The aim of the present text is play and playing along all respective forms from the perspective of systematic theology. Two most comprehensive play theologiesas presented in the books Der Spielende Mensch by Hugo Rahner and Die Ersten Freigelassenen der Schöpfung by Jürgen Moltmann and connected writings are analysed. The analysis expands on the understanding of play as play and ensuing theological interpretations, as portrayed by both authors, in the context of their theological legacy, professional endeavours and historical circumstances relating to the time of inception of their respective play theologies. Such play theologies are outlined both on the general level and presented inparticular details and points of emphasis in terms of systematic theology. Sources of inspiration, direct motivations to engage in play theologies arepresented from the perspective of both respective theologians as well as thereception and impact of their writings. Consequently, a comparison of both play theologies is presented. Their compatibility is argued both on the level of key eschatological and soteriological conclusions as well as foundations emphasising freedom, joy and creativity as fundamental theological qualities of play. Attention is given to the theological understanding of human identity and human understanding...

This essay sheds light on three Pentecostal theologians – Frank D. Macchia, Darío López Rodríguez and Opoku Onyinah by analysing one of their theological publications each. The goal of the essay is to find out how their view of Jesus, Christology, compares to the Fivefold gospel of the Classical Pentecostal Movement, namely: 1) Jesus as Saviour, 2) Jesus as Sanctifier, 3) Jesus as Spirit Baptizer, 4) Jesus as Healer and 5) Jesus as Coming King. By a comparative textual analysis of the works of the three theologians, this essay also examines the three theologians’ Christologies as they relate to another, searching for both similarities and differences.  Another aspect of the essay is to answer whether the differences in Christologies is a result of the theologians’ cultural backgrounds. With Macchia based in the USA, López Rodríguez in Peru and Onyinah in Ghana they represent vastly different kinds of the global Pentecostal Movement, and whether that fact leads to a contextualization of their Christologies is the matter at hand of the second research question. By also looking at surrounding contextual theologies; the doctrine of Spirit Baptism developed in Classical Pentecostalism in USA, Liberation Theology in Latin America and Spiritual Warfare in Africa, this essay examines how each of these theological frameworks relates to the Pentecostal theologian based in that region. The answer to each of these questions in the conclusion of the essay is two-fold as well. Firstly, the analysis finds that all three theologians closely relate to at least three of the five doctrines; Saviour, Spirit Baptizer and Healer, with the caveat that speaking in tongues is not as present. For the other two, the differences are greater towards Classical Pentecostalism. Secondly, the essay concludes that the theologians are influenced by their contextual background in terms of how they present their Christologies. / Uppsatsen analyserar kristologin hos tre pentekostala teologer – Frank D. Macchia, Darío López Rodríguez och Opoku Onyinah – genom att undersöka en teologisk publikation från vardera författare. Syftet är att jämföra deras nutida kristologi med hur den framkom i den klassiska pingströrelsens femfaldiga evangelium; 1) Jesus som frälsare, 2) Jesus som helgelsebringare, 3) Jesus som andedöpare, 4) Jesus som helare och 5) Jesus som kommande kung av Guds rike. Med hjälp av en komparativ innehållslig idéanalys analyseras verken av de tre teologerna, för att se hur deras kristologier relaterar både till varandra och de femfaldiga evangeliet. Ytterligare en aspekt av uppsatsen är att besvara frågan om skillnaderna i deras kristologier beror på författarens kulturella bakgrund eller kontext. Macchia från USA, López Rodríguez från Peru och Onyinah från Ghana representerar vitt skilda delar av den globala pentekostala rörelsen, och om det innebär att en kontextualiserad kristologi framkommer i deras verk är föremål för diskussionen i uppsatsen. Där relateras även författarnas kristologier till omgivande teologiska ramverk i deras respektive världsdelar som exempelvis latinamerikansk befrielseteologi eller betoning av andlig krigföring i Afrika. Resultatet av forskningen i uppsatsen blir därmed tvådelat. För det första relaterar de tre teologerna i stor grad till tre av de fem doktrinerna i det femfaldiga evangeliet; om Jesus som frälsare, andedöpare och helare, med undantaget att tungotalet inte har en lika framträdande plats som hos den klassika pentekostalismen. För det andra dras slutsatsen att samtliga författare är influerade av sin kontextuella bakgrund vid författandet av sina teologiska verk och hur de presenterar sina respektive kristologier.

