L'objectif de ce travail de thèse était d'élaborer des matrices mimétiques du tissu osseux (en terme d'organisation des fibrilles de collagène ; de nature et distribution de la phase minérale) afin de progresser dans la compréhension des mécanismes physico-chimiques impliqués dans la formation du tissu osseux. La matrice de collagène ayant un rôle de charpente pour le tissu osseux, notre approche fut de synthétiser une matrice dense de collagène dont l'organisation hiérarchique mimait celle du tissu compact de l'os afin d'élaborer un bon modèle de matrice hybride collagène/apatite. Pour cela, nous avons mis en place un procédé d'élaboration de matrices denses fibrillaires de collagène (Wang 2011, brevet FR 2960439/WO 2011151587), qui a permis d'obtenir des matrices denses de collagène, de manière reproductible, en contrôlant la quantité de collagène injectée au cours du temps. Avant l'étude de l'étape de minéralisation, nous avons entrepris une caractérisation fine des apatites biologiques servant de référence et des phases d'apatite de synthèse servant de modèle. Enfin, nous avons minéralisé la matrice dense de collagène selon un procédé mettant en jeux les propriétés physico-chimiques du collagène en absence d'autres molécules organiques présentes in vivo, et en augmentant la charge en minéral par imprégnation dans un fluide physiologique. Nous avons ainsi réussi à réaliser la minéralisation de ces matrices dont l'organisation mime le réseau fibrillaire de l'os compact. Avec ce modèle simplifié de tissu osseux, nous avons réalisé les premières études sur la structure à l'interface collagène/apatite par RMN à l'état solide

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SeverinoFN_DISSERT.pdf: 3869767 bytes, checksum: 945ebd462d1133b15f06af55a2ec4392 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The general objective of this study was to contribute to the understanding of the chemical evolution of fluids that percolate through carbonate rocks of the Janda?ra Formation. The oxidation and reduction conditions in which grains, source and cement were formed was investigated using the cathodoluminescence technique (CL). The study area is located in the west part of the Potiguar Basin (Fazenda Bel?m field) and Ros?rio Ledge (Felipe Guerra municipality, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). The analysis of thin sections of carbonate rocks under CL revealed that grains (allochemical or not) and diagenetic products (micritization, dolomitization, neomorphism and cementation) exhibit since absence of luminescence the various luminescence colors (yellow, orange, red, brown, and blue) in a variety of intensities. As pure calcite shows dark blue luminescence, the occurrence of different luminescence colors in calcite crystals suggest one or more punctual crystal defects such as free electron, free space and impurity. The dyeing of thin sections with alizarin and potassium ferrocyanide revealed the absence of ferrous carbonate in the different lithotypes of Janda?ra Formation. Therefore, the different colors and intensities of CL observed in these rocks are probably caused by the presence of ion activators such as Mn2+ and is not an activator/inhibitor combination. In the same way, the absence of luminescence is very probably caused by the absence of activator ions and not due to the low concentration of inhibitor ions such as Fe2+. The incorporation of Mn2+ in the different members of the Janda?ra Formation must have been controlled by the redox state of the depositional environment and diagenesis. Therefore, it is possible that the luminescent members have been formed (e.g.,ooids) or have been modified (gastropod neomorphism) under reduction conditions in the depositional environments, in subsurface during the burial, or, in the case of Rosario Ledge samples , during the post-burial return to surface conditions. As regards the sudden changes from low to moderate and to strong luminescence, these features should indicate the precipitation of a fluid with chemical fluctuations, which formed the frequent zonations in the block cement of the Rosario Ledge samples. This study suggests that the different intensities and colors of CL should be correlated with the Mn2+ and Fe2+ contents, and stable isotopes of samples to determine the salinity, temperature, pH e Eh conditions during deposition / O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi contribuir para a compreens?o da evolu??o qu?mica dos fluidos percolantes atrav?s das rochas carbon?ticas da Forma??o Janda?ra. As condi??es oxidantes e redutoras nas quais gr?os, matriz e cimento foram formadas foi investigada usando a t?cnica da catodoluminesc?ncia (CL). A ?rea de estudo localiza-se a oeste da Bacia Potiguar (Campo da Fazenda Bel?m) e no Lajedo do Ros?rio (Munic?pio de Felipe Guerra, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil). As an?lises das l?minas delgadas das rochas carbon?ticas sob CL revelou que gr?os (aloqu?micos ou n?o) e produtos diagen?ticos (micritiza??o, dolomitiza??o, neomorfismo