Transparenta papper tillverkade av cellulosa nanofibriller (CNF), visar stor potential att kunna ersätta petroleumbaserade plaster inom många användningsområden, till exempel för mat- och varuförpackningar. CNF, även känt som nanocellulosa, kombinerar viktiga cellulosaegenskaper, med unika egenskaper hos nanomaterial. Denna kombination av egenskaper möjliggör tillverkning av ett pappers-liknande material som uppvisar både utmärkta mekaniska egenskaper och hög transparens. Användningen av nanocellulosa är dock förknippad med diverse utmaningar, för att materialet ska kunna bli kommersiellt slagkraftigt. En av de främsta utmaningarna är nanocellulosas höga affinitet för vatten och dess höga specifika yta som försvårar hanteringen av materialet. Avvattningen av nanocellulosadispersioner, för att tillverka transparenta papper, kan ta upp till flera timmar. För att övervinna detta hinder, har avdelningen för Fiberteknologi vid KTH tillsammans med BillerudKorsnäs AB, nyligen utvecklat en metodik för att skapa så kallade själv-fibrillerande fibrer (SFFer). Dessa fibrer möjliggör en snabbavvattnad papperstillverkningsprocess med makroskopiska vedbaserade fibrer, som efter tillverkning av pappret omvandlas till ett nanocellulosapapper, det vill säga ett nanopapper. För att erhålla SFFer krävs det att höga koncentrationer av karboxyl- och aldehydgrupper introduceras i cellulosafibrerna. Införandet av dessa funktionella grupper, möjliggör självfibrilleringen då SFFerna utsätts för moderata alkali-koncentrationer. I den ursprungliga studien som utfördes av Gorur m.fl., introducerades de funktionella grupperna med hjälp av sekventiell TEMPO- och periodatoxidation. I detta examensarbete, har alternativa kemiska metoder för att introducera samma kemiska funktionalitet som TEMPO-periodatsystemet undersökts. Huvudsyftet med arbetet är att besvara frågan: Hur påverkar olika kemiska behandlingar vid SFF tillverkningen, de kemiska och fysikaliska egenskaperna hos de modifierade fibrerna, samt de slutgiltiga pappersegenskaperna? För att besvara frågan, preparerades fibrer med liknande karboxyl- och aldehydinnehåll med hjälp av följande tre kemiska metoder: 1) TEMPO- följd av periodatoxidation (detta kommer att användas som referenssystem); 2) periodat- följd av kloritoxidation; 3) karboxymetylering följd av periodatoxidation. Egenskaperna hos fibrerna undersöktes med avseende på aldehyd- och karboxylinnehåll, avvattningspotential och förmåga att självfibrillera. Papper tillverkades med hjälp av en vakuumfiltreringsuppställning och följande egenskaper undersöktes hos pappret: mekaniska egenskaper (dragstyrka, brottsyrka och Young’s modul); optiska (transparens och ytreflektion); samt syrgaspermeabilitet. De erhållna fibrerna från samtliga tre kemiska modifieringar visade på självfibrillerande egenskaper i alkaliska lösningar. Detta beteende styrker hypotesen att ett strategiskt införande av ett högt karboxyl- och aldehydinnehåll leder till självfibrillerande fibrer. Transparenta papper tillverkade av fibrer som utsatts för TEMPO-periodatoxidation samt klorit-periodatoxidation, visade på utmärkta mekaniska egenskaper, hög transparens och bra barriäregenskaper - jämförbara med vad som vanligen kan noteras hos papper tillverkat av nanocellulosa. Samtliga egenskaper förbättrades ytterligare efter fibrillering av fibrerna i papperen. De karboxymetylerade-periodatoxiderade materialet, å andra sidan, uppvisade andra egenskaper jämfört med de två, tidigare nämnda, metoderna. TEMPO-periodat- och periodat-klorit-pappersmassan var halvgenomskinlig och geléliknande, medan den karboxymetylerade-periodatoxiderade massan var mer lik det omodifierade materialet. Detsamma gällde det tillverkade pappret som liknade ett konventionellt papper. Det var inte heller möjligt att åstadkomma en fibrillering av det karboxymetylerade-periodatoxiderade-pappret som utsattes för behandling med alkaliska lösningar. Avvattningstiden vid papperstillverkningen varierad mellan 4 och 60 sekunder, och karboxymetylering-periodat oxidation visade på snabbast avvattningstid. Den förlängda avvattningstiden i jämförelse med studien utförd av Gorur m.fl., tros främst bero på att ett filtreringsmembran med mindre porer användes på vakuumfiltreringsuppställningen, istället för en avvattningsvira som tidigare använts. Sammanfattningsvis så har det visat sig möjligt att tillverka självfibrillerande fibrer med hjälp av samtliga tre undersökta kemiska modifieringar. SFFer möjliggör tillverkning av snabbavvattnade transparenta nanocellulosapapper och visar på så vis på hög potential att kunna ersätta olje-baserade plaster till många förpackningsapplikationer. / Transparent papers made from cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), derived from e.g. wood, show great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics in many application areas, such as packaging for foods and goods. CNF, also known as nanocellulose, combine important cellulose properties with the unique features of nanoscale materials, gaining paper-like materials with outstanding mechanical properties and high transparency. However, nanocellulose faces various challenges in order to make the products commercially competitive. One of the main challenges is accompanied with nanocelluloses’ high affinity for water, which makes processing difficult. Dewatering of a nanocellulose dispersion in order to produce transparent paper may take up to several hours. To overcome this obstacle, the Fibre technology division at KTH Royal Institute of technology and BillerudKorsnäs AB have recently developed a new concept of self-fibrillating fibres (SFFs). This material enables fast-dewatering papermaking using fibres of native dimensions and conversion into nanocellulose after the paper has been prepared. In order to obtain SFFs, proper amounts of charged groups and aldehyde groups need to be introduced into the cellulose backbone. When SFFs are exposed to high alkali concentration, i.e. > pH=10, the fibres self-fibrillates into CNFs. In the original study, the functional groups were introduced through sequential TEMPO oxidation and periodate oxidation. In this work, alternative chemical routes have been examined to prepare SFFs with the same functional groups as introduced with the TEMPO-periodate system. The aim of the thesis has been to answer: how does different chemical routes to prepare transparent nanopaper made from SFFs affect the chemical and physical properties of the modified fibres, as well as the final physical properties of the transparent papers? To answer the question, fibres with similar carboxyl and aldehyde contents were prepared using three chemical routes: 1) TEMPO oxidation followed by periodate oxidation (which was used as reference system); 2) periodate oxidation followed by chlorite oxidation; 3) carboxymethylation followed by periodate oxidation. The properties of the fibres were examined regarding aldehyde and carboxyl content, dewatering potential and self-fibrillating ability. Papers were produced using a vacuum filtration set-up and the properties investigated were the mechanical; tensile strength, strain at failure and Young’s modulus, the optical properties; transparency and haze, as well as the oxygen permeability. In order to investigate the impact of the fibrillation of the papers, the properties were measured for both unfibrillated and fibrillated samples. Furthermore, the gravimetric yield after each chemical modification procedure was examined, as well as the dewatering time during sheet making. Fibres obtained from all three chemistries demonstrated self-fibrillating properties in alkaline solutions. This strengthens the hypothesis that the strategical introduction of aldehydes and carboxyl groups is the main feature responsible for the self-fibrillating ability of the fibres. Transparent papers made from fibres treated through TEMPO-periodate oxidation and periodate-chlorite oxidation showed excellent mechanical, optical and barrier properties, comparable to those seen in nanocellulose papers. The properties were further increased after fibrillation. The carboxymethylated-periodate oxidized fibres, on the other hand, behaved differently from the others. While the TEMPO-periodate and periodate-chlorite pulp was semi-translucent and gel-like, the carboxymethylated-periodate oxidized fibres resembled more the unmodified material. Likewise, the properties of those papers resembled conventional paper and no fibrillationwas experienced after immersing the papers in alkaline solution, according to the same protocol developed for the other two chemistries. The dewatering time during sheet making ranged from 4–60 seconds (carboxymethylation-periodate oxidation showing the fastest dewatering rates). The increased dewatering time compared to earlier studies is believed to mainly be due to the use of a filtration membrane on the vacuum filtration set-up, instead of a metallic wire with larger pores. Overall, SFFs was successfully produced using three different chemical routes. SFFs enables production of fast-dewatering transparent nanocellulose papers that shows the potential to replace oil-based plastics in many packaging applications.