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[pt] Bento XVI, em sua obra Jesus de Nazaré: Desde a entrada em Jerusalém até a ressurreição , publicada em 2011, afirmou que a preposição por é a palavra-chave para se entender o mistério de Cristo e o significado do seu seguimento, pois introduz na teologia o conceito de pró-existência. A presente tese tem como finalidade estudar como aparece e que lugar ocupa o conceito de pró-existência na obra cristológica de Joseph Ratzinger. Ao desenvolver o presente estudo em quatro capítulos expositivos, o autor se propõe no primeiro capítulo diversas considerações preliminares. No segundo capítulo, a pesquisa expõe a manifestação de Deus como pró-existente no decurso da história. No terceiro, são apresentados os fundamentos da pró-existência: em Jesus, e, a partir de sua revelação, no mistério trinitário. No último capítulo se desenvolve a pró-existência no sacrifício oferecido por Jesus na cruz. O trajeto proposto fundamenta as afirmações de Jesus de Nazaré . O vocábulo bíblico por introduz na teologia o conceito de pró-existência: a vida de Jesus se caracterizou como uma existência toda voltada para o Pai e vivida para a salvação da humanidade. Da revelação de Jesus Cristo se é conduzido a conhecer a pró-existência intratrinitária, e, ao mesmo tempo, a considerar a pró-existência do homem enquanto pessoa e cristão. O ápice da entrega de Cristo para o Pai e para a humanidade se deu no mistério da cruz. Sendo Cristo o constitutivo do ser-cristão, este, ao responder à oferta salvífica feita por Cristo na cruz, encontrará a si mesmo e a própria salvação. De modo concreto, o ser humano se descobrirá e será salvo, ao reproduzir em si a atitude fundamental que caracterizou a pessoa e o agir de Jesus: vivendo de forma pró-existente sua entrega confiante e obediente ao Pai, e, ao mesmo tempo, o amor solícito ao próximo. / [en] Benedict XVI, in his work Jesus of Nazareth: From the Entrance into Jerusalem to the Resurrection , published in 2011, stated that the preposition for is the key word to understand the mystery of Christ and the meaning of following him, as it introduces the concept of pro-existence into theology. This present thesis aims to study how it appears and what place the concept of pro-existence occupies in the Christological work of Joseph Ratzinger. Structured in four explanatory chapters, this research proposes several preliminary considerations in the First Chapter. In the Second one, the survey exposes the manifestation of God as pro-existing throughout history. In the Third Chapter, the foundations of pro-existence are summarized on Jesus and his revelation, in the Trinitarian mystery. The Last Chapter presents the pro-existence in the sacrifice offered by Jesus on the cross. The suggested path underlies the claims of Jesus of Nazareth . The biblical term for leads the concept of pro-existence into theology: Jesus life was distinguished as an existence all engaged towards the Father and lived for the salvation of mankind. From the revelation of Jesus Christ, one is led to know the intra-Trinitarian pro-existence, and, at the same time, to consider the pro-existence of man as a person and a Christian. The height of Christ s surrender to the Father and to humanity took place in the mystery of the cross. Since Christ is the constituent element of the Christian being, one will find oneself and one s own salvation in responding to Christ s saving offer on the cross. In a concrete way, the human being will discover oneself and be saved by reproducing in a fundamental attitude that characterized the person and behavior of Jesus: living in a pro-existing way his confident and obedient surrender to the Father, and, at the same time, a solicitous love towards others.

