Este trabalho desenvolve e apresenta um modelo tridimensional em elementos finitos de um cabo umbilical do tipo STU (Steel Tube Umbilical) utilizado na extração offshore de petróleo. Tal modelo é utilizado para estudar o carregamento de crushing, que é imposto ao cabo umbilical pelas sapatas do tensionador durante o seu lançamento, de modo a obter de forma detalhada a distribuição de tensões nos componentes do núcleo, com foco nos tubos de aço utilizados para o transporte de fluidos. A metodologia empregada no desenvolvimento do modelo é descrita detalhadamente ao longo do trabalho, de forma que possa vir a ser utilizada no estudo de outras configurações de cabos umbilicais. O modelo elaborado é utilizado (i) como paradigma para a validação de um modelo bidimensional, que visa analisar o mesmo problema de forma mais simples e rápida, e (ii) para o estudo do comportamento das tensões nos tubos de aço na região de transição de entrada/saída da sapata. Na comparação entre os modelos bi e tridimensional, o trabalho conclui pela validade do modelo bidimensional na avaliação das tensões nos tubos de aço resultantes do carregamento de crushing, na região central do cabo. O estudo realizado na região de transição de entrada/saída da sapata permitiu verificar que ocorre um aumento dos níveis de tensão nos tubos de aço nessas regiões de transição, com redistribuição do campo de tensões após plastificação. / This project proposes a three-dimensional finite element model of a Steel Tube Umbilical Cable used in the offshore oil extraction. This model is used to study the crushing load imposed to the cable by the shoes of the tensioner during its installation, in order to obtain a detailed distribution of stresses in the components of the core, focusing on the steel tubes used for fluid transportation. The methodology employed in the development of the model will be fully described throughout the study, allowing to reproduce it in the analysis of different umbilical configurations. The developed model is used (i) as a paradigm for the validation of a two-dimensional model, which aims to analyze the same problem in an easier and faster manner, and (ii) to study the behavior of the stresses in the steel tubes in the entry/exit transition region of the shoe. Comparison between the two and three-dimensional models allows to conclude for the validity of the two-dimensional in evaluating the stresses in the steel tube resulting from the crushing load, in the central region of the cable. The study performed in the entry/exit transition region of the shoe has enabled do verify that there is an increase of the stress levels in the steel tubes in these transition regions, with field stress redistribution after plastification.

