[ES] En el proceso de producción de silicatos de calcio implantando en Promat (Tisselt, Bélgica), la xonotlita y la tobermorita como fases minerales mayoritarias, se obtienen al hacer reaccionar una mezcla de óxido de calcio y sílice cristalina en medio acuoso con una relación CaO/SiO2 cercana a 1, y en condiciones hidrotermales, a una temperatura de 200°C y a una presión de vapor de 17 bar. En este proyecto de doctorado industrial, se pretende alcanzar tres objetivos principales: 1. Desarrollar una nueva tecnología para la obtención de silicatos de calcio hidratados, mediante la síntesis inicial de gel C-S-H para controlar la densidad del producto final. Éste es un proceso que lo emplean algunos competidores de Promat y que denominamos en esta tesis como tecnología 'Gel Tank'. También se pretende llevar a cabo un profundo estudio de los parámetros clave que influyen en el proceso. Además, se pretende investigar la viabilidad de producir silicatos de calcio hidratados con diferentes densidades y comparar las propiedades de éstos con los obtenidos mediante tecnologías existentes. Con el empleo de esta nueva tecnología, la idea es utilizar menor cantidad de agua que en los procesos convencionales, y con ello reducir el gasto energético, minimizando el impacto medioambiental. 2. Ampliar el conocimiento de la tecnología basada en tratamiento hidrotermal mediante agitación e investigar la posibilidad de mejorar el carácter endotérmico de los materiales obtenidos a través de esta tecnología. 3. Desarrollar una nueva generación de productos libres de contenido en cuarzo residual (< 0,1% en peso) mediante el uso de la denominada tecnología "double autoclaving". En la primera parte de esta tesis, el estudio de investigación de la tecnología Gel Tank a escala de laboratorio ha demostrado que se pueden obtener silicatos de calcio hidratados para un rango de densidades que varían desde 280 Kg/m3 hasta 700 Kg/m3, utilizando cantidades óptimas de gel C-S-H sintetizado en condiciones específicas. Y se pueden obtener productos de buena calidad con menor relación agua/sólido (y por lo tanto menor dependencia energética) que en el caso de las tecnologías existentes. En la segunda parte de esta tesis, se han investigado los diferentes mecanismos de reacción entre distintas fuentes de sílice utilizando diferentes técnicas analíticas clásicas para caracterizar los productos intermedios y otras técnicas más avanzadas. Esto permitió explicar parcialmente los mecanismos de reacción hidrotermal para la síntesis de cristales de xonotlita y tobermorita. Por otro lado, Se han probado varios aditivos inorgánicos de carácter endotérmico en la matriz de productos elaborados en Promat a partir de partículas de xonotlita en su mayoría. Y con ello, se han propuesto otras alternativas para la protección al fuego y aislamiento térmico en diferentes aplicaciones (160ºC - temperatura de descomposición de endotermo para emplear en tabiques o compartimentos, 380ºC - temperatura de descomposición de endotermo para proteger estructuras de hormigón y 500ºC - temperatura de descomposición de endotermo en el caso de protección de estructuras metálicas de acero). Y en la última parte, se ha buscado una alternativa al producto de referencia que no contenga cuarzo residual en su matriz empleando la tecnología basada en doble tratamiento hidrotermal. Los productos obtenidos han sido desarrollados tras aplicar variaciones en la formulación estándar, y han dado lugar a propiedades mecánicas y térmicas similares a los productos existentes que contienen cuarzo residual. Estos nuevos productos presentan contenidos en cuarzo residual por debajo del 0,1% en peso. / [CAT] En el procés de producció de silicats de calci implantant a Promat (Tisselt, Bèlgica), la xonotlita i la tobermorita com a fases minerals majoritàries, s'obtenen en fer reaccionar una barreja d'òxid de calci i sílice cristal·lina en medi aquós amb una relació CaO/ SiO2 propera a 1, i en condicions hidrotermals, a una temperatura de 200°C ia una pressió de vapor de 17 bar. En aquest projecte de doctorat industrial, es pretén assolir tres objectius principals: 1. Desenvolupar una nova tecnologia per obtenir silicats de calci hidratats, mitjançant la síntesi inicial de gel C-S-H per controlar la densitat del producte final. Aquest és un procés que el fan servir alguns competidors de Promat i que anomenem en aquesta tesi com a tecnologia 'Gel Tank'. També es pretén dur a terme un estudi profund dels paràmetres clau que influeixen en el procés. A més, es pretén investigar la viabilitat de produir silicats de calci hidratats amb diferents densitats i comparar-ne les propietats amb els obtinguts mitjançant tecnologies existents. Amb l'ús d'aquesta nova tecnologia, la idea és utilitzar menor quantitat d'aigua que en els processos convencionals, i reduir la despesa energètica i minimitzar l'impacte mediambiental. 