This study is about how two different indigenous groups in two different places of the enormous border area of the Amazon forest in Brazil (approximately 12,000 km) have been resisting displacement and appropriation, prejudice and pre-conceptualizations, ever since Brazil became Brazil and even before. The ability of these groups to resist, entangled to their capacity to endure in face of the colonization of their ways of living, enacted them to becoming political (Viveiros de Castro 1998; Isin 2002; Starn, de la Cadena 2008; Blaser 2010; de la Cadena 2010) in distinct forms depending on the geographies of relationships, land use and various forms of mobility through border areas they have been living in and within. In looking at these “resistances” and “endurances” at different places, I argue that the fact that a group of Ashaninka people became political by moving to and throughout the border between Brazil and Peru and the many reinventions Macuxi and Wapishana people in the present day Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Territory went through for becoming Indigenous peoples at the Brazilian borders with Guyana and Venezuela have corroborated the role of their “existences” in delineating and re-inventing geographical borders by managing the meanings and effects of these very borders on their lives as integral (and integrated) part of the forest. In a general way, it can be said that borders in Brazil came hand in hand with the appearance of the terminology “Indians” in this country, which prompted me to ask what politics emerged out of it. In a particular manner, by looking at how this politics was practiced through the articulation of the indigenous groups mentioned above allowed me to historicize their own stories about the articulation of their existence or permanence in places that coincided with the space of the border amidst the forest. As I begin this dissertation, I will show that the creation of such space meant no coincidence for governments and their legislative instruments, which equalized the space of the border with territories necessary for the expansion of economic frontiers since the 18th century. Also, and most importantly, it will be discussed that these spaces coincided with the spaces where some indigenous groups were living and moving through on a constant basis making the forest what it was but, especially, considering it the integrative space of their worlds of living and articulating relationships. The politics emerging out of the negotiation of this last world - beyond borders - with the world created and limited by the national borders, as according to the actual and contemporary political practices of the abovementioned indigenous groups, is an important part of this study. This politics will be contextualized vis-à-vis the politicization of the Amazon rainforest as a territory of dispute and a region of political possibilities (Escobar 2008) based on life projects (Blaser et al 2004) as opposed to governmental projects. Ultimately, this dissertation is an exercise in understanding how some indigenous groups kept on resisting by living in spaces constantly changed by the advances of economic frontiers that intersected with the production of borders and with the changing policies toward managing the landscapes cut across by these same borders. Opposing the idea of borders as the productive site of affirmation by negation, for the indigenous groups I engaged with in this dissertation borders are an integrated place of relationships to human beings, to other beings and to the forest within them; in other words, a landscape in constant change because of peoples’ action. The mobility of some indigenous groups throughout the forest and their contribution to design landscapes on it as related to a cosmology not centered in the human [although relying on a particular conceptualization of the human] brought to the fore of this research the aspect that there are inter-relations between nature, culture and society that do not correspond to distinctive, visible and hierarchical separation, let alone to the limits of an Indigenous Territory. In this sense, approaching different borders to understanding different indigenous standpoints on them means also approaching new worlds of knowing and living to which all sorts of borders are also imposed, including within the very Indigenous Territory. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

State borders are often viewed as something faraway that demarcate a country’s frontier; however, whenever a teacher, nurse, social worker, or frontline city worker requires proof of citizenship to access services, they undertake the work of border guards. In Canada and abroad, Sanctuary City policies range from local governments issuing ID cards, schools clandestinely enrolling undocumented students, and domestic abuse shelters refusing entry to the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) conducting raids on their property. This activism and policymaking exemplify a case where municipal policy propels social change and analysis of how urban spatial politics interact with state borders that impede migrants’ access to outreach services. I apply an International Political Sociological (IPS) methodological framework to critically deconstruct academic and public narratives that emphasize the urban and religious