Al4SiC4 est une céramique réfractaire avec une bande d’énergie 2.5eV qui est très intéressant pour diverses applications dans le domaine de l’énergie. Pourtant, la synthèse des monocristaux d’Al4SiC4 n’a pas été étudiée jusqu’à présent.Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, les phénomènes de vaporisation et de condensation dans le système Al4C3-SiC sont étudiés en combinant une analyse de thermodynamique avec une approche d’expérimentale focalisée. Les conditions expérimentales de la synthèse d’Al4SiC4, telles que la composition initiale, la température de recuit et le gradient de température, sont étudiées et optimisées. À partir des résultats obtenus, un diagramme de phase condensée à l’équilibre est établi pour la fraction molaire XAl4C3/(Al4C3+SiC) < 0.5, qui est déterminée comme la condition préférée pour la condensation d’Al4SiC4. En effet, Al4SiC4 pourrait être synthétisée expérimentalement par sublimation à 1900°C avec un gradient de température inférieur à 40°C. Les caractéristiques de base comme la qualité structurale et l’absorption optique des couches cristalline d’Al4SiC4 obtenues sont étudiées.Dans la deuxième partie, les nouvelles structures d’hétéro-épitaxiales du système Al-Si-C sur substrats de SiC hexagonal (orienté [0001]) sont proposées comme Al4C3/SiC et Al4SiC4/SiC. Les caractéristiques des hétérostructures comme le mécanisme de croissance et les relations cristallographiques, sont principalement étudiées à l’échelle nanoscopique par utiliser la TEM à haute résolution. / Al4SiC4 is a refractory ceramic with a reported band gap of about 2.5 eV, making it an interesting semiconductor material for various applications in the field of energy. However, the synthesis of Al4SiC4 single crystals has so far not been investigated.In the first part of this thesis, combining a thermodynamic analysis with a focused experimental approach, the vaporization and condensation phenomena in the Al4C3-SiC system are described. Experimental conditions, such as initial composition, baking temperature and temperature gradient, are investigated and optimized regarding the crystallization of Al4SiC4. From the results obtained, a condensed phase diagram at equilibrium is established for the molar fraction XAl4C3/(Al4C3+SiC) < 0.5, which is determined as the favorite condition for the Al4SiC4 condensation. Indeed, Al4SiC4 single phase could be experimentally synthesized by sublimation at 1900°C with a temperature gradient smaller than 40°C. Some basics characteristics of obtained Al4SiC4 crystalline layers like the structural quality and optical absorption are investigated.In the second part, new hetero-epitaxial structures on [0001] oriented hexagonal SiC are studied like Al4C3/SiC and Al4SiC4/SiC. The characteristics of heterostructures, like growth mechanism and crystallographic relationships are mainly investigated in nanoscopic scale by using high resolution TEM.

O amido é um dos polímeros naturais mais aplicados na indústria farmacêutica por sua versatilidade, disponibilidade e por ser um produto renovável. O pinhão é a semente da Araucaria angustifolia, a espécie de conífera nativa do Brasil mais importante economicamente, e é uma boa fonte de amido (aproximadamente 36 % em base úmida). A criação de novos usos para o amido de pinhão pode contribuir na preservação desta espécie pela utilização de um produto que geralmente sobra ao final da safra e, muitas vezes, é utilizado para alimentação animal. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar uma fonte de amido alternativa a partir do pinhão para uso como excipiente farmacêutico. Para isso, foi avaliada a metodologia de extração do amido de pinhão a partir do pinhão nativo (in natura) e do pinhão cozido em autoclave a 120 °C por 15 minutos. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados considerando as características de fluxo, através da determinação do ângulo de repouso, densidade bruta e de compactação, Índice de Carr e Fator de Hausner, conteúdo de umidade, pH, solubilidade em água fria, tamanho e distribuição de tamanho de partícula, morfologia através da microscopia ótica com luz normal e polarizada e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), presença de compostos fenólicos, avaliação colorimétrica, difração de raios-X e avaliação das propriedades térmicas através da temperatura de gelatinização e entalpia de gelatinização. Para fins de comparação, os mesmo parâmetros foram avaliados em uma amostra de amido de milho farmacêutico comercial. Os resultados mostraram que a extração do amido de pinhão nativo (APN) foi eficiente, uma vez que o percentual de amido em base seca (b.s.) encontrado foi de 94,53 ± 0,13 %. O amido de pinhão cozido (APC) apresentou rendimento de extração muito mais baixo que APN e menor conteúdo de amido, demonstrando menor eficiência de extração. Em relação à caracterização, os produtos obtidos apresentaram diferenças principalmente quanto