2. Ampliar el coneixement de la tecnologia basada en tractament hidrotermal mitjançant agitació i investigar la possibilitat de millorar el caràcter endotèrmic dels materials obtinguts mitjançant aquesta tecnologia. 3. Desenvolupar una nova generació de productes lliures de contingut en quars residual (< 0,1% en pes) mitjançant l'ús de l'anomenada tecnologia "double autoclaving". A la primera part d'aquesta tesi, l'estudi de recerca de la tecnologia Gel Tank a escala de laboratori ha demostrat que es poden obtenir silicats de calci hidratats per a un rang de densitats que varien des de 280 kg/m3 fins a 700 kg/m3, utilitzant quantitats òptimes de gel C-S-H sintetitzat en condicions específiques. I es poden obtenir productes de bona qualitat amb menor relació aigua/sòlid (i per tant menor dependència energètica) que en el cas de les tecnologies existents. A la segona part d'aquesta tesi, s'han investigat els diferents mecanismes de reacció entre fonts de sílice diferents utilitzant diferents tècniques analítiques clàssiques per caracteritzar els productes intermedis i altres tècniques més avançades. Això va permetre explicar parcialment els mecanismes de reacció hidrotermal per a la síntesi de vidres de xonotlita i tobermorita. D'altra banda, S'han provat diversos additius inorgànics de caràcter endotèrmic a la matriu de productes elaborats a Promat a partir de partícules de xonotlita majoritàriament. I amb això, s'han proposat altres alternatives per a la protecció al foc i aïllament tèrmic en diferents aplicacions (160ºC - temperatura de descomposició d'endoterm per emprar en envans o compartiments, 380ºC - temperatura de descomposició d'endoterm per protegir estructures de formigó i 500ºC - temperatura de descomposició d'endoterm en cas de protecció d'estructures metàl·liques d'acer). I a l'última part, s'ha buscat una alternativa al producte de referència que no contingui quars residual a la seva matriu emprant la tecnologia basada en doble tractament hidrotermal. Els productes obtinguts han estat desenvolupats després d'aplicar variacions a la formulació estàndard, i han donat lloc a propietats mecàniques i tèrmiques similars als productes existents que contenen quars residual. Aquests nous productes presenten continguts en quars residual per sota del 0,1% en pes. / [EN] In the calcium silicate production process in Promat (Tisselt, Belgium), xonotlite and tobermorite as main mineral phases, are obtained by reacting a mixture of calcium oxide and crystalline silica in an aqueous medium with a CaO/ SiO2 close to 1, and under hydrothermal conditions, at a temperature of 200°C and a vapor pressure of 17 bar. In this industrial doctorate project, it is intended to achieve three main objectives: 1. Develop a new technology to obtain hydrated calcium silicates, through the initial synthesis of C-S-H gel to control the density of the final product. This is a process that is used by some of Promat's competitors and that we refer to in this thesis as 'Gel Tank' technology. It is also intended to carry out an in-depth study of the key parameters that influence the process. In addition, it is intended to investigate the feasibility of producing hydrated calcium silicates with different densities and compare their properties with those obtained by existing technologies. With the use of this new technology, the idea is to use less water than in conventional processes, and thereby reduce energy expenditure, minimizing the environmental impact. 2. Expand the knowledge of the technology based on hydrothermal treatment by means of agitation and investigate the possibility of improving the endothermic character of the materials obtained through this technology. 3. Develop a new generation of products free of residual quartz content (<0.1% by weight) through the use of the so-called "double autoclaving" technology. In the first part of this thesis, the research study of Gel Tank technology at a laboratory scale has shown that hydrated calcium silicates can be obtained for a range of densities that vary from 280 Kg/m3 to 700 Kg/m3, using Optimal amounts of C-S-H gel synthesized under specific conditions. And good quality products can be obtained with a lower water/solid ratio (and therefore less energy dependence) than in the case of existing technologies. In the second part of this thesis, the different reaction mechanisms between different sources of silica have been investigated using different classical analytical techniques to characterize the intermediate products and other more advanced techniques. This allowed to partially explain the hydrothermal reaction mechanisms for the synthesis of xonotlite and tobermorite crystals. On the other hand, several inorganic additives of an endothermic nature have been tested in the matrix of products made in Promat, mostly from xonotlite particles. And with this, other alternatives have been proposed for fire protection and thermal