character of Sanctuary Cities. Using IPS, I combine political theory that calls for abolishing state borders, critical cartography, and a political theology to deconstruct the foundational texts and mapping methods of critical -border, -citizenship, and -migration studies that research Sanctuary Cities. I argue that these subfields reproduce a narrative that cities, economic globalization, and religious movements are in-of-themselves antithetical to state borders. I challenge this narrative by conceptualizing a seeing like a zone approach to visualize the border in terms of deportation routes, inter-police networks, and how the Immigration Refugee Board (IRB) enacts self-deportations. Using Geographic Information System (GIS), I create six maps depicting CBSA, IRB, and local policing immigration infrastructure used in Ontario for the deportation, imprisonment, trials, and investigation of migrants. These maps and my seeing like a zone approach demonstrate that current Social Scientific literature overlook how Sanctuary Cities are ultimately compatible with state borders. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Sanctuary City movements involve community activists and stakeholders lobbying municipalities to deliver city services like schooling, local health clinics, or domestic abuse shelters, regardless of a person’s immigration status. Sanctuary helps people evade deportation in their everyday lives. To what extent do Sanctuary Cities challenge state borders? I challenge the conventional way that social scientists look at Sanctuary Cities. First, despite the religious moniker, Sanctuary Cities are a form of human rights activism which relies on state governments to provide migrants rights. Second, scholars assume Sanctuary Cities challenge borders, however, existing mapping methods do not exist to corroborate such claims. I use mapping software to show the different types of state borders that are enforced in Ontario, the home of Toronto’s Sanctuary City. Finally, I argue that Sanctuary and national borders only exist in specific zones (like in schools, clinics, or public transit) as opposed to entire cities or regions.

Thesis advisor: Kristin E. Heyer / Thesis advisor: Orfilio Ernesto Valiente / Migration is one of the most salient characteristics of our time. It does not constitute a new phenomenon. Mobility is a fundamental dimension of human activity. People have always migrated all over the world. But today, more people are migrating due to the global interconnectedness of the world. Although people leave their homes for multiple reasons, there is agreement on the fact that the search for a better life is the primary cause. Migration is a complex phenomenon that affects not only people who move but also receiving communities. This complexity is translated into the never-ending debates over human rights, national security, and sovereignty. These ongoing discussions prove how border and migration are intertwined. Today it becomes impossible to address the question of migration without considering the relevance of international borders. In a time characterized by numerous flows of people, borders can be perceived differently. While the receiving countries see them as "institutions" for controlling the profile of entrants into their territories, migrants consider them as barriers prevening them from reaching a better quality of life, which is intrinsically tied to human dignity and rights. This shows that borders can have harmful impacts on people's lives. Hence, the question: What is the moral relevance of a border? Should the border be closed when dire situations threaten people's lives? This thesis attempts to address these questions. Its primary purpose is to propose a non-exclusionary understanding of the border that takes human dignity and rights into account. Its claim is that, from an ethical perspective, the border must not be seen as a marker of separation purely and simply but also as a place that connects people. The thesis is organized into three chapters. The first chapter tries to present different perspectives on the border. It highlights the border's moral relevance in terms of nation-states' sovereignty. It also stresses the inhuman consequences of the border in our epoch, marked by globalization and migration. The second chapter brings to the fore some ethical categories, such as the principle of humanity, imago Dei, compassion, solidarity, and hospitality, for addressing the issue of migration. It will present these categories as the criteria for a non-exclusionary definition of the border. It considers the relationship between Christian cosmopolitanism and national boundaries. Calling on Miroslav Volf's distinction between exclusion and embrace, it will propose a non-exclusionary understanding of the border and make a plea for more porous borders that give the possibility for people to embrace others. The last chapter of the paper will argue that this non-exclusionary conception of the border must influence the American immigration policy toward Haitian migrants. Exploring TPS and Title 42, it will highlight the double (positiive and negative) impact of U.S. immigration policy on Haitian rights. This chapter will argue that the United States has a moral responsibility toward Haitian migrants. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

No description available.