ao tamanho de partícula, cor, presença de fenólicos, cristalinidade, morfologia e solubilidade. A amostra APC apresentou maior tamanho de partícula, com uma distribuição de tamanhos mais larga, deixando o pó menos homogêneo que APN e AMF, que se mostraram semelhantes. O formato do grânulo de APN é mais arredondado que AMF, enquanto que APC, com grânulos maiores, apresentou formato muito irregular. A temperatura de gelatinização e a entalpia de gelatinização de APN foram mais baixas que de AMF, provavelmente em função de seu menor conteúdo de amilose. APN e AMF apresentaram características de semicristalinidade através dos diagramas de difração de raios-X e APC demonstrou ser um produto amorfo, como se espera de amidos prégelatinizados, apresentando cor mais escura em função da presença de compostos fenólicos. As propriedades de fluxo dos pós apresentaram-se semelhantes, sendo que quando avaliada através do ângulo de repouso, as amostras APN e APC foram classificadas como fluxo aceitável enquanto que AMF foi classificada como fluxo pobre. Por outro lado, quando avaliado o fluxo de acordo com Índice de Carr e Fator de Hausner, APC e AMF foram classificadas como fluxo aceitável e APN como fluxo pobre. APC apresentou uma melhora significativa na solubilidade, onde foi classificado como ligeiramente solúvel enquanto que APN e AMF foram classificados como muito pouco solúveis. O pH de APN é mais próximo da neutralidade enquanto que APC e AMF são considerados como fracamente ácidos. O conteúdo de umidade dos amidos extraídos a partir do pinhão foi menor que do amido de milho comercial. Apesar das diferenças apresentadas, os amidos de pinhão nativo e de milho se assemelham, fazendo com que o amido de pinhão nativo possa ser utilizado como excipiente farmacêutico. / Starch is a natural polymer widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for its versatility and availability, and also because it is a renewable product. Pinhão is the seed of Araucaria angustifolia, the more economically important conifer species native in Brazil, and is a good source of starch (about 36 %). Some new uses of pinhão starch can contribute to preserve this specie by using a product that very often left at the end of season and, in general, is simply used as animal feed. The purpose of this study was characterizing an alternative source of starch from pinhão to use as pharmaceutical excipient. Starch extraction method was evaluated using native and cooked pinhão in autoclave at 120 ºC for 15 minutes. The products obtained were characterized considering flow properties, by determining the angle of repose, bulk and tapped density, Carr index and Hausner ratio, moisture content, pH, solubility in cold water, particle size and size distribution, morphological characteristics by optical microscopy with and without polarized light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), phenolic compounds, colorimetric evaluation, X-ray diffraction and thermal properties through gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. For comparison, the same parameters were evaluated in a sample of pharmacist commercial corn starch. Results showed that native pinhão starch (NPS) was effective, since the starch content found was 94,53 ± 0.13 % on dry basis (d.b.). Cooked pinhão starch (CPS) showed values of yield extraction and starch content much lower than NPS indicating lower extraction efficiency. The different starches differ of particle size, color, phenolic presence, crystallinity, morphology and solubility. CPS sample showed a higher particle size with a wider size distribution and, consequently, granules size less homogeneous than NPS and PCS, which were similar. NPS granule shape is more rounded than PCS, whereas CPS, with larger granules, showed very irregular shape. NPS gelatinization temperature and enthalpy are lower than PCS, probably due its lower amylose content. NPS and PCS showed a semicrystalline structure through X-ray diffraction patters and CPS had amorphous characteristics, as expected for a pre-gelatinized starch. In addition, CPS had a darker color due the presence of phenolics compounds which migrates from coat to seed during cooking. Flow properties of powders were similar, whereas when evaluated through angle of repose, NPS and CPS samples were classified as acceptable flow and PCS had a poor flow. Moreover, when evaluated according to Carr index and Hausner ratio PCS and CPS were classified as acceptable and NPS as poor flow. CPS showed an improvement in solubility, which was classified as slightly soluble while NPS and PCS were classified as very low soluble. NPS pH was close to neutrality while PCS and CPS were considered as weakly acid and the moisture content from pinhão starches (NPS and CPS) were smaller than commercial corn starch. Despite the differences observed, native pinhão starch is similar of corn starch and could be used as pharmaceutical excipient.

