My diploma thesis focuses on the comparison of possibilities of the statistical software SAS and SPSS in the area of the factor and cluster analysis and the multidimensional scaling. They deal with the methods for identifying groups of the similar statistical values (variables). The ascertained relations among the variables can serve to decrease the proportion vectors of the variables, which describe the individual monitored objects (statistical units), which helps us to apply other various methods, for example the regression or discriminant analysis. By one of the ways for finding the similarity of variables in the cluster analysis or the multidimensional scaling is searching for their relations. Whereas the base of the factor analysis is the formulation of the relation between two variables by means of the covariances, eventually Pearson correlation coefficient, it is possible to use also coefficients of correlation for the cluster analysis and the multidimensional scaling, in some case other measures. The thesis describes mainly the command syntax of the procedures implemented in SAS and SPSS. The meaning of the individual parametres and the partial specifications of each command are explained. The results gained by various types of analyses are compared on the basis of the real dataset. The possibilities of the statistical software SAS and SPSS are evaluated in the conclusion and it is referred to their advantages or disadvantages. The attention is also paid, for example, to the form of the input dataset, to the quaility of outputs or to the partial methods.

This master thesis is divided into two parts. First part focuses on production and consumption of electricity in the Czech republic, describing sources of the production and their progress since 1990, considering also the main electricity consumers. The end of the first part focuses on the Box-Jenkins methodology, time series of electricity consumption between 1981 and 2008 are created as well as forecasted up to 2011. The second part of this thesis describes the cluster analysis. This is used for finding similarities of the 27 states of the European Union. Cluster analysis is applied for years 1990 and 2007, for both electric power production and electric power consumption.

在這科技飛騰的時代，智慧型手機使用日益普及，根據eMarketer於2016年公布台灣使用智慧型手機人口佔總人口73.4%，相較於新加坡71.8%與南韓70.4%的使用率，此比率高居全球之冠，各行業該如何運用智慧型手機市場為自己駐足的行業開創佳績，成為現今人們廣為關注的話題。 本論文研究所用之資料取自「科技部傳播調查資料庫第一期第三次（2014）：媒體的娛樂與社交功能」一般民眾（18 歲以上）之問卷資料。首先對樣本基本資料結構與特性進行描述，接著將智慧型手機使用的相關題項找出，並進行因素分析找出因素構面作為分群變數，藉由兩階段分群法進行分群，探討其各群間相關之特性與智慧型手機使用之目的。爾後從性別、年齡與教育程度等基本人口變項進行分析，進一步了解不同人口基本結構智慧型手機之使用目的之差異情形，並將「網路素養」、「社交媒體」等相關題組進行因素分析，萃取出重要共同因素後並予以命名，以探討不同媒體社交功能使用情形與智慧型手機使用目的之相關性，最後將人口基本結構與共同因素視為變數，分別採用CART、C5.0、QUEST與CHAID四種決策樹分析方法對「集群一」、「集群二」智慧型手機高度使用者進行模型之建構，使各行業可針對欲探討之集群提出行銷方針。 / With the rapid development of technology, the Internet and mobile phones play an important role in our lives. According to eMarketer 2016, 73.4% of Taiwan's population use smartphones, compared to 71.8% in Singapore and 70.4% in South Korea , Taiwan tops the list of the world. How to create success by using smartphone market is an important issue today. The data used in this thesis was taken from the Ministry of Science and Technology Survey in 2014. The survey topic was media entertainment and social functions, based on general public who are 18 years old or older. First, the structures of the sample are described. Next, we extract factors by using factor analysis. The factors are used as the cluster variables. This study uses two-stage method to cluster and explore characteristics of the relevant groups for the smartphone usage. Then, we analyze demographic variables to understand different populations of smart phones usage, and extract common factors of "Internet Literacy" and "Social Media" by using factor analysis. Finally, the basic structure of the population and the common factors are used to classify smartphone users, which helps to provide marketing guidelines.