Politicians justify border walls by arguing that it would protect the nation from outside threats, such as immigration or terrorism. The literature on border walls has identified xenophobic nationalism's centrality in framing border walls as a security measure. Yet, alternative geographic visions of nationhood in Hungary, Georgia and Israel define the fenced perimeters in these countries as the lines that divide the nation and its territory. These cases illustrate the contradiction between the geography of security, marked by the border wall, and the geography of nationhood, which extends beyond the fenced boundary. These cases allow us to problematize the link between "security" and "nationalism" and their relationship with borders. Therefore, this dissertation is a study of the politics of reconciling distinct geopolitical visions of security and nationhood in the making of border walls. Justification of border walls requires the reframing of the national territory in line with the geography articulated by border security and away from the spatially expanded vision of nationhood. A successful reframing of the nation's geography is a matter of politicians' skills to craft a convincing geopolitical storyline in favor of the border wall that would combine security and nationalist arguments (Hungary). However, even the most skillful rhetoricians will find it hard to create such a discursive story if the hegemonic geography of nationhood has firmly fixed the meaning of the fenced line not as a border but as a dividing line across the nation's geo-body (Georgia). Where such hegemonic geography of nationhood is absent and the society disagrees over the meaning, shape and location of borders and territory, a security discourse in favor of the border wall would sway the public opinion towards that type of territorial conception of nationhood, which overlaps with the promise of protection (Israel). / Doctor of Philosophy / Politicians justify border walls by arguing that it would protect the nation from outside threats, such as immigration or terrorism. This study shows that the new border walls do not necessarily mean the rise of nationalism. Instead, the nationalism associated with border walls has sidelined and replaced other forms of nationalism that aim to keep the border open and expand the state's reach beyond the sovereign boundaries. In Hungary, Georgia and Israel, new border walls serve the purpose of security. Simultaneously, they separate the country from the areas beyond the fenced line but are considered part of the national territory. This study accounts for the political process that aims to reconcile these territorial contradictions between the quest for border security and the nationalist desire to maintain power beyond the border wall. The study has found that such a dual functioning of the borders has been possible in Hungary and Israel. In contrast, in Georgia, the fence remains a deeply negative symbol of the nation's territorial division.

Este estudo objetivou compreender as relações de trabalho do fronteiriço uruguaio na cidade de Sant’Ana do Livramento, RS. A partir de uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa, foram realizadas 35 entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores de diferentes seguimentos: trabalhadores, empregadores, representantes sindicais, órgãos governamentais e outros que foram incorporados por indicação dos próprios atores por possuir algum papel nessas relações. Utilizou-se ainda, como fonte de evidências, da pesquisa documental e da observação simples. Quanto ao nível da análise, optou-se pelo organizacional (FISCHER, 1992). Trabalhadores uruguaios foram entrevistados com o objetivo de indicar as possíveis instituições que acessam, além daquelas já apontadas pela literatura. O tratamento e análise do material empírico e documental foram submetidos à análise temática de conteúdo (GOMES, 2009). A instância do político na análise das relações de trabalho de Fischer (1992) inspirou os objetivos de pesquisa. Destaca-se, ainda, que o lócus de pesquisa e o objeto de estudo agregaram a temática da Integração Regional, ampliando assim, a abordagem interdisciplinar para esse campo de pesquisa. Com relação ao trabalho, a pesquisa possibilitou a identificação e a descrição dos diferentes atores e papéis que desempenham, assim como os aspectos legais que tornam possível o trabalho regulamentado e protegido desse público específico. A análise da instância do político indicou que alguns desses trabalhadores têm sido alvo da exploração do trabalho não regulamentado, especialmente, os que não possuem registros migratórios no país. As condições precárias de trabalho e de vida foram evidenciadas no abandono social, principalmente em casos de enfermidade, acidente de trabalho, desemprego involuntário e velhice. No tocante a Integração: o baixo desenvolvimento social e econômico da região, o desequilíbrio das economias entre as cidades, os entraves comerciais, as diferenças nas legislações dos países, a existência de dispositivos legais que contrariam a lógica da integração, a restrição da cidadania a parcelas da população em vulnerabilidade social e econômica, foram alguns fatores identificados que dificultam o processo. Esta realidade de pesquisa reforça