insulation in different applications (160ºC - endotherm decomposition temperature to be used in partitions or compartments, 380ºC - endotherm decomposition temperature to protect concrete structures and 500ºC - endotherm decomposition temperature in the case of protection of metallic steel structures). And in the last part, an alternative to the reference product that does not contain residual quartz in its matrix has been sought, using technology based on double hydrothermal treatment. The products obtained have been developed after applying variations in the standard formulation, and have given rise to mechanical and thermal properties similar to existing products that contain residual quartz. These new products have residual quartz contents below 0.1% by weight. / Martí Montava, F. (2023). Development of Hydrated Calcium Silicates by Hydrothermal Treatments [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192513

Con el actual incremento en las construcciones, el empleo de concreto cada vez es más frecuente y con ello la búsqueda por su mejora, encontrando variedad de alternativas de incorporaciones para este. Por ello, se propone el uso de un absorbente de humedad, similar a la función de un polímero superabsorbente, denominado gel de sílice (G.S.); pretendiendo analizar su influencia en algunas propiedades de concreto con relación a/c de 0.555 y 0.6, incorporando porcentajes de 0.1%, 0.5% y 1% de este material en función al peso de cemento. Resaltando que, con la relación a/c más alta, se presentan temperaturas más bajas, disminuye el tiempo de fragua, aumentos en trabajabilidad, resistencias a la compresión iniciales significativas con aumentos progresivos en el tiempo, mayor rigidez, disminuye la permeabilidad y presenta un mejor desempeño ante ataque de sulfatos, a medida que la cantidad de G.S. aumenta. Por otro lado, con la relación a/c más baja, se encontró aumentos en la temperatura, disminución en tiempo de fragua, disminución en trabajabilidad, incrementos en la resistencia a la compresión con algunas excepciones y disminuciones en la rigidez, a medida que la cantidad de G.S. disminuye. Sugiriendo que el porcentaje óptimo de G.S. varía en función de la relación a/c; una mezcla con una relación a/c de 0,6 se beneficia de mayores porcentajes de G.S., mientras que una mezcla con una relación a/c de 0,555 se beneficia de menores porcentajes de G.S. / With the current increase in construction, the use of concrete is becoming more and more frequent and with it the search for its improvement, finding a variety of alternative incorporations for it. Therefore, the use of a moisture absorber, similar to the function of a superabsorbent polymer, called silica gel (S.G.), is proposed; trying to analyze its influence on some properties of concrete with a w/c ratio of 0.555 and 0.6, incorporating percentages of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% of this material according to the weight of cement. It should be noted that, with the highest w/c ratio, lower temperatures are presented, setting time decreases, increases in workability, significant initial compressive strengths with progressive increases over time, higher stiffness, decreased permeability and better performance against sulfate attack, as the amount of S.G increases. On the other hand, with the lowest w/c ratio, increases in temperature, decreases in setting time, decreases in workability, increases in compressive strength with some exceptions and decreases in stiffness were found as the amount of S.G decreases. Suggesting that the optimum S.G. percentage varies as a function of the w/c ratio; a mix with a w/c ratio of 0.6 benefits from higher S.G. percentages, while a mix with a w/c ratio of 0.555 benefits from lower S.G. percentages.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar los porcentajes más óptimos del vidrio molido incoloro y del RCD reemplazando estos agregados reciclados por los agregados naturales en un concreto simple de f’c = 175 kg/cm2, sustituyendo en un 5%, 10% y 15% la arena por el vidrio y en un 10%, 20% y 30% la piedra chancada por el concreto triturado (RCD). El procedimiento se inició determinando las características de los agregados naturales y reciclados para realizar así el diseño de mezcla y posterior a ello producir las probetas del concreto patrón y del concreto modificado. Los ensayos que se realizaron fueron Resistencia a la compresión a los 7, 14 y 28 días de curado; resistencia a la tracción indirecta y flexión a los 28 días de curado y finalmente un ensayo de durabilidad por abrasión al concreto que también se realizó pasando los 28 días de curado. Se obtuvo de resultado que el mejor porcentaje de vidrio y RCD que se puede reemplazar es el de 10% de Vidrio y 20% de RCD ya que dio una resistencia a la compresión de 251 kg/cm2; para el ensayo a tracción indirecta el mejor resultado fue el del concreto con 5%Vidrio