Since its introduction in 1999, bounded model checking (BMC) has quickly become a serious and indispensable tool for the formal verification of hardware designs and, more recently, software. By leveraging propositional satisfiability (SAT) solvers, BMC overcomes some of the shortcomings of more conventional model checking methods. In model checking we automatically verify whether a state transition system (STS) describing a design has some property, commonly expressed in linear temporal logic (LTL). BMC is the restriction to only checking the looping and non-looping runs of the system that have bounded descriptions. The conventional BMC approach is to translate the STS runs and LTL formulae into propositional logic and then conjunctive normal form (CNF). This CNF expression is then checked by a SAT solver. In this thesis we study the effect on the performance of BMC of changing the translation to propositional logic. One novelty is to use a normal form for LTL which originates in resolution theorem provers. We introduce the normal form conversion early on in the encoding process and examine the simplifications that it brings to the generation of propositional logic. We further enhance the encoding by specialising the normal form to take advantage of the types of runs peculiar to BMC. We also improve the conversion from propositional logic to CNF. We investigate the behaviour of the new encodings by a series of detailed experimental comparisons using both hand-crafted and industrial benchmarks from a variety of sources. These reveal that the new normal form based encodings can reduce the solving time by a half in most cases, and up to an order of magnitude in some cases, the size of the improvement corresponding to the complexity of the LTL expression. We also compare our method to the popular automata-based methods for model checking and BMC.