a necessidade de se pensar mais na dimensão social e cidadã da integração e não somente na comercial. Acreditase, ainda, que a caráter interdisciplinar tenha contribuído para compreensão das relações de trabalho neste contexto específico e, por conseguinte, para os respectivos campos de estudos, tanto teórica quanto empiricamente. / The present study aims to understand the labor relations in the Uruguayan border in the city of Sant'Ana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul. It is an exploratory research with qualitative approach, 35 semi-structured interviews with actors from varied segments were carried out: workers, employers, union representatives, government agencies and others that were incorporated by indication of the actors themselves because they had some role in those relations. Documentary research and simple observation were also used as a source of evidence. As for the level of analysis, the organizational approach was chosen (FISCHER, 1992). Uruguayan workers were interviewed aiming to indicate the possible institutions accessible, in addition to those already pointed out in the literature. The treatment and analysis of the empirical and documentary material were submitted to content thematic analysis (GOMES, 2009). The instance of the politics in the analysis of the labor relations of Fischer (1992) inspired the objectives of research. It is also emphasized that the research locus and the object of study added to the theme of Regional Integration, thus, broadening the interdisciplinary approach for this field of research. With regard to labor, the research made it possible to identify and describe the various actors and roles they play, as well as the legal aspects that make possible the regulated and protected labor of this specific public. The analysis of the politics' instance indicated that some of these workers have been the target of exploitation of unregulated labor, especially those who do not have migratory records in the country. The precarious conditions of work and life were evidenced in social abandonment, mainly in cases of illness, work accident, involuntary unemployment and old age. With regard to Integration: the region's low social and economic development, the imbalance of economies between cities, trade barriers, differences in country legislation, the existence of legal provisions that contradict the logic of integration, the restriction of citizenship to plots of the population in social and economic vulnerability, some identified factors that hinder the process. This reality of research reinforces the need to think more about the social and citizenship dimension of integration, and not only about the commercial one. It is also believed that the interdisciplinary character has contributed to the understanding of labor relations in this specific context and, therefore, to the respective fields of study, both theoretically and empirically.

For centuries the Borders were notorious for their lawlessness and were regarded as beyond redemption by those in London and Edinburgh. Undisturbed, the landowners had assumed extensive powers and the population organised themselves into virtually autonomous clans. For James VI and I, however, the Borders symbolised the Union of the Crowns, for 'be the happie union' they were now 'the verie hart of the countrey'. It was thus, intolerable that the Borders should remain in their old state and so from 1603 there was a new drive to. pacify the region. Previous studies have either considered the region from one side of the frontier only, or have stopped at some date within the seventeenth century. It is however, important that the Border counties of England and Scotland be considered as a whole, for although divided by man-made divisions, they were united geographically, topographically, economically and socially. It is equally vital that the seventeenth century be regarded in its entirety, for the pacification of the Borders was a gradual process, of which the final stages were not reached until the last quarter of the century. In order to examine the whole process of the pacification and how the region gradually adapted to its new role as the Middle Shires of Britain, the thesis looks at the whole range of law courts operating in the area - from the central courts in London and Edinburgh, down to the local burgh, franchise and ecclesiastical courts. A chapter is devoted to each level of court and examines the role of a particular type of court in the judicial hierarchy of England and Scotland - its methods, procedure and personnel and the type of offender and offence dealt with. Perhaps the most important chapter in this respect is that on the Border Commissioners who were the body most intimately concerned with pacifying the region and who made a lasting impression upon every aspect of Border society. The Commissions have spanned over 80 years and more than any other judicial body shaped the Borders into the Eiddle Shires, yet no detailed study of them has ever been undertaken before. The combined effect on the inhabitants of all the law courts operating in the Borders, is measured in the Conclusion, where it can be seen that the life and ways of the Borderers had changed significantly between the Unions of the Crowns.