y 10%RCD ya que al aumentar el agregado reciclado más iba bajando la resistencia y finalmente para el ensayo a flexión el mejor porcentaje fue el de 10%Vidrio y 30%RCD. Cabe mencionar que en el ensayo por abrasión al concreto el menor porcentaje de desgaste fue el concreto con 5%Vidrio y 30% de RCD. / The main objective of this research is to determine the most optimal percentages of colorless ground glass and RCD, replacing these recycled aggregates with natural aggregates in a simple concrete of f'c = 175 kg/cm2, substituting 5%, 10% and 15 % sand for glass and 10%, 20% and 30% crushed stone for crushed concrete (RCD). The procedure began by determining the characteristics of the natural and recycled aggregates in order to carry out the mix design and, after that, produce the standard concrete and modified concrete specimens. The tests that were carried out were Compression resistance at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing; indirect tensile strength and flexion at 28 days of curing and finally a concrete abrasion durability test that was also carried out after 28 days of curing. The result was obtained that the best percentage of glass and RCD that can be replaced is 10% Glass and 20% RCD since it gave a compressive strength of 251 kg/cm2; For the indirect tensile test, the best result was that of concrete with 5% Glass and 10% RCD, since as the recycled aggregate increased, the resistance decreased, and finally, for the flexural test, the best percentage was 10% Glass and 30% RCD. It is worth mentioning that in the concrete abrasion test the lowest percentage of wear was concrete with 5% Glass and 30% RCD.

Human activities since the beginning of the industrial revolution have led to vast amounts of CO₂ being emitted into the atmosphere (May 2023, 424 ppm; NOAA), which is principally responsible for anthropogenic climate change; the effects of which are expected to be globally devastating. In order to combat the unbalanced carbon cycle and reduce the effects of climate change, it is widely accepted that the adoption and use of carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies will be necessary to limit warming to 2.0 degrees C (IPCC 2022). Among the industrial sectors to decarbonize, the built environment will be notably challenging, principally due to the challenges associated with reducing the carbon impact of structural materials, such as cement and steel. These construction industries currently account for roughly 8% of global emissions, with projections that this number will increase with a growing global population and more rapid urbanization, especially in developing areas. The abysmal state of U.S. infrastructure decay (ASCE 2021 Grade: C-minus) is also concerning as the replacement of concrete, cement, steel, and asphalt will require and release numerous amounts of carbon; however, this also presents a unique opportunity to deploy CCUS technologies to capture and utilize carbon in the creation of next-generation built-environment materials. These materials include fillers, pozzolans, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and geopolymers such as carbonates, amorphous silica/silicates, bio-chars, and structural allotropes of carbon, like crystalline carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene. The production of these carbon neutral or even carbon-negative materials can be achieved through advanced ex-situ carbon mineralization reaction pathways and novel biomass-to-carbonate conversion technologies, such as alkaline thermal treatment (ATT). In the former, alkaline waste, such as landfilled concrete rich in Ca, can be processed to produce calcium carbonates. This captures atmospheric CO2 and also creates new filler materials which can be incorporated into construction materials. The latter reaction pathway, ATT, takes waste biomass and alkaline wastes as feedstocks and directly converts them into H2 gas and carbonates in a single reaction pathway conducted at moderate conditions (1 atm, 300 degrees C). Although advantageous, both of these synthesis pathways contain unique challenges related to kinetic barriers, conversion issues, mass transfer limitations, and the degree of carbon capture and utilization which can be achieved. Thus, the objective of this study is directed towards overcoming these limitations and coupling these two relatively understudied and novel reaction pathways as a tandem method for carbon sequestration and the creation of new building materials and clean energy. First, the hydrometallurgical processing of waste concrete in a two-step aqueous dissolution and carbonation reactor system is explored. This system is developed and designed to process hydrated waste cement paste, which has extremely high Ca and Si contents. The kinetics of the dissolution process are detailed and the properties of the unreacted residue is examined, revealing a high