SANTOS, Gerusa Matias dos. Contribuição da vitamina C, carotenóides e compostos fenólicos no potencial antioxidante de produtos comerciais de açaí e cupuaçu. 2007. 108 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrária, Curso de Mestrado em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2007 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T13:06:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_ gmsantos.pdf: 1203134 bytes, checksum: 431e9239867cd81150b3358010cdd62e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T13:06:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_ gmsantos.pdf: 1203134 bytes, checksum: 431e9239867cd81150b3358010cdd62e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T13:06:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_ gmsantos.pdf: 1203134 bytes, checksum: 431e9239867cd81150b3358010cdd62e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / One of the sections that is showing constant growth is the fresh fruits and their derived, therefore these besides feeding, show certain constituent that can aid as coadjutant in the prevention of certain diseases. One of those constituent ones are called antioxidants, that are waking up great interest so much for the consumers as for the scientific community for the probable beneficial effects that can bring health. The Amazon has a rich patrimony in biodiversity, and due to that fact, it becomes one of the areas that wakes up the curiosity in scientists. Among the fruits found in the Amazon we have açaí and cupuaçu, that having plenty of particular characteristics and being exotics they still need to be quite studied, besides, those fruits are at a market with constant growth so much at national level as international. This work aimed to characterize commercial products of açaí and cupuaçu, correlating the contribution of the vitamin C, carotenoids and fenolics compounds in the potential antioxidant of those products, still verifying the referring parameters to the quality of the obtained products. Determinations of soluble solids were made (ºBrix), pH, acidity, and total sugars reducers, activity of water, color, vitamin C, total anthocyanins, total carotenoids, total compounds and potential fenolics antioxidant. At the end of the study it was verified that all the analyzed samples presented significant difference in all the analyzed parameters. For açaí samples, the parameters that presented results with plenty difference between the pure pulps and the added pulp of preservative and sucrose were the total acidity value, soluble solids (ºBrix), total sugars, sugars reducers and sugars no-reducers. The açaí pulps had elevated values for the parameter of antioxidant potential, besides, they also present an important vitamin source C, could be considered, therefore, a product with good functional allegations. In relation to the parameters stipulated for cupuaçu pulp, all are inside of the values proposed for pH and all the pulps are out of the parameters proposed for vitamin C. The values of total carothenoids, as well as the one of potential antioxidant of the cupuaçu products was relatively low when compared with the ones of the açaí pulps, and they were not found values of total anthocyanins in these cupuaçu products. The compositions total fenolics presented significant and positive correlation with the antioxidant potential in the pure pulps of açaí as in the pure pulps of cupuaçu. In the case of the pulps of pure açaí, the anthocyanins also presented significant and positive correlation / Um dos setores que vem mostrando constante crescimento é o de frutas frescas e seus derivados, pois estas além de alimentar apresentam certos constituintes que podem auxiliar como coadjuvantes na prevenção de certas doenças. Um desses constituintes são os chamados antioxidantes, que vêm despertando grande interesse tanto para os consumidores quanto para a comunidade científica pelos prováveis efeitos benéficos que podem trazer á saúde. A Amazônia possui um patrimônio riquíssimo em biodiversidade, e devido a esse fato, ela acaba sendo uma das regiões que mais despertam curiosidade nos cientistas. Dentre as frutas encontradas na Amazônia temos o açaí e o cupuaçu, que por possuírem características bastante particulares e por serem exóticas ainda precisam ser bastante estudadas, além disso, essas frutas encontram-se em um mercado com constante crescimento tanto a nível nacional como internacional. