学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2860号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1420 ; 整理番号: 25545 / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13389号 / 工博第2860号 / 新制||工||1420(附属図書館) / 25545 / UT51-2007-Q790 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 青木 一生, 教授 稲室 隆二, 教授 斧 髙一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Após a excitação de uma amostra semicondutora por um pulso ultracurto, os fotoporadores interagem com a rede excitando modos longitudinais ópticos. Essa interação provoca variações no índice de refração do material, produzindo modulações na resposta óptica do meio (efeito eletro-óptico). Por outro lado, esta dinâmica origina polarizações dependentes do tempo o que gera emissão de radiação terahertz. Experimentos recentes (pump-probe) observaram modulações do campo através de medidas da refletividade resolvidas no tempo. A refletividade e o campo estão relacionados segundo o efeito eletro-óptico. Também se resolve temporalmente o campo irradiado pela amostra, através de antenas que operam na faixa de terahertz. Tanto as medidas eletro-ópticas quanto de emissão terahertz fornecem informações sobre a interação dinâmica do plasma com a rede após a excitação óptica. Nesse trabalho simulamos a interação dinâmica de plasma e fônons em n-GaAs e Telúrio (\"bulk\") após estes serem excitados por um pulso ultracurto. Utilizamos equações hidrodinâmicas para descrever transporte de cargas e uma equação fenomenológica de oscilador harmônico forçado, para descrever oscilações longitudinais ópticas da rede. Complementando nossa descrição temos a equação de Poisson, com a qual calculamos o campo gerado pelo plasma e pela polarização da rede semicondutora. Essas equações constituem um sistema de seis equações diferencias (quatro parciais) acopladas. Para resolvê-las utilizamos o método das diferenças finitas. Do cálculo numérico obtemos a evolução temporal do campo elétrico no interior do material. Com esse campo determinamos as freqüências de oscilação do sistema e calculamos o campo irradiado. Nossos resultados apresentam acordo qualitativo com os experimentos / Above-band-gap optical excitation of semiconductors generates highly non-equilibrium photocarriers which interact with phonons thus exciting vibrational modes in the system. This interaction induces refractive-index changes via the electro-optic effect. Moreover it gives rise to electromagnetic radiation at characteristic frequencies (terahertz). Both effects have been measured by time-resolved ultra fast spectroscopy. Recent pump-probe experiments have found strong modulations of the internal electric field through electro-optic measurements. The emitted electromagnetic radiation has also been detected by a terahertz dipole antenna. Both electro-optic and terahertz emission measurements provide information about the coupled dynamics of photocarriers and phonons. In this work we simulate the dynamics of plasmon-phonon coupled modes in n-GaAs and Tellurium (bulk) following ultrafast laser excitation. The time evolution of the photocarrier densities and currents is described semi classically in terms of the moments of the Boltzmann equation. Phonon effects are accounted for by considering a phenomenological driven-harmonic-oscillator equation, which is coupled to the electron-hole plasma via Poisson\'s equation. These equations constitute a coupled set of differential equations. We use finite differencing to solve these equations. From the numerical results for the evolution of internal fields we can calculate both the characteristic frequencies of system and its terahertz radiation spectrum. Our results are consistent with recent experimental data

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / No presente trabalho foi realizada uma análise de dois padrões de aço inoxidável ferrítico submetidos à ação de lasers pulsados, um no regime de nanosegundos e outro no regime de femtosegundos. Foram determinadas as temperaturas e densidades do plasma formado a partir da análise espectroscópica da radiação emitida em diferentes faixas espectrais, por diferentes espécies e em diferentes janelas de integração no tempo. As temperaturas foram obtidas de duas formas, pelo método do gráfico de Boltzmann e pela razão entre duas linhas. Os resultados foram comparados com o intuito de verificar se o método da razão conseguia recuperar os resultados obtidos pela abordagem do gráfico de Boltzmann. Foi observada uma grande concordância entre os dois métodos no regime de femtosegundos, ao passo que no regime de nanosegundos a recuperação das temperaturas não foi tão satisfatória. A densidade eletrônica do plasma foi determinada a partir do alargamento Stark e verificou-se que o plasma gerado pelo laser de nanosegundos era mais denso que aquele gerado no regime de femtosegundos. As densidades determinadas sob diferentes janelas de integração do sinal no tempo foram também comparadas sendo que aquelas relativas aos estágios iniciais do plasma eram maiores que aquelas de estágios finais. Com a obtenção das temperaturas e das densidades foi possível caracterizar totalmente o plasma e compará-lo com outros plasmas naturais e artificiais. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides unprecedented details about the history of our universe and helps to establish the standard model in modern cosmology. With the ongoing and future CMB observations, higher precision can be achieved and novel windows will be opened for studying different phenomena. Non-Gaussianity is one of the most exciting effects which fascinate many cosmologists. While numerous alternative inflationary models predict detectable primordial non-Gaussianities generated during inflation, the single-field slow-roll inflation of the standard model is known to produce negligible non-Gaussianities. However, post-inflationary processes guarantee the generation of non-Gaussianities through the nonlinear evolution of our universe after inflation, regardless of the underlying inflationary theory. These non-Gaussianities not only may contaminate the potential primordial non-Gaussian signals, but also may offer independent tests for late-time physics (such as General Relativity). Therefore, it is of great interest to study them quantitatively. In this thesis, we will study the post-inflationary non-Gaussianities in two main aspects. First, we calculate the CMB bispectrum imprinted by the 2nd-order perturbations during recombination. We carry out a numerical calculation including all the dominant effects at recombination and separate them consistently from the late-time effects. We find that the recombination bispectrum is subdominant compared to the ISW-lensing bispectrum. Although the effect will not be detectable for the Planck mission, its signal-to-noise is large enough that they present themselves as systematics. Thus, it has to be taken into account in future experiments. Second, we formulate the lensing, redshift and time-delay effects through the Boltzmann equation. The new formalism allows us to explicitly list out all the approximations implied in the canonical remapping approach. In particular, we quantify the correction of the CMB temperature power spectrum from the lens-lens couplings and confirm that the correction is small.

Ce manuscrit présente des résultats d’analyse mathématique autour de deux exemples de problèmes singuliers d’équations aux dérivées partielles issus de la modélisation. I. Diffusion croisée en dynamique des populations. En dynamique des populations, les systèmes de réaction –diffusion croisée modélisent l’évolution de populations d’espèces en compétition avec un effet répulsif entre les individus. Pour ces systèmes fortement couplés, souvent non linéaires, une question aussi fondamentale que l’existence de solutions se révèle extrêmement complexe. Dans ce manuscrit, on introduit une approche basée sur des extensions récentes de lemmes de dualité et sur des méthodes d’entropie. On démontre l’existence de solutions faibles dans un cadre général de systèmes de réaction-diffusion croisée, ainsi que certaines propriétés qualitatives des solutions. II. Équation de Boltzmann en domaine borné. L’équation de Boltzmann, introduite en 1872, modélise la dynamique des gaz raréfiés hors équilibre. Malgré les nombreux résultats autour de la question de l’existence de solutions fortes proches de l’équilibre, très peu concernent le cas d’un domaine borné, situation pourtant fréquente dans les applications. Une raison de la difficulté du problème est l’irruption des singularités le long des trajectoires rasant le bord du domaine. Dans ce manuscrit, on présente une théorie de la régulation de l’équation de Boltzmann en domaine borné. Grâce à l’introduction d’une distance cinétique qui compense les singularités au bord, on montre des résultats de propagation de normes de Sobolev et de propagation C^1 en domaine convexe. En domaine non convexe, on montre un résultat de propagation de régularité BV. / This manuscript presents results of mathematical analysis concerning two singular problems of partial differential equations coming from the modeling. I. Cross-diffusion in Population dynamics. In Population dynamics, reaction-cross diffusion systems model the evolution of the populations of competing species with a repulsive effect between individuals. For these strongly coupled, often non linear systems, a question as basic as the existence of solutions appears to be extremely complex. In this manuscript, we introduce an approach based on the most recent extensions of duality lemmas and on entropy methods. We prove the existence of weak solutions in a general setting of reaction-cross diffusion systems, as well as some qualitative properties of the solutions. II. Boltzmann equation in bounded domains The Boltzmann equation, introduced in 1872, model the evolution of a rarefied gas out of equilibrium. Despite the numerous results concerning the existence of strong solutions close to equilibrium, very few concern the case of bounded domain, though this situation is very useful in applications. A crucial reason of the difficulty of this problem is the formation of a singularity on the trajectories grazing the boundary. In this manuscript, we present a theory of the regularity of the Boltzmann equation in bounded domains. Thanks to the introduction of a kinetic distance which balances the singularity, we obtain results of propagation of Sobolev norms and C^1 propagation in convex domains. In non convex domains, we obtain the propagation of BV regularity.