O presente trabalho analisou o comportamento tribológico do revestimento superficial cromo duro, aplicado em cilindros de laminação e sua influência durante o processo de laminação a frio, para ligas de aço, cobre e alumínio. Iniciou-se o processo com a análise dos mecanismos de desgaste que ocorrem em cilindros de laminação. Em função das dimensões dos cilindros de laminação, foram produzidas réplicas obtidas em vários cilindros de laminação em diferentes empresas, antes e após a campanha dos cilindros de laminação. Consideramos no processo de amostragem, 3 tipos de acabamento do cilindro: texturizado, jateado e retificado. E ainda, cilindro sem e com revestimento de cromo. A estrutura da Texturização Shot Blaster (SBT) não atende todos os requisitos relacionados ao produto acabado. A camada de cromo duro, aplicado sobre estes cilindros de laminação SBT, melhora a qualidade da superfície da chapa, sendo de interesse para aquelas siderúrgicas que não têm outra alternativa às novas estruturas de superfície, podendo ser obtidas pelos métodos: Electro Discharge Texturing (EDT), Laser Texturing (LT), Electro Beam Texturing (EBT). A função das superfícies geradas, obtidas por estes métodos diferentes vai influenciar as propriedades tribológicas durante os processos de laminação e deformação de chapa. Por outro lado, pode aumentar o custo final do produto ou exigem grandes investimentos para obtenção de tais métodos. / The present work analyzed the tribological behavior of the hard chrome surface coating applied in rolling cylinders and their influence during the cold rolling process for steel, copper and aluminum alloys. The process started by analyzing the wear mechanisms that occur in work rolls. In function on the dimensions of the work rolls, replicas were obtained from several rolls and in different companies, before and after the roll chance. We consider in the sampling process, three types of work rolls finish: texturing, shot blasted and rectified. And still, work rolls without and with chrome coating. The Texture Shot Blaster (SBT) structure is not available in all respects related to the finished product. The hard chromium layer applied to these SBT rollers improves the surface quality of the sheet and is of interest to steel parts that are not of good capacity: EDT Textures, Laser texturing (LT), electrical beam texturization (EBT). The function of the generated surfaces obtained by these different methods is going to influence the tribological properties during the subsequent forming processes. On the other hand, they can increase the product final cost or require large investments to obtain such methods.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo solucionar problemas complexos em diferentes segmentos da Engenharia de Produção e Transporte a partir da utilização de técnicas de otimização. São consideradas as áreas de sistemas de saúde, transportes e análise sensorial, envolvendo problemas de formação de grade de horários e análise de clusters. De forma específica, as abordagens objetivam: (i) em relação ao setor hospitalar, alocar especialidades cirúrgicas em uma grade de horários de um hospital de modo a minimizar a variância do tempo pós-operatório; (ii) quanto à análise sensorial, desenvolver um índice capaz de identificar painelistas que necessitam de treinamento utilizando conceitos de análise de clusters; (iii) no setor aeroportuário, identificar aeroportos com baixa capacidade preditiva de demanda e relacioná-los com suas características físicas, a partir da análise de clusters. Em todos os problemas abordados, as soluções envolvendo métodos de otimização se mostraram adequadas, com resultados satisfatórios. / This study aims to solve complex problems in different segments of Production Engineering and Transportation using optimization techniques. Different areas are considered, such as the areas of health systems, transport and sensory analysis, involving the timetable scheduling problem and cluster analysis. Specifically, this works aims to: (i) in relation to the hospital sector, allocate surgical specialties in a timetable in order to minimize the variance of postoperative time; (ii) for the sensory analysis, develop an index able to identify panelists who require training, using concepts of cluster analysis; (iii) in the airport sector, identify airports with low predictive capacity of demand and relate them to their physical characteristics, using cluster analysis. In all addressed problems, solutions involving optimization methods were adequate, with satisfactory results.

Thesis (Ocean E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and, (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management, 1978. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 153-156. / by Timothy A. Holden. / Ocean E. / M.S.

High-dimensional data, such as that relating to gene expression in microarray experiments, may contain substantial amount of useful information to be explored. However, the information, relevant variables and their joint interactions are usually diluted by noise due to a large number of non-informative variables. Consequently, variable selection plays a pivotal role for learning in high dimensional problems. Most of the traditional feature selection methods, such as Pearson's correlation between response and predictors, stepwise linear regressions and LASSO are among the popular linear methods. These methods are effective in identifying linear marginal effect but are limited in detecting non-linear or higher order interaction effects. It is well known that epistasis (gene - gene interactions) may play an important role in gene expression where unknown functional forms are difficult to identify. In this thesis, we propose a novel nonparametric measure to first screen and do feature selection based on information from nearest neighborhoods. The method is inspired by Lo and Zheng's earlier work (2002) on detecting interactions for discrete predictors. We apply a backward elimination algorithm based on this measure which leads to the identification of many in influential clusters of variables. Those identified groups of variables can capture both marginal and interactive effects. Second, each identified cluster has the potential to perform predictions and classifications more accurately. We also study procedures how to combine these groups of individual classifiers to form a final predictor. Through simulation and real data analysis, the proposed measure is capable of identifying important variable sets and patterns including higher-order interaction sets. The proposed procedure outperforms existing methods in three different microarray datasets. Moreover, the nonparametric measure is quite flexible and can be easily extended and applied to other areas of high-dimensional data and studies.