Cabos são componentes estruturais utilizados desde a antiguidade, principalmente em aplicações onde o carregamento axial é elevado, enquanto a flexão e torção são relativamente baixos. Exemplos de aplicação atuais incluem sustentação de pontes, ancoragem de plataformas offshore, elevadores, transporte em minas, guindastes, entre outros. O estudo de seu comportamento mecânico envolve fatores que agregam considerável complexidade na elaboração de modelos numéricos ou analíticos que representem seu comportamento. Dentre esses fatores se destacam as tensões de contato que surgem entre as pernas do cabo à medida que deslizam em relação às outras, a geometria helicoidal, a rotação das pernas em torno da alma do cabo ao ser estendido (i.e., variação do ângulo da hélice do cabo) além de, no caso de cabos compósitos, um comportamento anisotrópico. Tendo em vista a indisponibilidade de uma solução analítica completa para cabos compósitos, buscou-se através do presente trabalho calibrar um modelo numérico elaborado em software comercial de elementos finitos, contemplando fatores comumente desprezados pelos modelos analíticos simplificados. Foram executados ensaios de tração na alma de cabos de compósitos com fibras de carbono de geometria 1×10 (nove fios envolvendo a alma) para determinar o módulo de elasticidade longitudinal e utilizada a teoria da micromecânica para avaliar as demais constantes de engenharia. O cabo foi modelado em tração, onde uma extremidade foi engastada e a outra teve rotação restrita e deslocamento longitudinal livre, e também em flexão em quatro pontos, deixando uma das extremidades com rotação livre e a outra com rotação e deslocamento longitudinal livre, com os demais graus de liberdade restritos. Em seguida foi conduzida uma análise de sensibilidade das principais variáveis que governam o problema, de onde se concluiu que o passo do cabo, o diâmetro de seus fios e o módulo de elasticidade longitudinal são as mais relevantes. O desvio da deformação de ruptura em tração e do deslocamento em flexão obtidos numericamente em relação aos dados experimentais obtidos foi de 10,8 % e 14,6 %, respectivamente. Após o processo de calibração, que fez uso do método de Programação Linear Sequencial para buscar o valor das variáveis de projeto que minimizassem o erro entre os dados experimentais e numéricos, o desvio encontrado reduziu para 2,4 % e 0,1 %, respectivamente. / Wire ropes have been used since ancient times, especially in applications were the axial stress is high and flexural and torsional stresses are relatively low. Current application include bridges, offshore platforms, elevators, mine hoisting, cranes, among others. Study of their mechanical behavior encompasses many factors, bringing considerable complexity in the construction of numerical or analytical models that represent their behavior, including contact stresses between rods as they slide past one another, helical geometry, rotation of wires around the core when in extension (i.e. variation in helix angle) and also, for composite cables, the anisotropic behavior. In view of the unavailability of a comprehensive analytical solution, this work focuses on the calibration of a numerical model built on a finite element software incorporating factors commonly neglected by simplified analytical approaches. Tensile tests were performed on the core of carbon fiber composite cables, 1×10 geometry (nine rods surrounding the core), to evaluate its longitudinal elastic modulus and employed micromechanics theory to obtain the remaining engineering constants. The cable was then modeled under tensile stress, where one end was fully constrained and the other could not rotate but was free to move in the longitudinal direction. Under 4-point bending, where one end was free only to rotate, while the other was free to move in longitudinal direction and to rotate, whereas the remaining degrees of freedom were constrained. After that, sensitivity analysis of the main variables governing the problem was conducted, concluding that cable pitch, rod diameter and longitudinal elastic modulus of the rods are the most relevant parameters. Deviation between ultimate strain under tensile stress and displacement under bending numerically obtained with those from experiments were 10.8 % and 14.6 %, respectively. After the calibration process, which used Sequential Linear Programing to search for the design variables values that minimized error between numerical and experimental data, the finite element model could reproduce the tensile stress and bending behavior with deviations of 2.4 % and 0.1 %, respectively.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T01:45:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Villar_FernandaSpada_M.pdf: 4737992 bytes, checksum: 3ce0cbb4f82fc2a7fd54013a9d3724f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho a propagação de transitórios de tensão dentro de uma rede coletora de parques eólicos marítimos foi estudada. Foram analisados especificamente os transitórios de tensão originados durante a energização do parque eólico, e foi modelado o efeito dos múltiplos pontos de reflexão na composição da forma de onda da sobretensão transitória. O momento de energização desperta interesse pois todos os transformadores localizados nos topos das torres, por estarem descarregados, se comportam como um ponto de circuito aberto, refletindo de volta para a rede 100% de qualquer onda de tensão viajante que incide sobre ele. As configurações de rede coletora escolhidas foram as comumente utilizadas em Parques Eólicos Marítimos atualmente pela Europa. Ainda, uma topologia alternativa que emprega a rede de cabos em estrela foi estudada. Para validação dos estudos analíticos e da modelagem desenvolvida foi utilizado o software PSCAD. A análise numérica dos coeficientes de reflexão e refração nos nós da rede coletora e de seu efeito na propagação dos transientes em questão mostrou que o efeito atenuador resultante de refrações consecutivas dentro da rede, no caso do coeficiente de refração menor que 1, tem grande importância, chegando a anular o efeito amplificador da interferência construtiva, decorrente da existência de múltiplos pontos de reflexão / Abstract: In this dissertation, the propagation of voltage transients inside a collection grid of Offshore Wind Parks (composed by cables) is studied. Mainly the transients generated during the WP energizing are analyzed, and the effect of the multiple reflection points in the composition of the overvoltage is modeled. The energizing moment is a special case to study because all the transformers at the towers top, being unloaded, behave like an open circuit and reflect 100% of the incident voltage travelling waves back to the grid. The grid configurations chosen are the commonly used in modern Offshore Wind Parks in Europe. Also an alternative layout, that uses the cables in a star grid, is studied. In order to validate the theory developed, simulations were made using the software PSCAD. The numerical analysis of the reflection and refraction coefficients in every node of the collection grid and its effect in the voltage transient's propagation showed that the attenuation effect, as a result of the consecutive refractions inside the grid in the cases where the refraction coefficient is smaller than 1, is important enough to cancel the amplification effect of the constructive interference, that happens due to the multiple reflection points. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Les travaux effectués pendant la thèse ont principalement porté sur la modélisation et le calcul du comportement haute-fréquence (HF) des câbles électriques. Ces phénomènes physiques mis en jeu combinent les effets capacitifs et inductifs ainsi que les effets de peau et de proximité. Pour prendre en compte de ces comportements, nous utilisons une approche basée sur des circuits équivalents à base aux paramètres linéiques qui varient en fonction de la fréquence. La détermination des éléments du schéma équivalent a été effectuée en résolvant des problèmes d'électrostatique et de magnétoharmonique en utilisant la méthode des éléments finis. Ensuite, nous avons travaillé sur la méthode des lignes de transport (TLM) associée à une approche modale pour déterminer les fréquences de résonance du système en prenant en compte les interconnexions aux extrémités du câble. Nous avons mis en œuvre la méthode ci-dessus pour plusieurs types de câble électrique : bifilaire blindé, blindé de 4 conducteurs, AC triphasée et enfin HVDC. Le comportement HF de ces câbles a été étudié en utilisant l'approche développé. / The work during the thesis focused on the modeling and calculation of high frequency (HF) behavior in the power cables. These physical phenomena involved combining capacitive and inductive as well as the effects of skin and proximity effects. To account for this behavior, we use an approach based on equivalent circuits based on linear parameters that vary depending on the frequency approach. The determination of the equivalent circuit elements was performed by solving electrostatic problems and magnetoharmonic using the finite element method. Then we worked on the Transmission Lines Method (TLM) associated with a modal approach to determine the resonance frequencies of the system taking into account the interconnections to the ends of cable. We have implemented the above method for several types of electric cable: shielded wire, shielded 4 wires, three phases AC and finally the HVDC cable. The HF behavior of these cables has been studied using the developed approach.