Este estudo objetivou compreender as relações de trabalho do fronteiriço uruguaio na cidade de Sant’Ana do Livramento, RS. A partir de uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa, foram realizadas 35 entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores de diferentes seguimentos: trabalhadores, empregadores, representantes sindicais, órgãos governamentais e outros que foram incorporados por indicação dos próprios atores por possuir algum papel nessas relações. Utilizou-se ainda, como fonte de evidências, da pesquisa documental e da observação simples. Quanto ao nível da análise, optou-se pelo organizacional (FISCHER, 1992). Trabalhadores uruguaios foram entrevistados com o objetivo de indicar as possíveis instituições que acessam, além daquelas já apontadas pela literatura. O tratamento e análise do material empírico e documental foram submetidos à análise temática de conteúdo (GOMES, 2009). A instância do político na análise das relações de trabalho de Fischer (1992) inspirou os objetivos de pesquisa. Destaca-se, ainda, que o lócus de pesquisa e o objeto de estudo agregaram a temática da Integração Regional, ampliando assim, a abordagem interdisciplinar para esse campo de pesquisa. Com relação ao trabalho, a pesquisa possibilitou a identificação e a descrição dos diferentes atores e papéis que desempenham, assim como os aspectos legais que tornam possível o trabalho regulamentado e protegido desse público específico. A análise da instância do político indicou que alguns desses trabalhadores têm sido alvo da exploração do trabalho não regulamentado, especialmente, os que não possuem registros migratórios no país. As condições precárias de trabalho e de vida foram evidenciadas no abandono social, principalmente em casos de enfermidade, acidente de trabalho, desemprego involuntário e velhice. No tocante a Integração: o baixo desenvolvimento social e econômico da região, o desequilíbrio das economias entre as cidades, os entraves comerciais, as diferenças nas legislações dos países, a existência de dispositivos legais que contrariam a lógica da integração, a restrição da cidadania a parcelas da população em vulnerabilidade social e econômica, foram alguns fatores identificados que dificultam o processo. Esta realidade de pesquisa reforça a necessidade de se pensar mais na dimensão social e cidadã da integração e não somente na comercial. Acreditase, ainda, que a caráter interdisciplinar tenha contribuído para compreensão das relações de trabalho neste contexto específico e, por conseguinte, para os respectivos campos de estudos, tanto teórica quanto empiricamente. / The present study aims to understand the labor relations in the Uruguayan border in the city of Sant'Ana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul. It is an exploratory research with qualitative approach, 35 semi-structured interviews with actors from varied segments were carried out: workers, employers, union representatives, government agencies and others that were incorporated by indication of the actors themselves because they had some role in those relations. Documentary research and simple observation were also used as a source of evidence. As for the level of analysis, the organizational approach was chosen (FISCHER, 1992). Uruguayan workers were interviewed aiming to indicate the possible institutions accessible, in addition to those already pointed out in the literature. The treatment and analysis of the empirical and documentary material were submitted to content thematic analysis (GOMES, 2009). The instance of the politics in the analysis of the labor relations of Fischer (1992) inspired the objectives of research. It is also emphasized that the research locus and the object of study added to the theme of Regional Integration, thus, broadening the interdisciplinary approach for this field of research. With regard to labor, the research made it possible to identify and describe the various actors and roles they play, as well as the legal aspects that make possible the regulated and protected labor of this specific public. The analysis of the politics' instance indicated that some of these workers have been the target of exploitation of unregulated labor, especially those who do not have migratory records in the country. The precarious conditions of work and life were evidenced in social abandonment, mainly in cases of illness, work accident, involuntary unemployment and old age. With regard to Integration: the region's low social and economic development, the imbalance of economies between cities, trade barriers, differences in country legislation, the existence of legal provisions that contradict the logic of integration, the restriction of citizenship to plots of the population in social and economic vulnerability, some identified factors that hinder the process. This reality of research reinforces the need to think more about the social and citizenship dimension of integration, and not only about the commercial one. It is also believed that the interdisciplinary character has contributed to the understanding of labor relations in this specific context and, therefore, to the respective fields of study, both theoretically and empirically.