Este trabalho apresenta o levantamento anatômico da madeira de 107 espécies distribuídas em 11 gêneros pertencentes à família Sapotaceae (ordem Ericales), do continente americano, dentre os quais Manilkara Adanson, Sideroxylon Linnaeus, Micropholis (Grisebach) Pierre, Chromolucuma Ducke, Sarcaulus Radkolfer, Elaeoluma Baillon, Pouteria Aublet, Chrysophyllum Linnaeus, Ecclinusa Martius, Pradosia Liais e Diploon Cronquist. Na mais recente tentativa de classificação, Pennington (1990, 1991) reconheceu cinco tribos com base, principalmente, em características da flor e da semente. De acordo com o próprio pesquisador, quatro das tribos representariam grupos naturais, provavelmente monofiléticos. Entretanto Swenson & Anderberg (2005), utilizando a análise molecular combinada com características morfológicas, concluíram que os dois maiores gêneros da família, Chrysophyllum e Pouteria são polifiléticos. Desse modo, a família Sapotaceae necessita de uma revisão e inúmeros autores (Record, 1939; Kukachka, 1978a) mencionaram a necessidade de mais informações anatômicas do xilema para complementar e ampliar os estudos taxonômicos e filogenéticos. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se a anatomia da madeira corrobora a classificação proposta por Pennington em 1990 e a obtenção de informações que possibilitem indicar características anatômicas de valor diagnóstico e estatístico, buscando contribuir com estudos futuros no agrupamento das espécies brasileiras associadas com as africanas e asiáticas da família. A descrição da anatomia da madeira segue a terminologia adotada pelo comitê da Associação Internacional dos Anatomistas de Madeira (IAWA Committee 1989). O resultado obtido pela estatística indica a formação de oito grupos que apresentam similaridades quanto ao tipo de parênquima axial, diâmetro dos vasos, diâmetro das pontoações intervasculares, tipo e localização das pontoações raio-vasculares e das inclusões minerais como, cristais prismáticos, estiloidais e areniformes, assim como dos corpos silicosos. Tais características agrupam gêneros e espécies afins com significância estatística. Conclui-se que a anatomia da madeira apresenta valor de diagnose para os diferentes gêneros, e que, em muitos casos, não corrobora a classificação proposta por Pennington (1990, 1991) na última revisão taxonomica da família. / This work presents the anatomical hoist of the wood of 107 species distributed in 11 belonging kinds to the family Sapotaceae (order Ericales), of the American continent, among the which Manilkara Adanson, Sideroxylon Linnaeus, Micropholis (Grisebach) Pierre, Chromolucuma Ducke, Sarcaulus Radkolfer, Elaeoluma Baillon, Pouteria Aublet, Chrysophyllum Linnaeus, Ecclinusa Martius, Pradosia Liais and Diploon Cronquist. In the most recent attempt of classification, Pennington (1990, 1991) recognized five tribes with base, mainly, in characteristics of the flower and of the seed. According to the own researcher, four of the tribes would represent natural groups, probably monofiléticos. However Swenson & Anderberg (2005), utilizing the molecular analysis combined with characteristics morfológicas, concluded that the two biggest kinds of the family, Chrysophyllum and Pouteria are polifiléticos. Of that way, the family Sapotaceae needs a revision and endless number authors (Record, 1939; Kukachka, 1978a) mentioned the need of more anatomical information of the xilema for complementary and extend the studies taxonômicos and filogenéticos. Therefore, this work has like objective verify itself the anatomy of the wood corroborates the classification proposal by Pennington in 1990 and the obtaining of information that are going to indicate worthy anatomical characteristics diagnosis and statistical, seeking contribute with future studies in the group of the Brazilian species associated with the Africans and Asians of the family. The description of the anatomy of the wood follows the terminology adopted by the committee of the International Association of the Anatomists of Madeira (IAWA Committee 1989). The result obtained by the statistical one indicates the formation of eight groups that present similarities as regards the kind of parênquima axial, diameter of the glasses, diameter of the pontoações intervasculares, kind and location of the pontoações ray-vascular and of the mineral enclosures as, crystals prismáticos, estiloidais and areniformes, as well as of the bodies silicosos. Such characteristics group kinds and related species with significância statistical. I concluded that the anatomy of the wood presents value of diagnose for the different kinds, and that, in many cases, does not corroborate the classification proposal by Pennington (1990, 1991) in the last revision taxonomica of the family.