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar produtos comerciais de açaí e cupuaçu, correlacionando a contribuição da vitamina C, carotenóides e compostos fenólicos no potencial antioxidante desses produtos, verificando ainda os parâmetros referentes à qualidade dos produtos obtidos. Foram efetuadas determinações de sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), pH, acidez, açúcares redutores e totais, atividade de água, cor, vitamina C, antocianinas totais, carotenóides totais, compostos fenólicos totais e potencial antioxidante. Ao final do estudo constatou-se que todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram diferença significativa em todos os parâmetros analisados. Para as amostras de açaí, os parâmetros que apresentaram resultados com bastante diferença entre as polpas puras e a polpa adicionada de conservante e sacarose foram a acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), açúcares totais, açúcares redutores e açúcares não-redutores. As polpas de açaí tiveram elevados valores para o parâmetro de potencial antioxidante, além de apresentarem também uma importante fonte de vitamina C, podendo ser considerado, portanto, um produto com boas alegações funcionais. Em relação aos parâmetros estipulados para polpa de cupuaçu, todas se encontram dentro dos valores propostos para pH e todas as polpas estão fora dos parâmetros propostos para vitamina C. Os valores de carotenóides totais, bem como o de potencial antioxidante dos produtos de cupuaçu foram relativamente baixos quando comparados com os das polpas de açaí, e não foram encontrados valores de antocianinas totais nestes produtos de cupuaçu. Os compostos fenólicos totais apresentaram correlação significativa e positiva com a capacidade antioxidante tanto nas polpas puras de açaí quanto nas polpas puras de cupuaçu. No caso das polpas de açaí puras, as antocianinas também apresentaram correlação significativa e positiva.

During the past decade, the Internet has witnessed a dramatic increase in the popularity of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) applications. This has caused a significant growth in the volume of P2P traffic. This trend has been particularly alarming for the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that need to cope with the associated cost but have limited control in routing or managing P2P traffic. To alleviate this problem, researchers have proposed mechanisms to reduce the volume of external P2P traffic for individual ISPs. However, prior studies have not examined the global effect of P2P applications on the entire network, namely the traffic that a P2P application imposes on individual underlying Autonomous Systems (ASs). Such a global view is particularly important because of the large number of geographically scattered peers in P2P applications. This dissertation examines the global effect of P2P applications on the underlying AS-level Internet. Toward this end, first we leverage a large number of complete overlay snapshots from a large-scale P2P application, namely Gnutella, to characterize the connectivity and evolution of its overlay structure. We also conduct a case study on the performance of BitTorrent and its correlation with peer- and group-level properties. Second, we present and evaluate Respondent-driven sampling as a promising technique to collect unbiased samples for characterizing peer properties in large-scale P2P overlays without requiring the overlay's complete snapshot. Third, we propose a new technique leveraging the geographical location of peers in an AS to determine its geographical footprint and identify the cities where its Points-of-Presence (PoPs) are likely to be located. Fourth, we present a new methodology to characterize the effect of a given P2P overlay on the underlying ASs. Our approach relies on the large scale simulation of BGP routing over the AS-level snapshots of the Internet to identify the imposed load on each transit AS. Using our methodology, we characterize the impact of Gnutella overlay on the AS-level underlay over a 4-year period. Our investigation provides valuable insights on the global impact of large scale P2P overlay on individual ASs. This dissertation includes my previously published and co-authored material.