[pt] A Dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar o referido conceito, tendo em vista sua relevância na construção do dogma trinitário. A relevância dos Padres Capadócios (Basílio de Cesareia, Gregório Nazianzeno e Gregório de Nissa) por aperfeiçoar, fechar as lacunas e concretizar o dogma. Em relação a metodologia utilizada, a pesquisa analisa, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, a cristologia primitiva, suas raízes bíblicas e a reflexão patrísticas do conceito, o significado do termo para os Padres da Igreja e para os arianos, o contexto histórico dos grandes concílios ecumênicos de Niceia (325) a Constantinopla I (381), e a reflexão dos Capadócios. Os principais resultados encontrados da pesquisa foram, que o significado do conceito de eterna geração em sua origem, nas Sagradas Escrituras, difere do seu significado no contexto dogmático. Orígenes, autor desse conceito utiliza de sua interpretação alegórica para ratifica-lo, e sua interpretação vai influenciar posteriormente tanto nicenos como arianos. Diante de um interregno entre os concílios, a influência do Império Romano vai contribuir para disseminação tanto da doutrina quanto da heresia, fortalecendo ambas. Ao refletir sobre a divindade do Cristo e sua origem, os Capadócios reformulam o dogma trinitário herdado do credo niceno, incluindo também a divindade do Espírito Santo. A contribuição da pesquisa é apresentada no que tange ao que significou o termo para a dogmática cristã, em especial para a reflexão sobre a Trindade Imanente, assunto que é um desafio em si mesmo até os dias de hoje e suas aplicações para uma espiritualidade em prol do outro. / [en] The Dissertation aims to present the referred concept, in view of its relevance in the construction of the Trinitarian dogma. The relevance of the Cappadocian Fathers (Basilio de Caesarea, Gregório Nazianzeno and Gregório de Nissa) for perfecting, closing the gaps and making dogma concrete. In relation to the methodology used, the research analyzes, through bibliographic research, the primitive Christology, its biblical roots and the patristic reflection of the concept, the meaning of the term for the Fathers of the Church and for the Aryans, the historical context of the great councils ecumenical events from Nicaea (325) to Constantinople I (381), and the reflection of the Cappadocians. The main results of the research were, that the meaning of the concept of eternal generation in its origin, in the Sacred Scriptures, differs from its meaning in the dogmatic context. Origen, author of this concept, uses his allegorical interpretation to ratify it, and his interpretation will later influence both Nicenes and Aryans. Faced with an interregnum between the councils, the influence of the Roman Empire will contribute to the dissemination of both doctrine and heresy, strengthening both. In reflecting on the divinity of Christ and his origin, the Cappadocians reformulate the Trinitarian dogma inherited from the Nicene creed, also including the divinity of the Holy Spirit. The contribution of the research is presented with respect to what the term meant for Christian dogmatics, especially for the reflection on the Immanent Trinity, a subject that is a challenge in itself until today and its applications for a spirituality in favor from the other.