surface area, amorphous Si-rich material which was shown to be an excellent clinker replacement in new cement mixtures. The dissolution kinetics were fit to a diffusion controlled reactive model, and methods to further increase the elemental extraction of Ca, Al, Fe, and Si, such as internal abrasive media, was also studied. The Ca-rich mother liquor was then carbonated at various conditions using CO₂ gas and the properties, uses, and potential CO₂ capture metrics of these Si-rich residues and calcium carbonates was detailed. In an effort to explore alternative carbon mineralization processes, the use of novel leaching agents, such as regenerable ammoniacal salts was also studied. Typical dissolution and carbonation processes require copious amounts of commodity chemicals, such as acid and base; however, cycling of ammonia/ammonium, similar to the chemistries of the Solvay process, is a promising alternative. The use of ammonium chloride and ammonium bisulfate was studied in the context of material extraction from waste cement paste and subsequent carbonate formation. The process was assessed from a carbon circularity standpoint, revealing significant cost and emissions reductions when compared to conventional carbon mineralization for the treatment of alkaline waste. Additionally, the profiling of carboxylic acid ligands, such as formate, glutamate, acetate, and citrate, to further enhance kinetics during leaching were studied. These agents were found to significantly enhance both of these parameters, resulting in almost 100% of Ca material extraction in a single pass with a sodium citrate ligand. Producing the metastable forms of anhydrous calcium carbonate, such as vaterite and aragonite, was heavily examined in the context of new built-environment building blocks as alternatives to conventional limestone. The production and use of these polymorphs has not been well studied or documented; yet, both vaterite and aragonite are expected to have niche market uses in a carbon-constrained world. The favorable conditions to synthesize vaterite was explored, revealing that a high carbonate to calcium molar ratio is necessary to stabilize this polymorph at ambient reaction conditions. Surface active salt species, such as NH₄+ and sulfate, also had a profound effect on vaterite morphology and stability. Aragonite was successfully stabilized at high carbonation reaction temperatures (~70 degrees C); however, the use of alternative crystallization systems, such as a semi-continuous system vs. traditional batch process was able to produce higher purity aragonite at lower temperatures (40-50 degrees C). The use of crystal seeding also showed remarkable templating abilities and allowed for aragonite production at room temperature (25 degrees C). Both polymorphs were shown to be exceptional fillers for cement through isothermal calorimetry, with aragonite also showing high yield stress development via rheometric testing adding to its potential use in advanced 3-D printed cements, plastics, and papers. The alkaline thermal treatment of waste biomass derived from coastal marine sources was studied to convert biomass into carbonate materials in a carbon-negative manner, while producing H₂ as a valuable product. Various reaction conditions were profiled, including temperature, steam load, hydroxide utilized, and biomass source. A strong correlation was found between carbon conversion/H₂ yield and the basicity of the hydroxide salt, which matched well with thermodynamic calculations performed. These findings were utilized to inform more advanced and refined ATT reaction pathways, coupled with the use of novel regeneration schemes. One potential reactant regeneration pathway is through the use of molten salt electrolysis, in which carbonates are electrosplit into solid carbon (e.g., CNTs) and O₂. Eutectic regenerable alkaline hydroxide mixtures of Li, Na, and K were studied in their ability to convert biomass into electrochemically active carbonate salts mixtures. Interestingly, the content of LiOH in the salt greatly poisoned the biomass conversion potential; however, lithium is the most electroactive carbonate salt for downstream electrolysis. Finally, the electrolytic processing of these biomass-derived carbonate salts was shown to yield high amounts of CNTs, a valuable allotrope of carbon and significant strength enhancer of cementitious materials. Lastly, a brief discussion of the combination of these two reactive pathways in the context of producing low-carbon or even carbon-negative next-generation built environment building materials is performed with respect to a circular material economy and scalability. From the results of these studies, recommendations are made for future research advancements to continue to accelerate CCUS activities and reaction pathways in the realm of the most difficult-to-decarbonize industries, such as the built environment.