This diploma aims to analyze the development of the European Union Member States for last thirty years in terms of demographic indicators. First chapter is focused on the historical development of the world's population, followed by the development of the European population and political history of the European Union. Next chapter is focused on the most commonly used demographic indicators for international comparisons divided into groups according to demographic processes, their interpretation and calculation. The main part of the work is analysis of selected indicators for the Member States of the EU with regard to the European average of 27 Member States in the period between 1981 and 2011. Another chapter is devoted to modify data for above mentioned simple analysis and cluster analysis, which is located in the last chapter. Cluster analysis was performed using Euclidean distance and using nearest and furthest neighbor and Ward's method. In 1981 the furthest neighbor method divided Member States into five clusters and in 2011 the Ward's method divided Member States again within five clusters, but with a different composition. Original data for Multidimensional description is added to annex with the results of calculations and graphs.

The main objective of the thesis is to describe situation on the current computer games market in Czech Republic and with use of own market research to reveal behavior, usage and preferences of consumers on this market. Based on this data significant market segments should be revealed and appropriate conclusions and recommendations useful for marketing communication should be given for them. Own market research is of quantitative character and is realized in form of Internet questionnaire. Data obtained from this questionnaire are analyzed with help of pivot tables in MS Excel. IBM SPSS Statistics 20 is used for uncovering market segments and expansion of their profiles. The output of the thesis is detection of 5 major market segments and formulation of basic recommendations on marketing mix level for each market segment.

The aim of this work is a statistical analysis of expenditures of households on culture, description of current economical situation in the field of cinematography, characteristics of a cinemagoer and a projection of future developmental tendencies of cinemas. The first two chapters are dedicated to a description of the current state of the Czech cinematography and information about the evolution of the Czech film production. The third theoretical part describes basic statistical methods used in the practical part of this work. The fourth part is focused on a film viewer -cinemagoer using MML-TGI method and it also includes analysis of the dependence of expenditures of households for culture on the cinema ticket price. The fifth part is dedicated to a projection of the future development of the attendance and receipts of cinemas. The final chapter deals with the state of European cinematography.

Este trabalho apresenta o levantamento anatômico da madeira de 107 espécies distribuídas em 11 gêneros pertencentes à família Sapotaceae (ordem Ericales), do continente americano, dentre os quais Manilkara Adanson, Sideroxylon Linnaeus, Micropholis (Grisebach) Pierre, Chromolucuma Ducke, Sarcaulus Radkolfer, Elaeoluma Baillon, Pouteria Aublet, Chrysophyllum Linnaeus, Ecclinusa Martius, Pradosia Liais e Diploon Cronquist. Na mais recente tentativa de classificação, Pennington (1990, 1991) reconheceu cinco tribos com base, principalmente, em características da flor e da semente. De acordo com o próprio pesquisador, quatro das tribos representariam grupos naturais, provavelmente monofiléticos. Entretanto Swenson & Anderberg (2005), utilizando a análise molecular combinada com características morfológicas, concluíram que os dois maiores gêneros da família, Chrysophyllum e Pouteria são polifiléticos. Desse modo, a família Sapotaceae necessita de uma revisão e inúmeros autores (Record, 1939; Kukachka, 1978a) mencionaram a necessidade de mais informações anatômicas do xilema para complementar e ampliar os estudos taxonômicos e filogenéticos. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se a anatomia da madeira corrobora a classificação proposta por Pennington em 1990 e a obtenção de informações que possibilitem indicar características anatômicas de valor diagnóstico e estatístico, buscando contribuir com estudos futuros no agrupamento das espécies brasileiras associadas com as africanas e asiáticas da família. A descrição da anatomia da madeira segue a terminologia adotada pelo comitê da Associação Internacional dos Anatomistas de Madeira (IAWA Committee 1989). O resultado obtido pela estatística indica a formação de oito grupos que apresentam similaridades quanto ao tipo de parênquima axial, diâmetro dos vasos, diâmetro das pontoações intervasculares, tipo e localização das pontoações raio-vasculares e das inclusões minerais como, cristais prismáticos, estiloidais e areniformes, assim como dos corpos silicosos. Tais características agrupam gêneros e espécies afins com significância estatística. Conclui-se que a anatomia da madeira apresenta valor de diagnose para os diferentes gêneros, e que, em muitos casos, não corrobora a classificação proposta por Pennington (1990, 1991) na última revisão taxonomica da família. / This work presents the anatomical hoist of the wood of 107 species distributed in 11 belonging kinds to the family Sapotaceae (order Ericales), of the American continent, among the which Manilkara Adanson, Sideroxylon Linnaeus, Micropholis (Grisebach) Pierre, Chromolucuma Ducke, Sarcaulus Radkolfer, Elaeoluma Baillon, Pouteria Aublet, Chrysophyllum Linnaeus, Ecclinusa Martius, Pradosia Liais and Diploon Cronquist. In the most recent attempt of classification, Pennington (1990, 1991) recognized five tribes with base, mainly, in characteristics of the flower and of the seed. According to the own researcher, four of the tribes would represent natural groups, probably monofiléticos. However Swenson & Anderberg (2005), utilizing the molecular analysis combined with characteristics morfológicas, concluded that the two biggest kinds of the family, Chrysophyllum and Pouteria are polifiléticos. Of that way, the family Sapotaceae needs a revision and endless number authors (Record, 1939; Kukachka, 1978a) mentioned the need of more anatomical information of the xilema for complementary and extend the studies taxonômicos and filogenéticos. Therefore, this work has like objective verify itself the anatomy of the wood corroborates the classification proposal by Pennington in 1990 and the obtaining of information that are going to indicate worthy anatomical characteristics diagnosis and statistical, seeking contribute with future studies in the group of the Brazilian species associated with the Africans and Asians of the family. The description of the anatomy of the wood follows the terminology adopted by the committee of the International Association of the Anatomists of Madeira (IAWA Committee 1989). The result obtained by the statistical one indicates the formation of eight groups that present similarities as regards the kind of parênquima axial, diameter of the glasses, diameter of the pontoações intervasculares, kind and location of the pontoações ray-vascular and of the mineral enclosures as, crystals prismáticos, estiloidais and areniformes, as well as of the bodies silicosos. Such characteristics group kinds and related species with significância statistical. I concluded that the anatomy of the wood presents value of diagnose for the different kinds, and that, in many cases, does not corroborate the classification proposal by Pennington (1990, 1991) in the last revision taxonomica of the family.