e cimenta??o) exibiu desde aus?ncia de luminesc?ncia ? v?rias cores de luminesc?ncia (amarela, laranja, vermelha, marrom e azul) numa variedade de intensidades . Como a calcita pura mostrou luminesc?ncia azul escuro, a ocorr?ncia de diferentes cores de luminesc?ncia em cristais de calcita sugere um ou mais defeitos pontuais nos cristais tais como el?trons livres, espa?os livres e impurezas. O tingimento das l?minas delgadas com alizarina e ferrocianeto de pot?ssio revelou aus?ncia de carbonatos ferrosos nos diferentes lit?tipos da Forma??o Janda?ra. Portanto, as diferentes cores e intensidades de CL observada nestas rochas s?o provavelmente causadas pela presen?a de ?ons ativadores tais como Mn2+ e n?o uma combina??o ativador / inibidor. Da mesma forma, a aus?ncia de luminesc?ncia ? muito provavelmente causada pela aus?ncia de ?ons ativadores e n?o devido a uma baixa concentra??o de ?ons inibidores tais como Fe2+. A incorpora??o do Mn2+ nos diferentes constituintes da Forma??o Janda?ra deve ter sido controlada atrav?s do estado redox do meio ambiente deposicional e diagen?tico. Portanto ? poss?vel que os constituintes luminescentes tenham se formados (Ex: o?ides) ou tenham sido modificados (Ex: neomorfismo de gastr?podes) sob condi??es redutoras no meio ambiente deposicional, em subsuperf?cie durante o soterramento, ou, no caso das amostras do Lajedo do Ros?rio, durante o p?s-soterramento, no retorno ?s condi??es superficiais. No que diz respeito ?s mudan?as bruscas de luminesc?ncia baixa para moderada e forte, estas caracter?sticas devem indicar a precipita??o de um fluido com flutua??es qu?micas, nas quais formou freq?entes zona??es no cimento blocoso das amostras do Lajedo do Ros?rio. Este estudo sugere que as diferentes intensidades e cores de CL deve ser correlacionado com o conte?dos de Mn2+ e Fe2+ e is?topos est?veis das amostras para determinar a salinidade, temperatura, pH e Eh durante deposi??o

As recentes descobertas de acumulações gigantes de hidrocarboneto nas coquinas e outras rochas carbonáticas lacustres das supersequência Rifte e Pós-Rifte (pré-sal) das Bacias de Campos e Santos tem fomentado uma série de pesquisas focadas em entender a gênese destes reservatórios singulares. Esta pesquisa se concentra em entender o modelo deposicional e evolução das rochas bioclásticas retrabalhadas e demais rochas associadas pertencentes a Formação Coqueiros, depositadas em alto externo no norte da Bacia de Campos, durante a transição entre as fases final de rifte e sag, a partir da integração de dados petrográficos de amostras laterais e testemunho, dados sísmicos e de perfis de poços. Sete fácies carbonáticas, duas magnesianas, uma siliciclástica e três híbridas foram definidas a partir de análise combinando informações de amostras laterais e estruturas sedimentares interpretadas em perfis de imagem. Rudstones e grainstones bioclásticos com moderado a alto retrabalhamento das conchas representam 65% das amostras descritas. Diversas evidências apontam para um ambiente deposicional lacustre predominantemente raso, dominado por correntes de tempestades, sendo as principais: (i) presença de rudstones com estratificações cruzadas de alto ângulo (>14°) e paleo-correntes de longshore; (ii) ocorrência pontual de sedimentos lamosos intercalados a espessos pacotes de rudstones bioclásticos amalgamados, indicando ambiente sujeito a correntes de maior energia, acima da zona de ação de ondas de tempo bom; (iii) predomínio de depósitos de rudstones desprovidos de matriz sobre o alto estrutural, com grande continuidade lateral, coerentes com processos de tempestades atuantes sobre amplas áreas de lago raso; (iv) depósitos de rudstones maciços, com conchas desorganizadas, semelhantes aos depósitos bioclásticos costeiros modernos da Califórnia e de Shark Bay. Três conjuntos de associação de fácies são propostos : (i) conjunto de alta energia, representado por rudstones e grainstones bioclásticos desprovidos de matriz, depositados entre as regiões de shoreface e berma, acima do nível de ação de onda de tempo bom (FWB); (ii) conjunto de baixa energia, formado pelas fácies hibridas com matriz lamosa ou peloidal e demais fácies de granulometria inferior à areia média, depositados abaixo do FWB ou em ambientes rasos protegidos (backshore); (iii) conjunto formado principalmente por facies de oóides argilo-magnesianos, cujo controle é dado pela composição mais alcalina da água do lago. Blocos diagramas dos modelos deposicionais de cada uma das cinco unidades sismo-estratigráfica estabelecidas para a Formação Coqueiros na área de estudo permitiram inferir a evolução das associações de fácies ao longo do tempo, evidenciando uma tendência geral de raseamento do lago, culminando com a discordância Pré-Neo-Alagoas (DPA). O padrão de paleo-correntes sugere atuação de mais de uma direção de vento sobre o alto externo, um mais forte vindo de noroeste e outro mais brando vindo de sudeste, resultando em fácies bioclásticas limpas de matriz e com bom potencial como reservatório em ambos os flancos do alto