[pt] A presente pesquisa analisa a segunda linha do hino cristológico da perícope 1Tm 3,14-16 na qual encontramos a expressão foi considerado justo no Espírito (v.16b). Essa perícope está dividida em dois gêneros literários: prosa (v.14-16a) e poesia (v.16b-g), assim como por dois temas básicos: eclesiologia e cristologia. Nota-se, porém, que tanto o primeiro tema quanto o segundo encontram-se bem entrelaçados em todo o texto, por meio de palavras isoladas ou mesmo de expressões. Além disso, tal pesquisa constata que o coração da perícope é o hino cristológico presente no v.16, no qual o redator faz referência ao maior de todos os modelos de vida para a Igreja, Àquele cujo exemplo, segundo a perícope, deve ser imitado e a vida proclamada, Jesus Cristo. Utilizando o Método Histórico-Crítico e a Análise Retórica Bíblica Semítica, são apresentadas as seis linhas do hino, que estão em paralelismo antitético e dispostas da seguinte forma: carne (primeira linha) x Espírito (segunda linha) – anjos (terceira linha) x nações (quarta linha) – mundo (quinta linha) x glória (sexta linha). Com base nesses parâmetros, a presente pesquisa sugere uma proposta interpretativa para todo o hino; todavia, com enfoque principal à segunda linha, objeto primeiro desta pesquisa. / [en] This research analyzes the second line of the Christological hymn of the 1Tm 3,14-16 pericope, in which we find the expression was considered righteous in the Spirit (v.16b). This pericope is divided into two literary genres: prose (v.14-16a) and poetry (v.16b-g), as well as two basic themes: ecclesiology and christology. It is noted, however, that both the first theme and the second are well intertwined throughout the text, through isolated words or expressions. In addition, such research finds that the heart of the pericope is the Christological hymn present in v.16, in which the writer makes reference to the greatest of all models of life for the Church, the One whose second, the example, it must be imitated and the life proclaimed, Jesus Christ. Using the Historical-Critical Method and the Biblical Semitic Rhetorical Analysis, the six lines of the hymn are presented, which are in antithetical parallelism and arranged as follows: flesh (first line) x Spirit (second line) - angels (third line) x nations (fourth line) - world (fifth line) x glory (sixth line). Based on these parameters, the present research suggests an interpretive proposal for the entire hymn; however, with a main focus on second line, the first object of this research.

Des expériences pastorales en Afrique nous ont amené à constater qu’en plus du questionnement de certains prêtres sur leur identité, des plaintes récurrentes contre eux sont soulevées au sein de la société en rapport avec la mauvaise gestion des biens temporels de l’Église, l’esprit carriériste, le problème du tribalisme, la question des mœurs, l’oubli de la prière et l’abus de pouvoir. La question de l’identité sacerdotale, le problème de formation des candidats au sacerdoce ministériel et la mise en question de leur manière de collaborer aux réalités traditionnelles et de vivre leur immersion dans leurs communautés ont des répercussions sur le langage adapté pour véhiculer le message chrétien parmi les cultures et peuples africains de nos jours. Toutes ces questions mènent à un problème général : l’enjeu du modèle christologique. Le modèle proposé vient de Rome et met en valeur la culture européenne ; une fois transposé en Afrique, on constate un déphasage, ce qui justifie la problématique. Pour trouver une solution à la problématique du modèle christologique, il nous faudrait élaborer un modèle toujours christologique, mais qui soit en phase avec les réalités du contexte culturel africain. L’intérêt consiste à examiner les comportements des prêtres africains eux-mêmes et l’équilibre de leur ministère, à revoir leurs programmes et leurs structures dans les maisons de formation, dans le but de former des prêtres qui vivront leur ministère en harmonie avec les réalités culturelles africaines pour encourager la bonne collaboration entre les prêtres africains et leurs communautés. Les communautés ecclésiales de base trouveront dorénavant des prêtres africains qui sont bien intégrés dans leur culture. Dans le cadre de la discipline de la théologie, notre étude présente un nouveau concept ou modèle : la christologie du témoignage. Dans le contexte culturel d’Afrique, nous avons besoin d’une initiation christocentrique pour les prêtres africains et d’une théopraxis, en vue d’une nouvelle évangélisation en Afrique. Nous mettons en valeur des communautés africaines en présentant l’expérience d’immersion de J.-M. Ela et J.-A. Malula. L’exemplarité de leurs apprentissages auprès des peuples kirdi et kinois devient pertinente et s’avère même un modèle d’imitation du Christ en vue d’une christologie du témoignage pour les prêtres africains. / Our pastoral experiences in Africa have led us to observe that in addition to some priests questioning their identity, repeated complaints against them are raised within society regarding the mismanagement of the Church’s temporal goods, the careerist spirit, the tribalism problem, the morality issue, the forgetfulness of prayer and the abuse of power. The priestly identity question, the problem of the priesthood candidates’ formation and the way they interact with traditional realities and live their immersion in their communities affect the language adapted to convey the Christian message among African cultures and peoples today. All these questions lead to a general problem: the issue of the Christological model. The proposed model comes from Rome, and values the European culture; when transposed to Africa, it becomes apparent that there is a lack of relevance, which justifies the issue. In order to address the Christological model question, we would need to develop a model that is still Christological, but one that respects the African cultural context. The interest lies in examining how African priests themselves behave and balance their ministry, in reviewing the programs and structures offered in the houses of formation, in order to prepare priests who will live their ministry in phase with the African cultural realities and to encourage a good collaboration between African priests and their communities. The base ecclesial communities will then have well integrated African priests. Within the theological field framework, our study introduces a new concept or model: the Christology of witness. In Africa’s cultural context, we need a Christocentric initiation for African priests and a theopraxis allowing for a new evangelization of Africa. We showcase some African communities by presenting the immersion experience of J.-M. Ela and J.-A. Malula. The exemplarity of their learnings among the Kirdi and Kinshasa peoples becomes relevant, and even proves to be a model of imitation of Christ in order to develop a Christology of witness for African priests.