This thesis investigates the use of local search methods in solving constraint problems. Such problems are very hard in general and local search offers a useful and successful alternative to existing techniques. The focus of the thesis is to analyze the techniques of invariants used in local search. The use of invariants have recently become the cornerstone of local search technology as they provide a declarative way to specify incremental algorithms. We have produced a series of program libraries in C++ known as the One-Way-Solver. The One-Way-Solver includes the implementation of incremental data structures and is a useful tool for the implementation of local search. The One-Way-Solver is applied to two challenging constraint problems, the Boolean Satisfiability Testing (SAT) and university course timetabling problems.

Cellulose nanofibrils are a biobased and renewable material with potential to be used in many different applications. Such applications include air filtration, absorption of liquids, and thermal insulation.  To be used for these applications the cellulose nanofibrils must form a porous and dry material. However, maintaining some degree of porosity after drying is difficult, since the fibrils are extracted in liquid and tend to collapse into a dense material upon drying. Certain methods have proven effective for making a dry porous material from cellulose nanofibrils, but these are often expensive and not suitable for large scale production. The aim of this project is to test possible methods for making a highly porous cellulose nanofibril-based material. These methods must be environmentally sustainable and suitable for large scale production. An extensive screening has been conducted with the aim of identifying methods resulting in materials with high porosity. The obtained materials have been analysed further to give a more thorough understanding of the porosity as well as other characteristics. The results indicate that cross-links in the material strengthen the structure, and that drying samples from water always results in complete collapse or very dense materials while drying samples from certain solvents other than water results in more porous materials. The analysed materials had very different porosities, some of which were relatively high. The most porous material analysed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller gas adsorption had a surface area of 9.5 m2/g. This project gives insight into how cross-linking chemistries and treatment with different solvents and pH affect the resulting cellulose nanofibril-based material, as well as knowledge about which methods can be used to successfully produce dry porous cellulose nanofibril-based materials.

In contrast to a single clause a pseudo-Boolean (PB) constraint is much more expressive and hence it is easier to define problems with the help of PB constraints. But while PB constraints provide us with a high-level problem description, it has been shown that solving PB constraints can be done faster with the help of a SAT solver. To apply such a solver to a PB constraint we have to encode it with clauses into conjunctive normal form (CNF). While we can find a basic encoding into CNF which is equivalent to a given PB constraint, the solving time of a SAT solver significantly depends on different properties of an encoding, e.g. the number of clauses or if generalized arc consistency (GAC) is maintained during the search for a solution. There are various PB encodings that try to optimize or balance these properties. This thesis is about such encodings. For a better understanding of the research field an overview about the state-of-the art encodings is given. The focus of the overview is a simple but complete description of each encoding, such that any reader could use, implement and extent them in his own work. In addition two novel encodings are presented: The Sequential Weight Counter (SWC) encoding and the Binary Merger Encoding. While the SWC encoding provides a very simple structure – it is listed in four lines – empirical evaluation showed its practical usefulness in various applications. The Binary Merger encoding reduces the number of clauses a PB encoding needs while having the important GAC property. To the best of our knowledge currently no other encoding has a lower upper bound for the number of clauses produced by a PB encoding with this property. This is an important improvement of the state-of-the art, since both GAC and a low number of clauses are vital for an improved solving time of the SAT solver. The thesis also contributes to the development of new applications for PB constraint encodings. The programming library PBLib provides researchers with an open source implementation of almost all PB encodings – including the encodings for the special cases at-most-one and cardinality constraints. The PBLib is also the foundation of the presented weighted MaxSAT solver optimax, the PBO solver pbsolver and the WBO, PBO and weighted MaxSAT solver npSolver.