estrutural. Estas direções de ventos propostas para o Eobarremiano e Neoaptiano no norte da Bacia de Campos são de extrema importância para prever a localização das melhores fácies deposicionais da Fm. Coqueiros em outras áreas alvo de exploração de hidrocarboneto. / Recent discoveries of giant hydrocarbon accumulations in coquinas and other lacustrine carbonate rocks of Rift and Post-Rift (pre-salt) supersequences of Campos and Santos Basins have stimulated a series of studies focused on understanding the genesis of these unique reservoirs. An integrated petrologic-sedimentologic-stratigraphic-seismic study of Coqueiros Formation allowed characterizing the depositional model and evolution of reworked bioclastic rocks and other associated rocks deposited on the external high in the north of Campos Basin during the transition between late rift and sag stages. Seven carbonatic facies were defined from analysis combining information from sidewall core and sedimentary structures interpreted in image logs, in addition to one siliciclastic, two magnesian, and three hybrids facies. Bioclastic rudstones and grainstones with moderate to high reworking of the shells represent 65% of the samples described. Several pieces of evidences point to a predominantly shallow lacustrine depositional environment, dominated by storm currents: (i) presence of rudstones with high-angle cross-bedding (>14°) and longshore paleocurrents; (ii) limited occurrence of muddy sediments interbedded with thick packages of amalgamated bioclastic rudstones, indicating environment subject to high energy currents, above the fairweather wave base (FWB); (iii) predominance of rudstones deposits devoid of matrix on the structural high, with great lateral continuity, consistent with processes of storms acting on large areas of shallow lake; (iv) deposits of massive rudstones, with disorganized shells, similar to the modern coastal bioclastic deposits of California and Shark Bay. Three sets of facies association are proposed: (i) high energy set, represented by bioclastic rudstones and grainstones devoid of matrix, deposited between the shoreface and berm regions, above the FWB; (ii) low energy set, formed by hybrid facies with muddy or peloidal matrix and other facies of grain-size finer than medium sand, deposited below the FWB or in protected shallow environments (backshore); (iii) and an alkaline set, formed mainly by magnesian clay ooids, whose control is given by the more alkaline composition of lake water. Block diagrams of each of the five seismic-stratigraphic units, established for the Coqueiros Formation in the study area allowed to infer the evolution of the facies associations over time, demonstrate the general falling of relative lake level culminating in the pre-Neo-Alagoas unconformity (DPA). Paleocurrents suggests the activity of more than one wind direction over the external high, the stronger coming from northwest and a milder one coming from southeast, resulting in clean matrix bioclastic facies with good reservoir potential on both flanks of the structural high. These proposed wind directions for the Eobarremian and Neoaptian in the north of Campos Basin is extremely important to predict the location of the best depositional facies of the Coqueiros Formation in other target areas for hydrocarbon exploration.

Submitted by Marcos Wanderley (marcos.wanderley@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-02T19:11:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FELIPE DE BRITO LEAL - DISSERTAÇÃO(PPGEPM) 2018.pdf: 2534276 bytes, checksum: 3031c6788b6f03fbf0bf11a8f8afde4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T19:11:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FELIPE DE BRITO LEAL - DISSERTAÇÃO(PPGEPM) 2018.pdf: 2534276 bytes, checksum: 3031c6788b6f03fbf0bf11a8f8afde4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Capes / As propriedades físicas das rochas têm grande importância no planejamento, execução e custo dos projetos de engenharia de reservatório. O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar as propriedades elétricas das rochas a partir da análise de imagens de microtomografia de raios x, além de buscar uma correlação com as demais propriedades petrofísicas. Para o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa foram selecionadas 16 amostras de carbonatos, sendo 12 calcários e 4 dolomitos, de três diferentes bacias (Araripe, Potiguar e Sergipe –Alagoas). Na presente pesquisa, a partir de imagens microtomográficas e utilização do software Avizo Fire, foram obtidos dados petrofísicos computacionais, além da geração de uma malha tridimensional para simulação de propriedades elétricas das amostras, sendo esta simulação realizada no software Comsol Multiphysics. Utilizando algumas propriedades obtidas na pesquisa e aplicando a lei de Archie, foi possível avaliar a molhabilidade das amostras. Os valores de densidade total possuem boa relação com a porosidade e o fluido saturante. Na relação entre a porosidade e a permeabilidade, chama atenção as amostras com