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[pt] O tema da presente pesquisa é a proclamação de Jesus sobre o Reino de Deus na teologia de Joseph Ratzinger e no Magistério de Bento XVI. Está inserida nas atividades de pesquisa do Programa de Pós Graduação em Teologia da PUCRio, área de concentração Teologia Sistemático-Pastoral, linha de pesquisa Fé e Cultura, projeto de pesquisa A Teologia de Joseph Ratzinger e o Magistério de Bento XVI. O que se pretende – como objetivo principal – é investigar como essa noção é interpretada nos textos desse autor, qual o significado que tal realidade assume em seu pensamento teológico e em seu Magistério e identificar sua importância para a compreensão da figura e da mensagem de Jesus. Com esse último elemento, na realidade, se toca em um aspecto da grande e importante questão que é a relação entre a proclamação do Reino de Deus por Jesus de Nazaré e as origens da cristologia. Com isto, se visa obter um melhor esclarecimento sobre como Joseph Ratzinger-Bento XVI interpreta o Reino de Deus e de que forma ele fundamenta e aplica essa sua interpretação. Faz ainda parte do escopo da pesquisa a identificação de elementos que distinguem sua interpretação da de outros autores e, ainda, se sua interpretação sofre alguma alteração na evolução de sua obra. Como é sabido, no contexto da discussão sobre o Jesus histórico, essa problemática constitui um aspecto essencial, inúmeros autores se debruçaram sobre ela e muitas foram as interpretações que dela se ofereceram, pelo menos, desde o século XVIII, com o advento da pesquisa histórico-crítica. / [en] This research has as its theme the proclamation of Jesus about the Kingdom of God in the theology of Joseph Ratzinger and in the Magisterium of Benedict XVI. It is part of the research activities of the Postgraduate Program in Theology of PUC-Rio, Area of Concentration Systematic-Pastoral Theology, research line Faith and Culture, research project Joseph Ratzinger s Theology and the Magisterium of Benedict XVI. Intending - as its main objective - to investigate, through the interpretation of the texts of this author, the meaning that the approached reality assumes in his theological thinking and in his teaching and to identify its importance in understanding the figure and message of Jesus. In this last element, we seek to emphasize the aspect of the great and important question that deals with the relationship between the proclamation of the Kingdom of God by Jesus of Nazareth and the origins of Christology. In order to gain a better understanding of how Joseph Ratzinger-Benedict XVI interprets the kingdom of God and how its interpretation is grounded and applied. It is also part of the scope of the research to identify elements that distinguish their interpretation compared to other authors and also if their interpretation suffers any change in the evolution of their work. As is well known, in the context of the discussion of the historical Jesus, this issue is an essential aspect, many authors have addressed it, and many interpretations have been offered to it at least since the 18th century, with the advent of historical and critical research.