La Tierra es uno de los recursos constructivos más empleados globalmente. Sin embargo, su aplicación en áreas propensas a terremotos y su susceptibilidad a la erosión por agua son aspectos que generan inquietud entre los ingenieros. La investigación se enfocó en integrar estiércol de Equus asinus en la producción de unidades de tierra reforzada con el fin de aumentar su resistencia a la compresión y tracción, además de explorar el efecto de aplicar estearato de calcio en su superficie para disminuir su permeabilidad. Se llevaron a cabo pruebas tanto en campo como en laboratorio para elegir la cantera de suelo y el agua a emplear. Se analizaron las características mecánicas (compresión y tracción) de los bloques de tierra reforzada según lo estipulado en la norma E.080. Además, se sugirieron pruebas de absorción e inundación simulada para evaluar la permeabilidad. Los resultados indicaron un aumento del 19% en la resistencia a la compresión y un 50% en la resistencia a la tracción a nivel de unidades, y del 20% y 22% respectivamente a nivel de muros. El uso de estearato de calcio como recubrimiento permitió que las muestras absorbieran temporalmente agua sin desintegrarse, retrasando su deterioro. Por último, se determinó un aumento del 19.20% del precio de asentamiento con unidades de tierra reforzada y recubrimiento con estearato de calcio. En conclusión, la adición de estiércol de Equus asinus al 6% y el recubrimiento de estearato de calcio mejoran tanto las propiedades mecánicas como las hidrofóbicas de las unidades de tierra reforzada, con un pequeño aumento en su costo de producción. / Earth is one of the most commonly used construction materials. However, its application in earthquake-prone areas and susceptibility to water erosion are concerns for engineers. This research aimed to enhance the compression and traction resistance of earth units by integrating Equus asinus manure into their production. Additionally, it explored the effectiveness of applying calcium stearate to the surface to reduce permeability. Field and laboratory tests were conducted to select the soil quarry and water source. Mechanical properties (compression and traction) of the reinforced earth blocks were analyzed according to the E.080 standard. Furthermore, absorption and simulated flooding tests were suggested to evaluate permeability. Results indicated a 19% increase in compression resistance and a 50% increase in traction resistance at the unit level, and 20% and 22%, respectively, at the wall level. Coating with calcium stearate allowed samples to temporarily absorb water without disintegration, thus delaying deterioration. Lastly, a 19.20% increase in settlement price was observed with reinforced earth units and calcium stearate coating. In conclusion, the addition of 6% Equus asinus manure and calcium stearate coating improve both the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of reinforced earth units, albeit with a slight increase in production cost.

El proyecto se direcciona a aumentar la característica de revestimientos en muros de ladrillos, utilizando una mezcla de mortero que incorpora sulfato de calcio con ceniza Delonix. Para lograr este objetivo, se realizaron pruebas y ensayos para caracterizar las variantes de dosificaciones del mortero, la resistencia a compresión para espécimen de cúbicos, la permeabilidad en muretes recubiertos con ceniza Delonix, también un análisis de los costos unitario para la fabricación. Además, de evaluar los objetivos específicos para evaluar la resistencia de las perspectivas y encontrar la propuesta más efectiva de la mezcla para mejorar sus características. Los datos obtenidos de los ensayos se muestran con tablas y se describen los procedimientos para realizar ensayos de inundación simulada y medir la capacidad de los muros. En general, el proyecto busca una solución técnica para mejorar la resistencia y la permeabilidad de los revestimientos de muros de ladrillos en edificios en Perú. / The project is aimed at increasing the coating characteristics of brick walls, using a mortar mixture that incorporates calcium sulfate with Delonix ash. To achieve this objective, tests and trials were carried out to characterize the mortar dosage variants, the compressive strength for 50 mm cubic specimen, the permeability in walls coated with Delonix ash, as well as an analysis of the unit costs for manufacturing. In addition, to evaluate the specific objectives to evaluate the resistance of the prospects and to find the most effective proposal of the mixture to improve its characteristics. The data obtained from the tests are shown with tables and the procedures for performing simulated flood tests and measuring the capacity of the walls are described. In general, the project seeks a technical solution to improve the strength and permeability of brick wall cladding in buildings in Peru.