The subject of this thesis is to become familiar with the different parameters describing the lines, and the possibility of modeling data and power models. The thesis also outlined the difference in the mechanical structure of different types of cables. The practical part focuses only on the power cables and measure their basic parameters. Then is created computer model which describes the behavior of cable lines at higher frequencies than are primarily intended. The final section is an experimental network created by the PLC for remote reading of electricity meters, and it measured different transmission properties.

Our research focuses on re-using a waste a material, cross-linked polyethylene abbreviated XLPE, which is a widely used coating for wires. XLPE is strong and has excellent thermal properties due to its chemical structure - what leads to the significance of recycling this valuable polymer. Properties of XLPE include good resistance to heat, resistance to chemical corrosion, and high impact strength. A wire is usually composed of a metal core conductor and polymeric coating layers. One creates a new coating, including little pieces of recycled XLPE in the lower layer adjacent to the wire, and virgin XLPE only in the upper layer. Industries are often wasting materials which might be useful. Mostly, some returned or excess products could be recycled to create a new type of product or enable the original use. This method helps cleaning the waste, lowers the costs, and enhances the income of the manufacturing company. With the changing of the thickness of the outer layer, the roughness changes significantly. Moreover, different processing methods result in surfaces that look differently.

In the expansion of offshore sustainable energy systems, there is growing pressure on the environment and permit processes and the accumulation results in much higher total risk for accidents of future assets. Anticipating the problems at the design stage and improving verification is likely to increase energy development and reduce costs. This thesis explores offshore DST (Decision Support Tools) and risk verification of subsea cable assets.For subsea cables, a statistical method is proposed utilizing measurement data together with shipping traffic data (AIS) to estimate the environmental risk and risk of accidents of installed cable assets. This should partially solve issues of improving design using more data and surveys and utilizing mechanical and sensor-specific characteristics to improve the confidence and burial estimation, contrary to today’s methodology. The implication of the two studies of cable burial risk assessment techniques and verification shows how a developed methodology can solve issues for verifying the integrity of an installed asset. Putting our methodology into practice involves many challenges.  For the marine Decision Support Tool (DST) and sustainable energy development, to estimate potential savings if permit processes would be shorter and less burdensome without degrading the quality of the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment). A method is proposed to model various scenarios of effective savings from the development of a DST to reduce costs spent on EIA permitting by the offshore energy developers. The study of the implication of the marine EIA DST shows a quantifiable estimate of the savings potential for permit processes for sustainable offshore development, and results indicate a need for optimization of DST development, which can be an essential factor in its implementation and success.

No description available.