We investigate the statistics of transmission time of wireless systems employing adaptive transmission. Unlike traditional transmission systems where the transmission time of a fixed amount of data is typically regarded as a constant, the transmission time with adaptive transmission systems becomes a random variable, as the transmission rate varies with the fading channel condition. To facilitate the design and optimization of wireless transmission schemes, we present an analytical framework to determine statistical characterizations for the transmission time with adaptive transmission. In particular, we derive the exact statistics of transmission time over block fading channels. The probability mass function (PMF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of transmission time are obtained for both slow and fast fading scenarios. We further extend our analysis to Markov channels, where the transmission time becomes a sequence of exponentially distributed random-length time slots. Analytical expression for the probability density function (PDF) of transmission time is derived for both fast and slow fading scenarios. Since the energy consumption can be characterized by the product of power consumption and transmission time, we also evaluate the energy consumption for wireless systems with adaptive transmission. Cognitive radio communication can opportunistically access underutilized spectrum for emerging wireless applications. With interweave cognitive implementation, a secondary user (SU) transmits only if a primary user does not occupy the channel and waits for transmission otherwise. Therefore, secondary packet transmission involves both transmission and waiting periods. The resulting extended delivery time (EDT) is critical to the throughput analysis of secondary system. With the statistical results of transmission time, we derive the PDF of EDT considering random-length SU transmission and waiting periods for continuous spectrum sensing and semi-periodic spectrum sensing. Taking spectrum sensing errors into account, we propose a discrete Markov chain modeling slotted secondary transmission coupled with periodic spectrum sensing. Markov modeling is applied to energy efficiency optimization and queuing performance evaluation. / Graduate

Ces travaux portent sur la précipitation de boehmite AlOOH, qui est le précurseur de l’alumine γ – Al2O3, support catalytique utilisé dans de nombreux procédés de raffinage. Le contrôle de la porosité de ces particules est crucial afin de minimiser les limitations par transfert de matière et de chaleur et d’améliorer la performance des catalyseurs. La porosité de l’alumine provient en partie de l’étape de précipitation de boehmite. Elle est conservée du fait de la topotacticité de la transformation boehmite - alumine. La boehmite est obtenue par précipitation de sels d’aluminium. L’effet des paramètres physico-chimiques, tels que la température et le pH, sur les propriétés du matériau a été largement étudié dans la littérature. Cependant, peu d’études ont permis la mise en évidence des phénomènes régissant l’agrégation durant le procédé de précipitation. L’objectif de cette étude est de comprendre et de quantifier les paramètres de précipitation influençant l’agrégation de la boehmite au cours de sa synthèse. La précipitation de la boehmite a été réalisée dans deux types de dispositifs de précipitation. Le dispositif double-jets, utilisé à l’échelle industrielle, induit des conditions non-homogènes de sursaturation et de fraction volumique en particules, tant temporellement que spatialement. La deuxième méthode de précipitation de boehmite utilise des pré-mélangeurs (Hartridge-Roughton et Y), dans lequel le micro-mélange et la sursaturation initiale sont finement contrôlés. La sursaturation a été calculée au cours de la précipitation sur la base du modèle thermodynamique de Pitzer. Celle-ci est significativement plus importante dans le dispositif pré-mélangeur. L’effet des paramètres opératoires a été mis en évidence sur les propriétés texturales de la boehmite via des caractérisations ex situ (DRX, adsorption-désorption d’azote par méthode BET, cryo-MET). Les matériaux issus du dispositif double-jets présentent une porosité d’autant plus aérée que la sursaturation est faible, et il existe une valeur seuil de sursaturation au-delà de laquelle la porosité n’est plus impactée par ce paramètre, comme c’est le cas dans le dispositif pré-mélangeur. Dans ce cas, aucun autre paramètre opératoire n’affecte la texture du matériau. Ces résultats mettent en évidence des mécanismes d’agrégation dépendant directement de la sursaturation. Des techniques de caractérisation originales ont par ailleurs été mises en place afin de suivre la dynamique de l’agrégation. L’analyse par diffusion multiple de la lumière a permis de mettre en évidence des cinétiques d’agrégation différentes, directement corrélées à la porosité, et ce avant les étapes de filtration-lavage-séchage. Une analyse fine des états d’agrégation a été réalisée in situ par SAXS à rayonnement synchrotron. Cette étude a permis de proposer différents scénarii des mécanismes d’agrégation. Il apparaît que les fibres de boehmite s’agrègent de manière beaucoup plus aérée à faible sursaturation. Une porosité visée pourrait ainsi être obtenue par un contrôle fin de la sursaturation. Enfin, une première approche de modélisation par bilan de population a été développée afin de décrire les processus de formation des fibres et d’agrégation secondaire. / This work focuses on the precipitation of boehmite AlOOH, which is the precursor of alumina γ – Al2O3, used as catalyst support in many refining processes. The control of the porosity of these particles is crucial to minimize the limitation by mass and heat transfer, and improve catalysts performance. Alumina porosity mainly comes from precipitation step. It is conserved due to the topotacticity of boehmite – alumina transformation. Boehmite is obtained by precipitation of aluminum salts. The effect of physical and chemical