Esta investigación surge debido a la necesidad de abordar los problemas de resistencia de los adobes, para ello se propone estabilizarlos mediante adiciones de fibra de totora debido a sus propiedades impermeabilizantes, y cal. Con ello se fabricaron bloques con dimensiones de 25x12.5x9 cm, que contenían paja de 1 cm de longitud y se estabilizaron utilizando fibra de totora y cal en diferentes porcentajes (2%, 4%, 6% de totora y 5%, 10%, 15% de cal en diferentes combinaciones). Se llevaron a cabo diversos ensayos en campo para seleccionar la tierra adecuada para la fabricación de los bloques. Estos ensayos incluyeron pruebas de cinta de barro, resistencia seca, resistencia a la compresión en cubos de barro y tracción indirecta en probetas de barro. En el laboratorio, se realizaron pruebas para caracterizar la tierra, como el Proctor modificado, contenido de humedad, límites de Atterberg y granulometría. Los bloques se secaron durante 14 y 28 días antes de someterlos a ensayos de resistencia a la compresión, absorción, succión, resistencia a la compresión de pilas y muretes, módulo de rotura, variación dimensional, alabeo e inundación simulada. Para realizarlos, primero se buscó determinar la mejor dosificación de las combinaciones realizadas, esta se basó en los resultados de resistencia a la compresión, succión y absorción, los cuales abordaron los principales problemas de las unidades. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la combinación óptima resultó ser del 4% de totora y 5% de cal. Concluyendo que el adobe mejorado presentó una mayor resistencia y un menor porcentaje de succión y absorción en comparación con los convencionales. / This research emerges from the need to address the strength issues of adobe blocks. To achieve this, the blocks are proposed to be stabilized through the addition of totora fiber, known for its waterproofing properties, and lime. Blocks with dimensions of 25x12.5x9 cm were manufactured, incorporating 1 cm long straw, and stabilized using different percentages of totora fiber (2%, 4%, 6%) and lime (5%, 10%, 15%) in various combinations. Several field tests were conducted to select the appropriate soil for block manufacturing. These tests included mud tape, dry strength, compression strength on mud cubes, and indirect traction on mud specimens. In the laboratory, soil characterization tests such as modified Proctor, moisture content, Atterberg limits, and particle size analysis were performed. The blocks were dried for 14 and 28 days before undergoing tests for compression strength, absorption, suction, compression strength of stacks and walls, modulus of rupture, dimensional variation, and warping. To carry out these tests, the optimal dosage of the combinations was determined based on the results of compression strength, suction, absorption and simulated flood, which addressed the primary issues of the units. The findings indicated that the optimal combination was 4% totora fiber and 5% lime. In conclusion, the improved adobe exhibited higher strength and lower percentages of suction and absorption compared to conventional blocks.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos ekologiškos statybinės medžiagos, analizuojami namo dalių konstrukciniai variantai, statant namus iš šių medžiagų. Taip pat sudaroma kompiuterinė sistema, padedanti vartotojui išsirinkti racionaliausią ekologiškų medžiagų panaudojimo variantą. Darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje apžvelgiama ekologiškų statybinių medžiagų samprata, pagrindiniai principai, aprašomas statybinių medžiagų gyvavimo ciklas, aptariama aplinkai nekenksmingų medžiagų situacija Europoje. Antrojoje dalyje plačiau aprašomos gamtai nekenksmingos statybinės medžiagos, galimi tokių medžiagų konstrukciniai variantai. Analizuojami sienų, stogo dangos, šilumos izoliacijos ir šildymo sistemos pritaikymo galimybės statant ekologišką namą. Trečiojoje dalyje nagrinėjamas praktinis ekologiško namo konstrukcijų pritaikymo modelis. Sudaroma alternatyvų ir kriterijų sistema, apibūdinanti nekenksmingo aplinkai namo konstrukcinius elementus. Panaudojant kiekybinius ir kokybinius kriterijus ir galimas medžiagų alternatyvas, atliekama daugiakriterė statybinių medžiagų ir jų konstrukcijų analizė, sudaroma kompiuterinė sistema. / Ecological and environmentally friendly building materials and constructional options, that are used to build houses, are considered in this master work. It also contains the computer system enabling the user to choose the most rational option of ecological materials. This master work consists of three parts: In the first part the concept of ecological building materials and main principles are described. It also contains information about the life cycle of building materials and the situation of environmentally friendly materials in Europe are discussed. The second part describes environmentally friendly building materials and possible structural variations of such materials. It analyzes walls, roof, heat insulation and possibilities of heating system in the ecological house. In the third part the practical model of the ecological house is considered. An alternative and criteria system that describes the environmentally friendly house constructional elements is created. Using quantitative, qualitative criteria and possible material alternatives multiple criteria analysis of building materials and their construction is performed. The computer system is also made.