valores de porosidade semelhantes, mas com permeabilidades bem diferentes. Este fator pode ser explicado pela baixa conectividade dos poros, baixando a permeabilidade. Ao comparar as porosidades obtidas por ensaios convencionais e computacionais, em alguns casos, foram observados diferentes valores para a mesma amostra. Este fato pode ser explicado pela escolha do subvolume da amostra computacional e o fato do ensaio convencional medir apenas a porosidade efetiva. Ainda observando os resultados obtidos nos ensaios realizados, foi verificado que a porosidade pode apresentar uma relação inversamente proporcional com a tortuosidade. A resistividade demonstrou forte relação com o tipo da rocha, onde, amostras de calcários possuem maior resistividade do que as amostras de dolomitos. A conectividade dos poros de uma rocha pode ser determinante na influência da porosidade sobre a resistividade dessa rocha, já que poros isolados não apresentam grande influência na condutividade elétrica de uma rocha. Ao avaliar a molhabilidade, foram identificadas sete amostras molháveis à água, três com molhabilidade neutra ou intermediária e seis preferencialmente molháveis à óleo. A molhabilidade das amostras apresentou relação direta com as bacias que as mesmas se localizavam. / The physical properties of the rocks have great importance in the planning, execution and cost of the reservoir engineering projects. The objective of this research is to evaluate the electrical properties of the rocks from the analysis of x-ray microtomography images, in addition to searching for a correlation with the other petrophysical properties. For the development of this research, 16 samples of carbonates, 12 limestone and 4 dolomites, were selected from three different basins (Araripe, Potiguar and Sergipe - Alagoas). In this research, from the microtomographic images and the use of Avizo Fire software, computational petrophysical data were obtained, as well as the generation of a three - dimensional mesh to simulate the electrical properties of the samples, being this simulation carried out in Comsol Multiphysics software. Using some properties obtained in the research and applying the Archie’s law, it was possible to evaluate the wettability of the samples. The values of total density also have good relation with the porosity and saturating fluid. When analyzing the relationship between porosity and permeability, can be highlighted the samples with similar porosity values, but with very different permeabilities. This factor can be explained by the low connectivity of the pores, resulting in low permeability. When comparing the porosities obtained by conventional and computational tests, in some cases different values were observed for the same sample. This can be explained by the subjective choice of the subvolume of the computational sample and the fact that the conventional test only measures the effective porosity. Still observing the results of the tests, it was verified that the porosity may present an inversely proportional relation with the tortuosity. The resistivity showed a strong relationship with the type of rock, where calcareous samples have higher resistivity than dolomite samples. The pore connectivity of a rock can be determinant in the influence of the porosity on the resistivity of this rock, since isolated pores do not have great influence on the electrical conductivity of a rock. When assessing the wettability, seven water-wettable samples, three with neutral or intermediate wettability, and six preferentially oil-wettable were identified. The wettability of the samples was directly related to the basins that were located.

As recentes descobertas de acumulações gigantes de hidrocarboneto nas coquinas e outras rochas carbonáticas lacustres das supersequência Rifte e Pós-Rifte (pré-sal) das Bacias de Campos e Santos tem fomentado uma série de pesquisas focadas em entender a gênese destes reservatórios singulares. Esta pesquisa se concentra em entender o modelo deposicional e evolução das rochas bioclásticas retrabalhadas e demais rochas associadas pertencentes a Formação Coqueiros, depositadas em alto externo no norte da Bacia de Campos, durante a transição entre as fases final de rifte e sag, a partir da integração de dados petrográficos de amostras laterais e testemunho, dados sísmicos e de perfis de poços. Sete fácies carbonáticas, duas magnesianas, uma siliciclástica e três híbridas foram definidas a partir de análise combinando informações de amostras laterais e estruturas sedimentares interpretadas em perfis de imagem. Rudstones e grainstones bioclásticos com moderado a alto retrabalhamento das conchas representam 65% das amostras descritas. Diversas evidências apontam para um ambiente deposicional lacustre predominantemente raso, dominado por correntes de tempestades, sendo as principais: (i) presença de rudstones com estratificações cruzadas de alto ângulo (>14°) e paleo-correntes de longshore; (ii) ocorrência pontual de sedimentos lamosos intercalados a espessos pacotes de rudstones bioclásticos