parameters, such as temperature and pH, on the material properties has been extensively studied in the literature. However, few studies allowed the identification of the phenomena governing aggregation during the precipitation process. The objective of this study is to understand and quantify the precipitation parameters influencing boehmite aggregation, dynamically. The precipitation of boehmite was performed in two types of precipitators. The double-jet device, used at industrial scale, has non-homogeneous conditions of supersaturation and particle volume fraction, both temporally and spatially. The second boehmite precipitation method uses micro-mixers (Hartridge-Roughton and Y), wherein the micro-mixing and initial supersaturation are finely controlled. Supersaturation was calculated during the precipitation on the basis of Pitzer thermodynamic model. This one is significantly higher in the micro-mixing device. The effect of process parameters has been highlighted on boehmite textural properties via ex situ characterizations (XRD and nitrogen adsorption-desorption by BET method, cryo-TEM). Materials resulting from double-jet device develop loose porosity especially for low supersaturations. There is a supersaturation threshold value beyond which the porosity is fixed, as is the case in micro-mixer device. In this case, no other process parameter affects material texture. These results highlight aggregation mechanisms directly dependent on supersaturation. Original characterizations techniques have also been put in place to monitor aggregation dynamically. Multiple light scattering analysis allowed highlighting different aggregation kinetics, directly correlated to the porosity, before filtering, washing and drying steps. A detailed analysis of aggregations states was performed by synchrotron radiation SAXS in situ. This study allowed proposing different aggregation mechanisms scenarios. It appears that boehmite fibers aggregate in a much looser way at low supersaturation. Targeted porosity could thus be obtained by fine control of supersaturation. Finally, a first approach of population balance modeling has been developed to describe fibers formation and aggregation process.

Os dados sobre a Indústria Farmacêutica do Rio Grande do Sul são esparsos e desatualizados. Porém, são indispensáveis para o conhecimento do seu desempenho e o estabelecimento de estratégias para o seu aprimoramento. Este trabalho objetivou traçar o perfil da indústria farmacêutica gaúcha, através da analise das características gerais das empresas, dos aspectos relacionados aos recursos humanos, aos sistemas produtivos e de qualidade, aos produtos, e aos fatores atrelados à tecnologia e ao mercado, além de verificar a adequação do elenco de medicamentos produzidos aos Programas Governamentais de Assistência Farmacêutica. A partir de pesquisa descritiva, do tipo levantamento, realizada no primeiro semestre de 2001, aplicada a 28 empresas, correspondendo a 96,55 % dos estabelecimentos gaúchos que atenderam aos requisitos da pesquisa, pode se inferir, que o setor farmacêutico estadual caracteriza-se como de capital, predominantemente, nacional, constituído, na sua essência, por empresas organizadas como sociedades por quotas de responsabilidade limitada, sendo, na sua maioria, de administração familiar e sustentada por recursos próprios. Basicamente, é composto por estabelecimentos de pequeno parte, quer seja considerado o faturamento médio anual ou o número de empregados. Concentra-se, geograficamente, na área metropolitana, possuindo, em sua maioria, áreas fabris próprias. Apresenta uma grande diversidade de produtos, na sua maior parte, de origem vegetal, com baixo a médio valor tecnológico agregado, não produzindo medicamentos genéricos, nem participando, substancialmente, dos programas govemamentais de saúde. A vasta gama de matérias-primas ativas é adquirida, de forma majoritária, no mercado interno, que é o alvo preferencial do destino de seus produtos. Os sistemas de qualidade, como forma de gestão, encontram-se em processo de implementação. Os indicadores avaliados demonstram o aperfeiçoamento do setor industrial farmacêutico gaúcho, em busca de maior qualidade e competitividade no cenário regional e nacional. / The information set about the pharmaceutical industry of the State Rio Grande do Sul is inaccurate and outdated. These data are, however, essential for the evaluation of its performance as for the setting of development strategies. This work describes the profile of the Southern Brazilian pharmaceutical industry based on the analysis of its general characteristics, the aspects related to the human resources, to the productive and quality systems, to the manufactured drugs, and to the technological and market linked factors and also to the compliance of the governmental pharmaceutical care programs. A descriptive survey was applied in the first semester of 2001 to 28 pharmaceutical enterprises, which fulfilled the research prerequisites and represented 96,55 % of the industrial segment. The majority of the establishments is supported by local financial resources, organized as limited responsibility companies and managed as a family business. On the whole the concerns could be classified as small enterprises both under the annual average revenue or employees number. They are geographically concentrated around the metropolitan region and owned their industrial plants. The production could be characterized by its large diversity of drugs, mainly from vegetable origin, with low to medium aggregate technological value. None generics and small participation at the governmental health policies were observed. The large range of raw materials was purchased from the Brazilian internal market, which was also the preferential sales target. The quality systems, as a management tool, were still under implementation. The observed indices showed the efforts done by the local pharmaceutical segment, in order to improve its quality and competitiveness toward the regional and national scenery.