This study investigated a CNF/dendrimer hydrogel and how different concentrations of the carboxylated CNF and bis-MPA ammonium dendrimer affected the hydrogels’ rheological properties. A third generation bis-MPA ammonium dendrimer was diffused into a dispersion of carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils. The CNF was carboxylated by TEMPO-oxidation and phosphate buffer deprotonating the carboxylic group. The ammonium dendrimers are cationic and, when added to the dispersion, act as a salt together with the CNF-carboxy anion creating a cationic dendrimer salt bridge. These will serve as physical crosslinks, and a CNF/dendrimer network is formed; the structure and the absorbed water make a hydrogel. Amplitude strain sweeps were performed with a rheometer to determine the gels' elastic capabilities in terms of storage modulus, G’ and loss modulus, G” as the function of the shear stress. The result shows that a higher concentration of both CNF dispersion and dendrimer yielded a higher value of the storage modulus and a lower critical strain, meaning that the hydrogel becomes firmer and less elastic. / I denna studie undersöktes en CNF/dendrimer hydrogel och hur olika koncentrationer av den karboxylerade CNF och bis-MPA ammonium dendrimer påverkar hydrogelens reologiska egenskaper. En tredje generations bis-MPA ammonium dendrimer läts diffusera i en dispersion av karboxylerade cellulosa nanofibriller (CNF). CNF karboxylerades via TEMPO-oxidation, varefter en fosfatbuffer adderades för att skapa en anjon. Dendrimerens ammoniumgrupper är katjoner och då den adderas till dispersionen kommer den agera som ett salt tillsammans med CNF-karboxyanjonen vilket skapar en katjonisk dendrimersaltbrygga. Denna agerar som en fysisk tvärbindning och skapar ett nätverk av CNF och dendrimer. Nätverket skapar tillsammans med det absorberade vattnet en hydrogel.  En amplitude strain sweep utfördes för att bestämma gelernas viskoelastiska förmåga, från mätningarna fås elasticitetsmodulen, G’ och den viskösa modulen, G’’ som funktioner av skjuvningen. Resultatet visar att en högre koncentration av CNF-dispersionen och dendrimeren leder till ett högre värde på elasticitetsmodulen samt ett lägre värde för den kritiska skjuvningen. Detta innebär att hydrogelen blir hårdare och mindre elastisk.

The innovative technology behind production of strong biofilaments involves the process of spinning filaments from nanoparticles extracted from wood. These nanoparticles are called cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). The spun filaments can have high mechanical properties, rivaling many other plant based materials, and could be an environmentally friendly replacement for many materials in the future such as fabrics and composites. Before mass production might be possible, the optimal dispersion properties must be determined for the intended use, with regard to concentration, method of oxidation (TEMPO-oxidation or carboxymethylation) and pretreatment through sonication and centrifugation. In this bachelor’s thesis attributes of spun filaments were investigated in order to find a correlation between mechanical properties and the effects of concentration, method of oxidation as well as sonication and centrifugation of the dispersions. The mechanical properties were also compared to the fibrils’ ability to entangle and align during flow-focusing. A variety of analytical methods: flow-stop, tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) were implemented for the dispersions and filaments. The results from this study show that flow-stop analysis could be used to determine which CNF dispersions are spinnable and which are non-spinnable, along with which spinnable dispersion would yield the strongest filament. It was also concluded that crystallinity of fibrils affects the mechanical properties of filaments and that TCNFs are generally more crystalline than CMCs. Pretreatment through sonication and centrifugation seems to have a negative impact on spinnability and sonication in combination with low concentration seems to lead to non-spinnable conditions. On the other hand, sonicated dispersions seem to yield a greater number of samples without aggregates than non-sonicated ones. Aggregates, however, seem to only affect ultimate stress out of the measured mechanical properties. Furthermore, concentration and viscosity affect spinnability and CMC dispersions seem to yield thicker filaments than TCNF dispersions. However, due to lack of statistically validated data any definitive conclusions could not be drawn.