amalgamados, indicando ambiente sujeito a correntes de maior energia, acima da zona de ação de ondas de tempo bom; (iii) predomínio de depósitos de rudstones desprovidos de matriz sobre o alto estrutural, com grande continuidade lateral, coerentes com processos de tempestades atuantes sobre amplas áreas de lago raso; (iv) depósitos de rudstones maciços, com conchas desorganizadas, semelhantes aos depósitos bioclásticos costeiros modernos da Califórnia e de Shark Bay. Três conjuntos de associação de fácies são propostos : (i) conjunto de alta energia, representado por rudstones e grainstones bioclásticos desprovidos de matriz, depositados entre as regiões de shoreface e berma, acima do nível de ação de onda de tempo bom (FWB); (ii) conjunto de baixa energia, formado pelas fácies hibridas com matriz lamosa ou peloidal e demais fácies de granulometria inferior à areia média, depositados abaixo do FWB ou em ambientes rasos protegidos (backshore); (iii) conjunto formado principalmente por facies de oóides argilo-magnesianos, cujo controle é dado pela composição mais alcalina da água do lago. Blocos diagramas dos modelos deposicionais de cada uma das cinco unidades sismo-estratigráfica estabelecidas para a Formação Coqueiros na área de estudo permitiram inferir a evolução das associações de fácies ao longo do tempo, evidenciando uma tendência geral de raseamento do lago, culminando com a discordância Pré-Neo-Alagoas (DPA). O padrão de paleo-correntes sugere atuação de mais de uma direção de vento sobre o alto externo, um mais forte vindo de noroeste e outro mais brando vindo de sudeste, resultando em fácies bioclásticas limpas de matriz e com bom potencial como reservatório em ambos os flancos do alto estrutural. Estas direções de ventos propostas para o Eobarremiano e Neoaptiano no norte da Bacia de Campos são de extrema importância para prever a localização das melhores fácies deposicionais da Fm. Coqueiros em outras áreas alvo de exploração de hidrocarboneto. / Recent discoveries of giant hydrocarbon accumulations in coquinas and other lacustrine carbonate rocks of Rift and Post-Rift (pre-salt) supersequences of Campos and Santos Basins have stimulated a series of studies focused on understanding the genesis of these unique reservoirs. An integrated petrologic-sedimentologic-stratigraphic-seismic study of Coqueiros Formation allowed characterizing the depositional model and evolution of reworked bioclastic rocks and other associated rocks deposited on the external high in the north of Campos Basin during the transition between late rift and sag stages. Seven carbonatic facies were defined from analysis combining information from sidewall core and sedimentary structures interpreted in image logs, in addition to one siliciclastic, two magnesian, and three hybrids facies. Bioclastic rudstones and grainstones with moderate to high reworking of the shells represent 65% of the samples described. Several pieces of evidences point to a predominantly shallow lacustrine depositional environment, dominated by storm currents: (i) presence of rudstones with high-angle cross-bedding (>14°) and longshore paleocurrents; (ii) limited occurrence of muddy sediments interbedded with thick packages of amalgamated bioclastic rudstones, indicating environment subject to high energy currents, above the fairweather wave base (FWB); (iii) predominance of rudstones deposits devoid of matrix on the structural high, with great lateral continuity, consistent with processes of storms acting on large areas of shallow lake; (iv) deposits of massive rudstones, with disorganized shells, similar to the modern coastal bioclastic deposits of California and Shark Bay. Three sets of facies association are proposed: (i) high energy set, represented by bioclastic rudstones and grainstones devoid of matrix, deposited between the shoreface and berm regions, above the FWB; (ii) low energy set, formed by hybrid facies with muddy or peloidal matrix and other facies of grain-size finer than medium sand, deposited below the FWB or in protected shallow environments (backshore); (iii) and an alkaline set, formed mainly by magnesian clay ooids, whose control is given by the more alkaline composition of lake water. Block diagrams of each of the five seismic-stratigraphic units, established for the Coqueiros Formation in the study area allowed to infer the evolution of the facies associations over time, demonstrate the general falling of relative lake level culminating in the pre-Neo-Alagoas unconformity (DPA). Paleocurrents suggests the activity of more than one wind direction over the external high, the stronger coming from northwest and a milder one coming from southeast, resulting in clean matrix bioclastic facies with good reservoir potential on both flanks of the structural high. These proposed wind directions for the Eobarremian and Neoaptian in the north of Campos Basin is extremely important to predict the location of the best depositional facies of the Coqueiros Formation in other target areas for hydrocarbon exploration.