O crescimento populacional acelerado é o grande motivador para o desenvolvimento do setor da construção civil e o aumento na demanda por água potável, tendo como consequência, um aumento gradativo na geração de resíduos sólidos. Dessa forma, este trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de reciclar resíduos industriais e municipais incorporando-os em materiais para a construção civil. O compósito produzido a partir de lodo de estação de tratamento de água e lama de polimento de mármore, aplicando resíduo de produção de cal como ligante, foi avaliado quanto ao seu desempenho mecânico e sua estrutura morfológica. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas quanto sua composição química, mineralógica,morfológica, granulométrica e, também, o teor de umidade. Com os materiais caracterizados, foram desenvolvidas nove composições variando-se o teor de lodo de estação de tratamento de água entre 25 e 50%, o teor de lama de polimento de mármore entre 35 e 50% e o resíduo de produção de cal entre 10 e 30%. Os compósitos foram submetidos a ensaios de resistência mecânica, absorção de água, análise química, mineralógica e morfológica. Os materiais desenvolvidos apresentaram, no 3° dia de cura, valor de resistência mecânica máxima de 4,65 MPa, no 7° dia 6,36 MPa, no 14° dia 6,74 MPa, no 28° dia 5,98 MPa, no 60° dia 8,52 MPa, no 90° dia 11,75 MPa e no 180° dia 12,06 MPa. Os valores de absorção de água aos 28 dias de cura variaram de 16,27 a 26,32% e aos 90 dias, de 13,57 a 23,56%. / The rapid population growth is the great motivator for the development of the construction industry and the increased demand for drinking water, resulting in a gradual increase in the generation of solid waste. Thus, this work was carried out in order to recycle industrial and municipal wastes incorporating them into materials for civil construction. The composite produced from water treatment sludge and marble polishing mud, applying lime production waste as a binder, was evaluated for its mechanical performance and its morphological structure. The raw materials were characterized for their chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology, particle size and also the moisture content. With the featured materials nine compositions have been developed varying the content of the water treatment sludge between 25 to 50%, marble polishing mud between 35 to 50% and the lime production waste between 10 to 30%. The composites were subjected to mechanical strength tests, water absorption, chemical and mineralogical composition and morphology. The developed materials presented, on the 3rd day of hydration, maximum strength value of 4.65 MPa, the 7th day 6.36 MPa, on the 14th day 6.74 MPa, the 28th day 5.98 MPa, on the 60th day 8.52 MPa at 90th day 11.75 MPa and 180th day 12.06 MPa. The water absorption values after 28 days of hydration ranged from 16.27% to 26.32% and after 90 days, from 13.57% to 23.56%.

O crescimento populacional acelerado é o grande motivador para o desenvolvimento do setor da construção civil e o aumento na demanda por água potável, tendo como consequência, um aumento gradativo na geração de resíduos sólidos. Dessa forma, este trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de reciclar resíduos industriais e municipais incorporando-os em materiais para a construção civil. O compósito produzido a partir de lodo de estação de tratamento de água e lama de polimento de mármore, aplicando resíduo de produção de cal como ligante, foi avaliado quanto ao seu desempenho mecânico e sua estrutura morfológica. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas quanto sua composição química, mineralógica,morfológica, granulométrica e, também, o teor de umidade. Com os materiais caracterizados, foram desenvolvidas nove composições variando-se o teor de lodo de estação de tratamento de água entre 25 e 50%, o teor de lama de polimento de mármore entre 35 e 50% e o resíduo de produção de cal entre 10 e 30%. Os compósitos foram submetidos a ensaios de resistência mecânica, absorção de água, análise química, mineralógica e morfológica. Os materiais desenvolvidos apresentaram, no 3° dia de cura, valor de resistência mecânica máxima de 4,65 MPa, no 7° dia 6,36 MPa, no 14° dia 6,74 MPa, no 28° dia 5,98 MPa, no 60° dia 8,52 MPa, no 90° dia 11,75 MPa e no 180° dia 12,06 MPa. Os valores de absorção de água aos 28 dias de cura variaram de 16,27 a 26,32% e aos 90 dias, de 13,57 a 23,56%. / The rapid population growth is the great motivator for the development of the construction industry and the increased demand for drinking water, resulting in a gradual increase in the generation of solid waste. Thus, this work was carried out in order to recycle industrial and municipal wastes incorporating them into materials for civil construction. The composite produced from water treatment sludge and marble polishing mud, applying lime production waste as a binder, was evaluated for its mechanical performance and its morphological structure. The raw materials were characterized for their chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology, particle size and also the moisture content. With the featured materials nine compositions have been developed varying the content of the water treatment sludge between 25 to 50%, marble polishing mud between 35 to 50% and the lime production waste between 10 to 30%. The composites were subjected to mechanical strength tests, water absorption, chemical and mineralogical composition and morphology. The developed materials presented, on the 3rd day of hydration, maximum strength value of 4.65 MPa, the 7th day 6.36 MPa, on the 14th day 6.74 MPa, the 28th day 5.98 MPa, on the 60th day 8.52 MPa at 90th day 11.75 MPa and 180th day 12.06 MPa. The water absorption values after 28 days of hydration ranged from 16.27% to 26.32% and after 90 days, from 13.57% to 23.56%.