Cluster analysis, the automatic procedure by which large data sets can be split into similar groups of objects (clusters), has innumerable applications in a wide range of problem domains. Improvements in clustering quality (as captured by internal validation indexes) and speed (number of iterations until cost function convergence), the main focus of this work, have many desirable consequences. They can result, for example, in faster and more precise detection of illness onset based on symptoms or it could provide investors with a rapid detection and visualization of patterns in financial time series and so on. Partitional clustering, one of the most popular ways of doing cluster analysis, can be classified into two main categories: hard (where the clusters discovered are disjoint) and soft (also known as fuzzy; clusters are non-disjoint, or overlapping). In this work we consider how improvements in the speed and solution quality of the soft partitional clustering algorithm Fuzzy C-means (FCM) can be achieved through more careful and informed initialization based on data content. By carefully selecting the cluster centers in a way which disperses the initial cluster centers through the data space, the resulting FCM++ approach samples starting cluster centers during the initialization phase. The cluster centers are well spread in the input space, resulting in both faster convergence times and higher quality solutions. Moreover, we allow the user to specify a parameter indicating how far and apart the cluster centers should be picked in the dataspace right at the beginning of the clustering procedure. We show FCM++'s superior behaviour in both convergence times and quality compared with existing methods, on a wide rangeof artificially generated and real data sets. We consider a case study where we propose a methodology based on FCM++for pattern discovery on synthetic and real world time series data. We discuss a method to utilize both Pearson correlation and Multi-Dimensional Scaling in order to reduce data dimensionality, remove noise and make the dataset easier to interpret and analyse. We show that by using FCM++ we can make an positive impact on the quality (with the Xie Beni index being lower in nine out of ten cases for FCM++) and speed (with on average 6.3 iterations compared with 22.6 iterations) when trying to cluster these lower dimensional, noise reduced, representations of the time series. This methodology provides a clearer picture of the cluster analysis results and helps in detecting similarly behaving time series which could otherwise come from any domain. Further, we investigate the use of Spherical Fuzzy C-Means (SFCM) with the seeding mechanism used for FCM++ on news text data retrieved from a popular British newspaper. The methodology allows us to visualize and group hundreds of news articles based on the topics discussed within. The positive impact made by SFCM++ translates into a faster process (with on average 12.2 iterations compared with the 16.8 needed by the standard SFCM) and a higher quality solution (with the Xie Beni being lower for SFCM++ in seven out of every ten runs).

Yue Ho-Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-137). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Problem Definition --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Contributions --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Organization --- p.10 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Content-based Retrieval, Background and Indexing Problem" --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Feature Extraction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Nearest-neighbor Search --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Content-based Indexing Methods --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Indexing Problems --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Data Clustering Methods for Indexing --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Probabilistic Clustering --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Possibilistic Clustering --- p.34 / Chapter 3 --- Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- Fuzzy Competitive Clustering --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sequential Fuzzy Competitive Clustering --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experiments --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Experiment 1: Data set with different number of samples --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Experiment 2: Data set on different dimensionality --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Experiment 3: Data set with different number of natural clusters inside --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Experiment 4: Data set with different noise level --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Experiment 5: Clusters with different geometry size --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Experiment 6: Clusters with different number of data instances --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Experiment 7: Performance on real data set --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- "Differences Between FCC, SFCC, and Others Clustering Algorithms" --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Variations on SFCC --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Why SFCC? --- p.75 / Chapter 4 --- Hierarchical Indexing based on Natural Clusters Information --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Hierarchical Approach --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Sequential Fuzzy Competitive Clustering Binary Tree (SFCC- b-tree) --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Data Structure of SFCC-b-tree --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Tree Building of SFCC-b-Tree --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Insertion of SFCC-b-tree --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Deletion of SFCC-b-Tree --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Searching in SFCC-b-Tree --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experiments --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Experimental Setting --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Experiment 8: Test for different leaf node sizes --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Experiment 9: Test for different dimensionality --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Experiment 10: Test for different sizes of data sets --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Experiment 11: Test for different data distributions --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.113 / Chapter 5 --- A Case Study on SFCC-b-tree --- p.114 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2 --- Data Collection --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3 --- Data Pre-processing --- p.116 / Chapter 5.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.119 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.121 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1 --- An Efficiency Formula --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Motivation --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Regression Model --- p.123 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2 --- Future Directions --- p.127 / Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.128 / Bibliography --- p.129