Com base na aplicação dos pressupostos da estratigrafia de seqüências, facilitado pela excelente qualidade dos dados sísmicos, foi realizado um estudo sistemático para entender como se processou o desenvolvimento da sedimentação siliciclástica/carbonática da porção sul da Bacia de Santos, durante o Mioceno. O banco de dados constituiu-se de uma malha sísmica multicanal, perfazendo aproximadamente 500 km de amostragem linear e dados de três poços. As técnicas de análise estratigráfica aplicadas foram: sismoestratigrafia e análise dos perfis de raio gama e sônico. O pacote carbonático Miocênico foi subdividido em cinco seqüências deposicionais. A partir daí estabeleceu-se um modelo de evolução paleoambiental e de correlação com os principais eventos globais de variação relativa do nível do mar. Os resultados indicaram que a sedimentação teve como fatores controladores e moduladores a glacio- eustasia associada às principais mudanças paleoclimáticas que ocorreram durante o Mioceno, assim como a halocinese, que teve forte influência no controle da paleobatimetria. Os dados globais indicaram para o Eomioceno condições climáticas mais amenas e para o Meso e Neomioceno, uma tendência geral de resfriamento. Diretamente relacionados a estas mudanças, predomina para o Eomioceno o caráter transgressivo dos sistemas deposicionais e para o Meso e Neomioceno, o regressivo. Esta tendência transgressiva, iniciada no Oligoceno, ocasionou o afastamento gradual das fontes de sedimentos siliciclásticos da área de estudo, permitindo condições propícias ao estabelecimento de uma sedimentação mista. No início do Mioceno, a deposição carbonática encontrava-se restrita às áreas proximais, desenvolvendo-se durante os tratos transgressivos. Nas fases finais do evento transgressivo, o nível de mar alto estabilizado/início de descida da curva eustática foram os principais momentos do desenvolvimento da sedimentação carbonática, tendo início a ampliação da sua área de ocorrência. / Based on the sequence stratigraphy and on the excellent quality of the seismic data, a systematic study was used to better understand the development of the siliciclastic / carbonatic sedimentation of the southern portion of Santos Basin, occurred during Miocene. The database includes a multichannel seismic data, with approximately 500 km of linear data, and 3 wells. The applied seismic techniques used, both seismic stratigraphy and well log analysis (gamma ray and sonic). The Miocene interval was subdivided into 5 depositional sequences, and a paleoenvironmental evolutionary model was established together with a correlation of global sea level variation. The results showed that the sedimentation was controlled by the glacio-eustasy associated with the main changes of the paleoclimate occurred in Miocene, as well as with the influence of the halokinesis. The global data indicated that in Early Miocene the climatic conditions start to cool, and then the Middle Mioceno and Late Miocene too. With a direct relationship with these changes, the transgressive characteristic of the depositional systems predominated in Early Miocene and regressive in Middle Miocene and Early Miocene. This transgressive tendency that started at Oligocene changed the source of siliciclastic sediments outside of the studied area, allowing good conditions for the mixed sedimentation to establish. In the beginning of Miocene the carbonatic sedimentation was restricted to the proximal areas, during the development of the transgressive tracts. At the end of the transgressive events, the maximum maximum flood was responsible for the main development of the carbonatic sedimentation, beginning the enlargement of the area.

Cinco poços, localizados na porção centro-sul da Bacia de Campos, que atravessaram os carbonatos do Membro Siri, foram utilizados objetivando a realização de um estudo petrográfico/microfaciológico e quimioestratigráfico nestes calcários. Foram identificas sete microfácies, constituídas basicamente por algas coralináceas, macroforaminíferos e cracas, que abrangem um conjunto de sistemas deposicionais que vai desde um a laguna rasa de circulação aberta até um forereef/margin reef abaixo da base de onda, passando por bioconstruções que formam um complexo de bancos algálicos na borda da plataforma. As condições iniciais destas rochas foram alteradas, em maior ou menor grau, devido à diagênese, notadamente, em ambiente meteórico freático. A cimentação foi o principal processo responsável pela diminuição da porosidade nestes carbonatos. Por outro lado, o processo de dissolução promoveu um alargamento dos poros, melhorando as características do reservatório. Quimioestratigrafia baseada em elementos químicos maiores e traços possibilitou a subdivisão dos carbonatos do Membro Siri em três unidades químicas e oito subunidades. Paralelamente a correlação de eventos isotópicos de dO18 e dC13 identificados no poço E, com eventos globais, sugere idade neo-oligocênica a eomiocênica para estes calcários. Finalmente, o entendimento da sucessão dos estratos carbonáticos dentro dos conceitos da estratigrafia de seqüências evidenciou que os tratos de sistemas podem ser relacionados com as variações observadas nos perfis geoquímicos e nas assembléias fossilíferas observadas na rocha. / Five wells have crossed carbonates of the Siri Member in the south of Campos Basin. They have been used objectifying the accomplishment of a petrographic/microfacies and chemostratigraphic study in these calcareous rocks. This work allowed to identify seven microfacies, constituted basically of coralline algae, larger foraminifera and barnacles, which enclose a set of depositional systems since a shallow lagoon of open circulation until a forereef/reef margin below wave base, passing for organics build up that form a complex of algalic banks in the edge of the platform. The rocks previously deposited have been modified by diagenesis, mainly, in a marine phreatic diagenetic environment. Cementation has been the main process responsible for lost of porosity in these carbonates. On anothe r hand, solution has improved the reservoir porosity. A chemostratigraphic study using major e trace chemical elements made possible the recognition of three chemical units and eight subunits in Siri Member. By correlating dO18 and dC13 isotopic events, identified in well E, with global events, a Late Oligocene Early Miocene age is suggested for Siri limestone. The stratigraphic sequences have showed that system tracts can be relationed with specific fossi liferous assemblages and with chemical variations observed in geochemical profiles.