Este estudo objetivou compreender as relações de trabalho do fronteiriço uruguaio na cidade de Sant’Ana do Livramento, RS. A partir de uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa, foram realizadas 35 entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores de diferentes seguimentos: trabalhadores, empregadores, representantes sindicais, órgãos governamentais e outros que foram incorporados por indicação dos próprios atores por possuir algum papel nessas relações. Utilizou-se ainda, como fonte de evidências, da pesquisa documental e da observação simples. Quanto ao nível da análise, optou-se pelo organizacional (FISCHER, 1992). Trabalhadores uruguaios foram entrevistados com o objetivo de indicar as possíveis instituições que acessam, além daquelas já apontadas pela literatura. O tratamento e análise do material empírico e documental foram submetidos à análise temática de conteúdo (GOMES, 2009). A instância do político na análise das relações de trabalho de Fischer (1992) inspirou os objetivos de pesquisa. Destaca-se, ainda, que o lócus de pesquisa e o objeto de estudo agregaram a temática da Integração Regional, ampliando assim, a abordagem interdisciplinar para esse campo de pesquisa. Com relação ao trabalho, a pesquisa possibilitou a identificação e a descrição dos diferentes atores e papéis que desempenham, assim como os aspectos legais que tornam possível o trabalho regulamentado e protegido desse público específico. A análise da instância do político indicou que alguns desses trabalhadores têm sido alvo da exploração do trabalho não regulamentado, especialmente, os que não possuem registros migratórios no país. As condições precárias de trabalho e de vida foram evidenciadas no abandono social, principalmente em casos de enfermidade, acidente de trabalho, desemprego involuntário e velhice. No tocante a Integração: o baixo desenvolvimento social e econômico da região, o desequilíbrio das economias entre as cidades, os entraves comerciais, as diferenças nas legislações dos países, a existência de dispositivos legais que contrariam a lógica da integração, a restrição da cidadania a parcelas da população em vulnerabilidade social e econômica, foram alguns fatores identificados que dificultam o processo. Esta realidade de pesquisa reforça a necessidade de se pensar mais na dimensão social e cidadã da integração e não somente na comercial. Acreditase, ainda, que a caráter interdisciplinar tenha contribuído para compreensão das relações de trabalho neste contexto específico e, por conseguinte, para os respectivos campos de estudos, tanto teórica quanto empiricamente. / The present study aims to understand the labor relations in the Uruguayan border in the city of Sant'Ana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul. It is an exploratory research with qualitative approach, 35 semi-structured interviews with actors from varied segments were carried out: workers, employers, union representatives, government agencies and others that were incorporated by indication of the actors themselves because they had some role in those relations. Documentary research and simple observation were also used as a source of evidence. As for the level of analysis, the organizational approach was chosen (FISCHER, 1992). Uruguayan workers were interviewed aiming to indicate the possible institutions accessible, in addition to those already pointed out in the literature. The treatment and analysis of the empirical and documentary material were submitted to content thematic analysis (GOMES, 2009). The instance of the politics in the analysis of the labor relations of Fischer (1992) inspired the objectives of research. It is also emphasized that the research locus and the object of study added to the theme of Regional Integration, thus, broadening the interdisciplinary approach for this field of research. With regard to labor, the research made it possible to identify and describe the various actors and roles they play, as well as the legal aspects that make possible the regulated and protected labor of this specific public. The analysis of the politics' instance indicated that some of these workers have been the target of exploitation of unregulated labor, especially those who do not have migratory records in the country. The precarious conditions of work and life were evidenced in social abandonment, mainly in cases of illness, work accident, involuntary unemployment and old age. With regard to Integration: the region's low social and economic development, the imbalance of economies between cities, trade barriers, differences in country legislation, the existence of legal provisions that contradict the logic of integration, the restriction of citizenship to plots of the population in social and economic vulnerability, some identified factors that hinder the process. This reality of research reinforces the need to think more about the social and citizenship dimension of integration, and not only about the commercial one. It is also believed that the interdisciplinary character has contributed to the understanding of labor relations in this specific context and, therefore, to the respective fields of study, both theoretically and empirically.