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries erosion are both multifactorial diseases. One common factor for both diseases is acid attack on dental enamel. Some beverages contain both erosive acids and cariogenic carbohydrates, thus, promoting both types of disease. Previous literature has examined beverages as single source exposures, despite the fact that beverage consumption is a complex process that contains several beverage. A few studies have examined the patterns of beverage consumption and dental caries in both children and adults. These studies found a significant positive relationship between sugar sweetened beverages consumption and caries. These studies did not differentiate between regular and diet soda, so the relationship between diet/low calorie sweetener drinks and dental caries is not established. In contrast with caries, the association between beverage consumption patterns and erosion has not been studied before. OBJECTIVES: Examine the effect of diet drinks on dental caries and erosion among a representative sample of US children and adults. METHODS: All analyses conducted using cluster analysis to account for the complexity of beverage consumption and to better understand the effect of different consumption patterns on the dentition. NHANES data was used to be able to generalize the results to the US population. RESULTS: In children, we managed to define 6 different clusters including: water, milk, juice drinks, 100% juice, soda, and diet drinks. None of the clusters demonstrated statistically significant associations with dental caries. While individuals with high soda consumption had the highest caries risk, diet drinks had no effect on dental caries. On the other hand, adults were grouped into 4 distinct clusters: water, soda, diet drinks, and coffee/tea. The diet drinks cluster was not associated with higher DMFT score, while high soda consumption demonstrated increased DMFT. In contrast, high diet drinks consumption increased the risk for erosion, although this relationship was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This dissertation showed that diet drinks are not associated with dental disease. While we can not recommend consuming these drinks based on this one cross sectional study, we believe that more studies should be conducted so that we can draw a final conclusion regarding oral disease and diet drinks. / 2022-10-24T00:00:00Z

Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a divergência genética entre árvores matrizes de Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bur. no município de Macapá, no Estado do Amapá, por meio de caracteres biométricos de flores, frutos, sementes e processo germinativo. A divergência genética foi avaliada pela análise de agrupamento, através do método de Ward, K-means e pelo algoritmo de Tocher, obtidos a partir da matriz de dissimilaridade pela Distância Euclidiana. Para verificação da importância relativa de cada variável para a divergência genética utilizou-se a análise de Componentes Principais. As 119 árvores matrizes foram distribuídas em 21 grupos no método de Ward e 23 grupos para o algoritmo de Tocher. O método K-means auxiliou na exclusão de 11 caracteres pouco discriminatórios. Dos caracteres mais importantes para a divergência genética, destacam-se o comprimento do fruto, largura do fruto, comprimento da ala maior da semente, massa de matéria seca da semente, largura do cotilédone, largura da folha e massa de matéria seca da plântula. Há variabilidade entre as árvores matrizes de T. caraiba quanto aos caracteres avaliados e o estudo da divergência possibilita a identificação de árvores matrizes para a colheita de sementes, que subsidiem programas de conservação genética / Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the genetic diversity among trees of Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bur. at city of Macapá, Amapá State, by means of biometric characters of flowers, fruits, seeds and germination process. Genetic divergence was assessed by cluster analysis by Ward method, K-means algorithm and the Tocher, obtained from the matrix of the Euclidean Distance. To verify the relative importance of each variable to the genetic divergence we used the Principal Component analysis. The 119 selected trees were divided into 21 groups in the method of Ward and 23 groups for the algorithm Tocher. The K-means method aided in the exclusion of 11 characters less discriminatory. Among the most important traits for genetic divergence, we highlight the fruit length, fruit width, length of greater wing of the seed dry weight of seed, cotyledon width, leaf width and dry weight of seedlings. There is variability among the trees of T. caraiba about the traits and the study of divergence allows the identification of mother trees for seed collection, programs that support conservation genetics / Orientadora: Fabíola Vitti Môro / Coorientador: Rinaldo César de Paula / Banca: Dilermando Perecin / Banca: Fabiano Cesarino / Mestre

Uma análise espaço-temporal da leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) humana no município de Bauru foi conduzida baseada em 239 casos diagnosticados entre junho de 2003 a outubro de 2008. O georreferenciamento, tomando como unidade os setores censitários, foi realizado a partir de informações cedidas pela Secretaria de Saúde de Bauru a respeito do endereço residencial dos pacientes acometidos pela enfermidade. A análise da distribuição espacial da doença demonstrou que os casos ocorreram especialmente na área urbana do município. As incidências cumulativas anuais de LVA, considerando os casos adotados por ano e as respectivas projeções populacionais, foram calculadas, evidenciando que a taxa mais elevada foi observada em 2006. Tal fato foi confirmado pelo delineamento da série histórica, que também derivou o cálculo da tendência, demonstrando que esta foi positiva durante o período analisado. O índice sazonal obtido foi confrontado com dados referentes às médias mensais de precipitação pluviométrica e temperatura do município, o que nos permitiu inferir que meses que obtiveram índices com valores superiores a um, eram, de maneira geral, precedidos por períodos chuvosos. A variável temperatura, por sua vez, apesar de provavelmente estar relacionada à ocorrência da enfermidade na região, aparentemente não exerceu influência na sazonalidade da doença por se apresentar sem oscilações importantes no período. A análise de clusters, utilizando o método estatístico espaço-temporal scan, detectou um provável aglomerado localizado nas regiões sudoeste e central do município no ano de 2006. Uma análise descritiva univariada, comparando setores censitários que apresentaram LVA com relação aos que não relataram casos da doença, foi conduzida. Apesar da diferença significativa observada entre os dois grupos, novos estudos são necessários para se confirmar a hipótese de que variáveis socioeconômicas são prováveis fatores de risco para a infecção na região. / A space-time analysis of human American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) was carried out based on 239 cases diagnosed from June 2003 through October 2008. The georeferencing, taking the census tracts as units, was performed according to information supplied by the Bauru Health Department about AVL patient addresses. The disease spatial analysis showed that cases occurred specially at the urban area of the city. AVL annual incidence rates, considering adopted cases per year and the respective projected population, were calculated, demonstrating that the highest rate was observed in 2006. It was confirmed by the time series analysis, which also resulted the tendency calculation, showing that it was positive during the analyzed moment. The obtained seasonal indices were confronted with data about the citys average rainfall and temperature, which allowed us to infer that months with indices higher than one, were, generally, preceded by rainy periods. The temperature, on the other hand, although is probably related to the infection occurrence at the region, seemingly did not exert influence on the disease seasonality because it was presented without important fluctuations in the period. The cluster analysis, using scan space-time statistics, detected a most likely cluster located in the Southwest and Central city side in 2006. A univariate descriptive analysis, comparing census tracts that presented AVL with those that did not report case disease, was carried out. Although the significant difference observed between both groups, new researchers are needed to confirm the hypothesis that socioeconomic variables were likely infection risk factors in the region.