A palmeira Livistona chinensis, nativa do sul do Japão, é muito utilizada como planta ornamental em paisagismos em todo o território brasileiro, e além de adaptar-se bem a vários tipos de solos é de fácil reprodução. Essa palmeira produz uma bainha fibrosa na base de seu pecíolo, que é de fácil extração, plana, flexível e porosa, com características ainda pouco conhecidas e exploradas, é um material de fonte renovável que instiga a criatividade para seu uso tanto de forma artesanal quanto industrial. Neste contexto a caracterização da bainha fibrosa da palmeira Livistona chinensis se torna relevante, pois pode representar um leque de oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos para o mercado. A caracterização da bainha fibrosa foi realizada com auxílio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura, espectrometria de energia dispersiva de raios-X, microtomografia, análise termogravimétrica, difração de raios-X, composição química e umidade, espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier Também foram obtidos valores para densidade, gramatura e resistência à tração, incluindo índice de absorção acústica, condutividade térmica e Termografia infravermelha. Os ensaios e análises realizados indicaram que a fibra possui propriedades e características que são comparáveis a outras fibras lignocelulósicas e os resultados estão bem próximas aos encontrados para as fibras de coco, como a composição química, densidade e índice de cristalinidade. Um dos fatores relevantes é o índice de condutividade térmica da bainha fibrosa que se manteve próximo aos valores de materiais isolantes utilizados industrialmente como a lã de rocha e lã de vidro. Quanto aos ensaios de termografia de infravermelho, que apontam seu potencial para ser usado como isolante térmico. / The Livistona chinensis palm, native to southern Japan, is widely used as an ornamental plant in landscaping throughout the Brazilian territory, and besides adapting well to various types of soils, it is easy to reproduce. It produces a fibrous sheath at the base of its petiole, which is easy to extract, flat, flexible and porous, with characteristics still little known and exploited, is a renewable source material, and which instigates creativity for its use both artisanly and industrial. In this context the characterization of the fibrous sheath of palmeira Livistona chinensis becomes relevant, since it can represent a range of opportunities for the development of new products for the market. The characterization of the fibrous sheath was performed with scanning electron microscope, X-ray dispersive energy spectrometry, microtomography, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, chemical composition and humidity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy We also obtained values for density, weight and tensile strength, including acoustic absorption index, thermal conductivity and infrared thermography. The tests and analyzes indicated that the fiber has properties and characteristics that are comparable to other lignocellulosic fibers and the results are very close to those found for coconut fibers, such as chemical composition, density and crystallinity index. One of the relevant factors is the thermal conductivity index of the fibrous sheath that remained close to the values of insulating materials used industrially as rock wool and glass wool. Regarding the infrared thermography tests, which point out its potential to be used as thermal insulation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:34:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 segantini_dm_me_botfca.pdf: 1766375 bytes, checksum: c10f2414612f2c693cbe23b962ee55f6 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O conhecimento do comportamento de uma cultura em determinada região determina o sucesso da produção e a qualidade de seu produto final. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a fenologia, a produção e a qualidade dos frutos dos cultivares de pessegueiro Granada, Aurora-1, Dourado-2, Aurora-3, Marli e Chiripá, enxertados sobre o porta-enxerto Okinawa, cultivados em área experimental não irrigada e conduzidos no espaçamento 6,0 x 4,0 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, constando de 7 tratamentos (cultivares) e 3 repetições, sendo a parcela experimental representada por uma planta. O presente trabalho foi realizado de março a dezembro de 2009 na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, localizada no município de São Manuel - SP. De acordo com os resultados obtidos é possível afirmar que, dentre os cultivares estudados, Granada é o cultivar mais precoce, apresentando