Les interactions entre la fracturation, les circulations fluides et la chimie des fluides au sein de marges hyper-étendues sont encore peu décrites et sont pour la plupart localisées en mer, enfouies sous des sédiments post-rift. Le bassin sud Aquitain et la partie nord des Pyrénées constituent un cas d’étude approprié pour l’investigation de ces interactions dans un modèle de marge hyper-étendue avec exhumation du manteau durant le Crétacé inférieur puis inversée. Les données de terrain ont permis de décrire trois principaux sets de fractures. Ils ont été corrélés aux principaux événements de l’évolution géodynamique du bassin correspondant au rifting triasique, à l’hyper-extension datée Aptien-Cénomanien, et à la compression pyrénéenne. Les observations pétrographiques, les analyses Raman et microthermométriques sur les inclusions fluides, les données acquises par ICP-MS, et les analyses isotopiques ont permis de déterminer les chimies, les températures, les conditions rédox, les compositions des gaz, les signatures isotopiques de l’oxygène et du carbone, et les teneurs en terres rares des fluides parents pour les ciments précipités durant chaque épisode. Ces données ont permis le calage temporel des évènements diagénétiques majeurs. En particulier, la dolomie baroque et la chlorite ont précipité dans les fractures du set 2 durant l’hyper-extension correspondant au pic thermique à des températures supérieures à 300°C. La signature isotopique, la forte teneur en CO2, l’occurrence de H2S et les fortes salinités des fluides parents suggèrent la percolation de fluides mantelliques ascendants au travers des évaporites triasiques. La phase fin et post hyper-extension est caractérisée par de la bréchification hydraulique dans les formations les plus poreuses, une baisse des températures et des salinités, une baisse de la contribution mantellique dans les fluides parents, une fermeture du système diagénétique au cours de l’enfouissement et un passage à des conditions réductrices durant la précipitation du quartz, de la pyrite et de la calcite. La phase de compression pyrénéenne associée au troisième stade de fracturation a induit une réouverture du système diagénétique et favorisé le retour à des conditions oxydantes et à des infiltrations de fluides météoriques / Interactions between fracturing, fluid circulations and fluid chemistry on hyper-extended margins is still poorly described as most of them are located offshore, buried underneath post-rift sediments. The southern Aquitaine basin and the northern Pyrenees constitute an appropriate case study to investigate these interactions since a model of hyper extended margin with mantle exhumation during the Lower Cretaceous subsequently inverted was recently proposed. From a field study, we here describe three main sets of fractures (set 1 to set 3). They are correlated with main stages of the geodynamic evolution of the basin corresponding to the Liassic rifting, the Aptian-Cenomanian hyper-extension, and the Pyrenean compression. Petrographic observations, Raman and micro-thermometry analysis on fluid inclusions, ICP-MS, and isotope analysis permitted to determine chemistries, temperatures, redox conditions, gas compositions, oxygen and carbon isotopic signatures, and REE contents of parent fluids for cements precipitated during each episode. In particular saddle dolomite and chlorite precipitated in set 2 fractures during the hyper-extension corresponding to the thermal peak at temperatures higher than 300°C. The isotopic signature, the high CO2 content, the occurrence of H2S and the high salinity of parent fluids suggest ascending mantle fluids percolating across Triassic evaporites. The late and post hyper-extensional phase is characterized by hydraulic brecciation in porous formations, a decrease in temperature and salinity, a decrease in mantle contribution in parent fluids, a closing of the diagenetic system during burial and a switch to reducing conditions during the precipitation of quartz, pyrite and calcite. The Pyrenean compressive phase associated with the third fracturing stage induced a reopening of the diagenetic system and favored a return to oxidizing conditions and infiltrations of meteoric fluids

Cette thèse vise à faire progresser notre connaissance du comportement rhéologique des mousses dans les milieux poreux. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une étude pétrophysique systématique complète de l'écoulement de mousse dans des milieux poreux pour déterminer l'impact de la qualité de la mousse, du débit, de la perméabilité, de la pression et de la composition du gaz. Nos résultats montrent que les données obtenues sur une gamme de qualités de mousse, de vitesses interstitielles et de perméabilités, convergent vers une courbe maîtresse de loi de puissance, indépendamment du régime d'écoulement, une fois le comportement rhéologique de la mousse forte est exprimé comme la viscosité apparente en fonction du taux de cisaillement. La courbe maîtresse obéit à une loi de puissance avec un exposant universel de -2/3. Nous avons trouvé des preuves expérimentales et théoriques dans la littérature pour la valeur de l'exposant. Nos résultats ont montré aussi que la mousse était moins efficace pour réduire la mobilité des gaz lorsque la pression augmentait, et qu'à des pressions suffisamment basses, la composition du gaz n'avait aucun effet sur la performance de la mousse. Cependant, à haute pression, la composition du gaz devient un paramètre déterminant, et tous les composants doivent être pris en compte. Nous avons trouvé une courbe maîtresse pour la performance de la mousse que nous permet d'extrapoler l'efficacité de la mousse pour différentes compositions à différentes pressions. Donc, les deux approches et les corrélations ci-dessus peuvent être utilisées pour affiner la modélisation d'injection des mousses, améliorant ainsi la simulation du procédé Foam-EOR et sa fiabilité. / This thesis aimed at advancing our knowledge of the rheological behavior of foams in porous media. For that, we performed a comprehensive systematic petrophysical study of foam flow in porous media to determine the impact of foam quality, flow rate (interstitial velocity), permeability, pressure and gas composition on foam performance. Our findings show that the data obtained over a range of foam qualities, interstitial velocities and permeabilities converged to a power law master curve, independently of the flow regime, once the rheological behavior of strong foam was expressed in terms of apparent viscosity as a function of shear rate. The master curve obeys a power law with a universal exponent of -2/3. We found experimental and theoretical evidence in the literature for the value of the exponent. Our results also showed that foam was less effective in reducing gas mobility as pressure increased and that at sufficiently low pressures, the gas composition has no effect on foam performance. However, at high pressures, the gas composition becomes a determinant parameter, and all components must be considered. We found a master curve for foam performance which allows us to extrapolate foam efficiency for different compositions at different pressures. The experimental correlations obtained by these original approaches hold immense potential to advance the physical modeling of foam flow in porous media. Therefore, both approaches and correlations above can be used to refine foam flooding modeling, thus improving the simulation of Foam-EOR process and its reliability.

