverses protéines dans des conditions physiologiques de stress cellulaire, montrant pour la première fois leur activité de contrôle de MPT in vivo. / PML drives assembly of PMLNuclear Bodies (NBs) where it recruits hundreds of serendipitously-identified proteins, among which the key UBC9 E2-sumoylation enzyme. Interferons (through transcriptional PML induction) and arsenic or oxidative stress (through PML aggregation) dramatically enhance NB assembly. Here we directly investigated any role for PML in stress-responsive sumoylation in vivo. We demonstrate that PML very rapidly promotes arsenic/interferon-responsive sumoylation in mouse liver or mouse embryonic stem cells. Similarly, in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL), where PML NBs are disorganized in the basal state, arsenic therapy promoted NB-reformation and broad SUMO-conjugation. Label free quantitative proteomic analysis of His10-SUMO2-conjugates revealed a comprehensive list of therapy-responsive sumoylated proteins, among which TRIM28 and other proteins belonging to the same epigenetic complex. PML NBs-regulated sumoylation also drives ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of some targets. Finally, by expressing conjugation-resistant SUMO2, we demonstrate that PML NBs promotes processive SUMO2/3 chain elongation, thus explaining PML role in partner degradation. Collectively, our findings highlight the key activity of NBs in stress-regulated sumoylation/degradation in vivo.

I use Heidegger’s Being and Time to understand and critique racial discourse, but to also determine Heidegger’s reach into issues like racial identity. I start by examining how his introductory statements in Being and Time on the term “existentiell” suggest a path towards a conception of identity. I then go into how a racial identity could, through his terminology, be conceived as what I call a “fear existentiell.” I demonstrate how society assists the individual in maintaining a racialized existence that is embedded in fear. I move toward an examination of Heidegger’s three concepts of death to demonstrate how two of these death concepts (verenden and ableben) are often attached to a racial identity through racial discourse. I move into a discussion that relies on W.E.B. Du Bois’s conception of the black American as a problem for America and, using his seminal question, “How does it feel to be a problem?” I show that the individual’s existence, as discussed in Heidegger, becomes a problem for itself through the racial discourse about its identity. I call this “Being-a-problem.” At first, I discuss it as inauthentic, as it is driven by social fear and generalized discussions about racial identity; however, I later demonstrate how it can move from inauthentic Being-a-problem to authentic Being-a-problem. I end with an analysis of racial discourse, showing that it exemplifies what I call, “race reports,” which are comprised of reports about the individual’s racial identity that conceal a person’s potential for authenticity.