florada precoce e o menor ciclo de desenvolvimento dos frutos, Chiripá é o cultivar mais tardio, apresentando florada tardia e o maior ciclo de desenvolvimento dos frutos. Os cultivares Aurora-1 e Dourado-2 são os cultivares mais produtivos e podem ser indicados para a região, os cultivares Chiripá, Marli, Granada e Douradão são os menos produtivos em São Manuel – SP e necessitam de estudos mais aprofundados sobre seu comportamento e técnicas que viabilizem seu cultivo na região. Chiripá e Marli apresentam frutos de maior massa e calibre, o cultivar Douradão apresenta frutos com melhor valor de “ratio” seguido pelos cultivares Dourado-2, Aurora-3 e Marli. Os frutos de cultivares de pêssego podem ser considerados boas fontes de compostos polifenólicos / The knowledge of a culture behavior in a certain region determines the production success and the quality of its final product. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the phenology, production and quality of fruits from the following peach cultivars: Granada, Aurora-1, Dourado-2, Aurora-3, Marli and Chiripá, grafted on the rootstock Okinawa cultured in a non-irrigated experimental area in 6.0 x 4.0 m spacing. Experimental design was completely randomize, with 7 treatments (cultivars) and 3 replicates, and the experimental plot was represented by one plant. The present work was carried out from March to December 2009 in São Manuel Experimental Farm of the School of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu Campus, located in São Manuel Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. The obtained results allowed stating that, among the studied cultivars, Granada is the earliest, presenting early flowering and the shortest fruit development cycle; Chiripá is the latest cultivar, presenting late flowering and the longest fruit development cycle. The cultivars Aurora-1 and Dourado-2 are the most productive and can be indicated for that region, whereas the cultivars Chiripá, Marli, Granada and Douradão are the least productive in São Manuel and need further studies on their behavior, as well as techniques to make their cultivation feasible in the region. Chiripá and Marli fruits have the largest mass and thickness; Douradão fruits have the best ratio value, followed by the cultivars Dourado-2, Aurora-3 and Marli. Fruits from peach cultivars can be considered good sources of polyphenolic compounds

abstract: A benchmark suite that is representative of the programs a processor typically executes is necessary to understand a processor's performance or energy consumption characteristics. The first contribution of this work addresses this need for mobile platforms with MobileBench, a selection of representative smartphone applications. In smartphones, like any other portable computing systems, energy is a limited resource. Based on the energy characterization of a commercial widely-used smartphone, application cores are found to consume a significant part of the total energy consumption of the device. With this insight, the subsequent part of this thesis focuses on the portion of energy that is spent to move data from the memory system to the application core's internal registers. The primary motivation for this work comes from the relatively higher power consumption associated with a data movement instruction compared to that of an arithmetic instruction. The data movement energy cost is worsened esp. in a System on Chip (SoC) because the amount of data received and exchanged in a SoC based smartphone increases at an explosive rate. A detailed investigation is performed to quantify the impact of data movement on the overall energy consumption of a smartphone device. To aid this study, microbenchmarks that generate desired data movement patterns between different levels of the memory hierarchy are designed. Energy costs of data movement are then computed by measuring the instantaneous power consumption of the device when the micro benchmarks are executed. This work makes an extensive use of hardware performance counters to validate the memory access behavior of microbenchmarks and to characterize the energy consumed in moving data. Finally, the calculated energy costs of data movement are used to characterize the portion of energy that MobileBench applications spend in moving data. The results of this study show that a significant 35% of the total device energy is spent in data movement alone. Energy is an increasingly important criteria in the context of designing architectures for future smartphones and this thesis offers insights into data movement energy consumption. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2014