O presente trabalho analisou o comportamento tribológico do revestimento superficial cromo duro, aplicado em cilindros de laminação e sua influência durante o processo de laminação a frio, para ligas de aço, cobre e alumínio. Iniciou-se o processo com a análise dos mecanismos de desgaste que ocorrem em cilindros de laminação. Em função das dimensões dos cilindros de laminação, foram produzidas réplicas obtidas em vários cilindros de laminação em diferentes empresas, antes e após a campanha dos cilindros de laminação. Consideramos no processo de amostragem, 3 tipos de acabamento do cilindro: texturizado, jateado e retificado. E ainda, cilindro sem e com revestimento de cromo. A estrutura da Texturização Shot Blaster (SBT) não atende todos os requisitos relacionados ao produto acabado. A camada de cromo duro, aplicado sobre estes cilindros de laminação SBT, melhora a qualidade da superfície da chapa, sendo de interesse para aquelas siderúrgicas que não têm outra alternativa às novas estruturas de superfície, podendo ser obtidas pelos métodos: Electro Discharge Texturing (EDT), Laser Texturing (LT), Electro Beam Texturing (EBT). A função das superfícies geradas, obtidas por estes métodos diferentes vai influenciar as propriedades tribológicas durante os processos de laminação e deformação de chapa. Por outro lado, pode aumentar o custo final do produto ou exigem grandes investimentos para obtenção de tais métodos. / The present work analyzed the tribological behavior of the hard chrome surface coating applied in rolling cylinders and their influence during the cold rolling process for steel, copper and aluminum alloys. The process started by analyzing the wear mechanisms that occur in work rolls. In function on the dimensions of the work rolls, replicas were obtained from several rolls and in different companies, before and after the roll chance. We consider in the sampling process, three types of work rolls finish: texturing, shot blasted and rectified. And still, work rolls without and with chrome coating. The Texture Shot Blaster (SBT) structure is not available in all respects related to the finished product. The hard chromium layer applied to these SBT rollers improves the surface quality of the sheet and is of interest to steel parts that are not of good capacity: EDT Textures, Laser texturing (LT), electrical beam texturization (EBT). The function of the generated surfaces obtained by these different methods is going to influence the tribological properties during the subsequent forming processes. On the other hand, they can increase the product final cost or require large investments to obtain such methods.

Orientador: Jose Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Banca: Rubens Alves Dias / Banca: Marcelo Modesto da Silva / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve um método de identificação e ponderação de indicadores de desempenho sustentáveis para avaliar a eficiência energética em instalações industriais. Tomando como cenário algumas empresas do setor industrial baseadas no Vale do Paraíba/SP, foi proposta uma lista de indicadores de avaliação de critérios de eficiência energética, que fornece uma referência importante para o mapeamento, comparação, evolução e investimento adequado para a avaliação dos tomadores de decisão. O método de pesquisa consistiu em realizar uma revisão abrangente da literatura e a aplicação de dois levantamentos (surveys) envolvendo especialistas e tomadores de decisão da área. Os dados foram modelados a partir da aplicação das ferramentas de análise de agrupamento (cluster analysis) e o método de Processo Analítico Hierárquico (método AHP) para ponderar os indicadores identificados, reduzindo o grau de subjetividade na análise dessas opiniões e buscando níveis de intensidade objetivos. O tamanho das amostras da pesquisa é suficiente para suportar os resultados, que foram validados pela análise de consistência do método AHP. O método proposto também pode ser estendido para desenvolver os indicadores ponderados para outras regiões / Abstract: This dissertation describes a method for the identification and weighting of indicators of sustainable performance for evaluating the energy efficiency of industrial facilities. Taking as a backdrop some industrial companies based in the Paraiba Valley / SP, it was proposed a list of indicators for assessing energy efficiency criteria, which provides an important reference for mapping, comparison, evolution and appropriate investment for the evaluation of decision makers. The research method consisted of performing a comprehensive literature review and the application of two surveys involving experts and decision makers in the area. The data were modeled from the application of cluster analysis and the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) tools to weigh indicators identified, reducing the degree of subjectivity in the analysis of these opinions and seeking levels of intensity targets. The size of the samples is sufficient to support search results, which were validated for consistency analysis of the AHP. The proposed method can also be extended to develop the weighted indicators for other regions / Mestre

The main goal of this Master's Thesis is to discover and describe significant differences in consumer's behavior on the Czech tablet chocolate market. Based on these found differences reveal, characterize and develop segment's profiles. Further goal is to design relevant marketing recommendations for these segments. The theoretical part contains the explanation of the segmentation process. The analytical part includes main characteristics of the Czech tablet chocolate market and the analysis of the secondary and primary data. The market segmentation was performed based on the results of these analyses. For the segmentation process was used the IBM SPSS Statistics program. The outcome of the thesis discovers four market segments and proposes corresponding marketing strategies for them.