Une fois déposé, un sédiment est affecté au cours de son enfouissement par un ensemble de processus, regroupé sous le terme diagenèse, le transformant parfois légèrement ou bien suffisamment pour le rendre méconnaissable. Ces modifications ont des conséquences sur les propriétés pétrophysiques qui peuvent être positives ou négatives, c'est-à-dire les améliorer ou bien les détériorer. Une voie alternative de représentation numérique des processus, affranchie de l'utilisation des réactions physico-chimiques, a été adoptée et développée en mimant le déplacement du ou des fluides diagénétiques. Cette méthode s'appuie sur le principe d'un automate cellulaire et permet de simplifier les phénomènes sans sacrifier le résultat et permet de représenter les phénomènes diagénétiques à une échelle fine. Les paramètres sont essentiellement numériques ou mathématiques et nécessitent d'être mieux compris et renseignés à partir de données réelles issues d'études d'affleurements et du travail analytique effectué. La représentation des phénomènes de dolomitisation de faible profondeur suivie d'une phase de dédolomitisation a été dans un premier temps effectuée. Le secteur concerne une portion de la série carbonatée de l'Urgonien (Barrémien-Aptien), localisée dans le massif du Vercors en France. Ce travail a été réalisé à l'échelle de la section afin de reproduire les géométries complexes associées aux phénomènes diagénétiques et de respecter les proportions mesurées en dolomite. De plus, la dolomitisation a été simulée selon trois modèles d'écoulement. En effet, la dédolomitisation étant omniprésente, plusieurs hypothèses sur le mécanisme de dolomitisation ont été énoncées et testées. Plusieurs phases de dolomitisation per ascensum ont été également simulées sur des séries du Lias appartenant aux formations du groupe des Calcaire Gris, localisées au nord-est de l'Italie. Ces fluides diagénétiques empruntent le réseau de fracturation comme vecteur et affectent préférentiellement les lithologies les plus micritisées. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence la propagation des phénomènes à l'échelle de l'affleurement. / Once deposited, sediment is affected by diagenetic processes during their burial history. These diagenetic processes are able to affect the petrophysical properties of the sedimentary rocks and also improve as such their reservoir capacity. The modelling of diagenetic processes in carbonate reservoirs is still a challenge as far as neither stochastic nor physicochemical simulations can correctly reproduce the complexity of features and the reservoir heterogeneity generated by these processes. An alternative way to reach this objective deals with process-like methods, which simplify the algorithms while preserving all geological concepts in the modelling process. The aim of the methodology is to conceive a consistent and realistic 3D model of diagenetic overprints on initial facies resulting in petrophysical properties at a reservoir scale. The principle of the method used here is related to a lattice gas automata used to mimic diagenetic fluid flows and to reproduce the diagenetic effects through the evolution of mineralogical composition and petrophysical properties. This method developed in a research group is well adapted to handle dolomite reservoirs through the propagation of dolomitising fluids and has been applied on two case studies. The first study concerns a mid-Cretaceous rudist and granular platform of carbonate succession (Urgonian Fm., Les Gorges du Nan, Vercors, SE France), in which several main diagenetic stages have been identified. The modelling in 2D is focused on dolomitisation followed by a dedolomitisation stage. For the second study, data collected from outcrops on the Venetian platform (Lias, Mont Compomolon NE Italy), in which several diagenetic stages have been identified. The main one is related to per ascensum dolomitisation along fractures. In both examples, the evolution of the effects of the mimetic diagenetic fluid on mineralogical composition can be followed through space and numerical time and help to understand the heterogeneity in reservoir properties.