The nonlinear elastic behavior of infrastructure materials is a critical factor in the design and performance of various structural systems. This research introduces a novel approach to enhance the flexural rigidity and deflection control of large-spanned beams, aerial personal rapid transit (PRT) structures, and packed parallel wire cables by leveraging configurational forces, such as horizontal constraints and wrapping forces. These forces produce prestress over the structure members, but the prestress changes with the configuration, and therefore, the effective stiffness can be tailored by these configurational forces. In the first part of this research, the governing equation considering the horizontal force is formulated to address the large deflections commonly encountered in beams subjected to transverse loading with horizontal constraints. The study demonstrates that deflection can be significantly reduced, thereby increasing the effective flexural rigidity without necessitating larger cross-sections. Green’s functions for various boundary conditions are derived, and the theory is validated through a series of experimental tests on Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) panels and PRT guideways. The case studies show that horizontal prestress enhances beam stiffness, reducing deflection by up to 87% within the elastic load range. The research further extends to the mechanical behavior of packed parallel wire cables arranged in hexagonal patterns and wrapped with bands. The wrapping force is shown to modify the effective stiffness of the cables, a phenomenon modeled using the Singum model and Hertz contact theory. This approach simulates the stress transfer between wires under transverse loading, introducing an elastoplastic contact model that accounts for yielding in the contact zones. The study presents a methodology for predicting the development length and critical axial load in cables with broken wires, providing a robust tool for the design and maintenance of suspension bridge cables. In the final part of this research, the focus shifts to the mechanical performance of a fivelayered mullion design for energy-efficient building facades. Comprising three aluminum layers sandwiched between two polyamide cores, the beam is analyzed using linear and nonlinear elastic sandwich beam theory to derive expressions for effective stiffness. These theoretical predictions are compared with finite element method simulations and validated against experimental data from three-point and four-point bending tests. The results confirm the accuracy of the analytical models presented, demonstrating their potential for enhancing the structural performance of modern building facades. A significant contribution of this research is the development of a comprehensive framework for understanding and predicting the nonlinear elastic behavior of infrastructure materials under complex loading conditions, which the superposition principle may not be simply applicable even though the material behavior is elastic. By integrating configurational forces into the design process, this work offers a novel approach to improving the structural integrity and performance of beams, cables, and facade systems, with wide-ranging implications for the fields of structural engineering and material science.

Die Wurzelwasseraufnahme aus dem Boden wird durch die Rhizosphäre beeinflusst. Die Rhizosphäre ist eine dünne Bodenschicht, die sich um Wurzeln herum bildet. Die Rhizosphäre wird durch Mucilage beeinflusst. Mucilage ist ein polymeres Gel, was von Wurzeln abgesondert wird und vor allem die hydraulischen Eigenschaften der Rhizosphäre verändert. Wenn es im Kontakt mit Wasser ist, kann Mucilage große Mengen an Wasser aufnehmen, aber wenn es trocken ist, wird seine Oberfläche hydrophob. Hier konzentrieren wir uns auf den Effekt von Mucilage auf die hydraulischen Eigenschaften des Bodens. Zunächst präsentieren wir experimentelle und numerische Studien, die die hydraulischen Prozesse in der Rhizosphäre nach der Bewässerung von trockenem Boden beschreiben. Bei Mucilagekonzentrationen, die niedriger als ein gewisser Schwellwert waren, konnte Wasser durch die Rhizosphärenschicht fließen, über dieser Konzentration wurde die Schicht wasserundurchlässig während der ersten Minuten bis zu Stunden nach Bewässerung. Wir präsentieren eine analytische Abschätzung der Mucilagekonzentration an der Perkolationsschwelle als Funktion von mittlerer Teilchengröße und Bodenwasserpotential nach Bewässerung. Die Abschätzung wurde an Hand von Experimenten des kapillaren Aufstiegs in Bodensäulen validiert. Wir entwickelten ein effektives Model um zu beschreiben, wir Mucilage die hydraulischen Funktionen des Bodens verändert: (a) Quell- und Trocknungsprozesse von Mucilage resultieren in Nicht-Gleichgewichtsdynamiken zwischen Wassergehalt und Wasserpotential, (b) die Präsenz von Mucilage im Boden reduziert das Wasserpotential bei einem gegebenen Wassergehalt und (c) Mucilage ist viskos und reduziert dadurch die hydraulische Leitfähigkeit des Bodens bei einem gegebenen Wassergehalt. In Experimenten mit Boden-Mucilage-Mischungen testeten wir das Model und wandten es an, um Beobachtungen von früheren Experimenten mit echten Pflanzen zu simulieren, die veränderte hydraulische Dynamiken in der Rhizophäre zeigen. Im Anhang dieser Arbeit sind zwei Studien zur Wärmeausbreitung von Erdkabeln. Hier können hydraulische Dynamiken autreten, die dem radialen Wasserfluss zu einer einzelnen Wurzel ähneln.