Thermal protection systems, which are commonly used to protect spacecraft during atmospheric entry, have traditionally been made of materials which are traditionally high in manufacturing costs for both the materials needed and the manufacturing complexity, such as carbon-carbon composites and aerogels. [1] In addition to their manufacturing costs, these materials are also limited in their strength, such as PICA, in a way that necessitate the use of tiles as opposed to single structures because they are not capable of supporting larger structures. [2] The limitations of polymer reinforced composites have limited their entry into these applications, except for pyrolyzed composite materials, such as carbon-carbon and ceramic composites. These materials have been successfully demonstrated their utility in extreme environments, such as spacecraft heat shields, but their high costs and the difficulty to manufacture them have limited their use to similarly high performance applications where the costs are justifiable. Previous work by others with “fuzzy fiber” composites have shown that aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on fibers can improve their thermal conductivity and wettability. To this end vertically aligned CNTs were studied for their potential use, but found to be difficult to process with current conventional techniques. A composite material comprised of basalt, a relatively new reinforcing fiber, and phenolic, which has been used in high-temperature applications with great success was made to attempt to create a new material for these applications. To further improve upon the favorable properties of the resulting composite, the composite was pyrolyzed to produce a basalt-carbon composite with a higher thermal stability than its pristine state. While testing the effects of pyrolysis on the thermal stability, a novel iv technique was also developed to promote in-situ carbon nanotube growth of the resulting basaltcarbon composite without using a monolithic piece of cured phenolic resin in place of the standard aromatic hydrocarbon-catalyst precursor. [3, 4] The in-situ growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was explored as their thermal stability [5] and effectiveness in improving performance has been previously demonstrated when used as a resin additive [6]. The specimens were examined with SEM, EDS, and TGA to determine the effects of both pyrolysis and CNT growth during pyrolysis of the basalt phenolic composites. These tests would confirm the presence of CNTs/CNFs directly grown in the composite by pyrolysis, and confirm their composition by EDS and Raman spectroscopy. EDS would additionally confirm that the surface of the basalt fibers possess a composition suitable for CNT growth, similar to the parameters of CVD processing. Additional testing would also show that the growth behavior of the CNTs/CNFs is dependent on temperature as opposed to composition, indicating that there is a threshold temperature necessary to facilitate the availability of catalysts from within the basalt fibers. The thermal stability shown by TGA indicates that the process of pyrolysis leaves the newly formed composite with a high degree of thermal stability, making the new materials potentially usable in applications such as turbines, in addition to large-scale thermal protection systems.

The purpose of this lab was to investigate the printability of cellulose nanofiber/carbon nanotubes, their functions as actuators, and to compare these properties with MXene/nano cellulose gels. Data on MXene/nano cellulose gel was obtained from previous research made by Hamedi labs. Data on carbon nanotubes were collected through experiments evaluating different concentrations and sonication times to yield a gel with high conductivity and viscosity. While it was concluded that both gels could be printed into 2D or 3D shapes, the latter failed to maintain its structure over time due to issues with drying. However, it was found that only 2D MXene/CNF could be used as a reversible actuator. / Syftet med laborationen var att undersöka 3D skrivningsförmågan för nanocellulosa/ kolnanorör samt samt deras förmåga att fungera att svälla elektroniskt. Vidare jämfördes dessa egenskaper med MXene/nanocellulosageler. Data på MXene/nanocellulosa insamlades från tidigare experiment gjorda av Hamedi labs. Data på kolnanorör insamlades genom en rad experiment, vilka utvärderade olika koncentrationer och sonikeringstider för att producera geler med hög konduktivitet och viskositet. Slutsatsen blev att båda gelerna kunde 3D printas, men endast MXene/nanocellulosageler kunde användas för elektronisk svällning och avsvällning. Inga geler kunde göras till 3D strukturer.

La hibridación de minerales arcillosos con polímeros conductores recibe gran interés por diferentes aplicaciones potenciales, incluida la remediación ambiental. Esta tesis contiene tres partes del estudio, en primer lugar, estudia y compara las propiedades electroquímicas de dos arcillas diferentes, montmorillonita (Mont) y diatomita (Diat), y sus respectivos materiales híbridos arcilla/PEDOT-PSS en medio H2SO4. Los materiales híbridos se prepararon por electropolimerización de EDOT en presencia de PSS. Se analizaron las propiedades físico-químicas y electroquímicas de ambas arcillas mediante diferentes técnicas, y se investigó la influencia de las propiedades de la arcilla en la electropolimerización y la electroactividad de los híbridos arcilla/PEDOT-PSS resultantes. En concreto, la sonda redox Fe2+/Fe3+ y la oxidación de diclofenaco, como contaminante emergente farmacéutico modelo, se utilizaron para probar la capacidad de transferencia de electrones y la respuesta oxidativa, respectivamente, de los híbridos arcilla/PEDOT-PSS. Los resultados demuestran que, a pesar de su baja conductividad eléctrica, el Mont es un material electroactivo en sí mismo con una buena capacidad de transferencia de electrones. Por el contrario, el Diat no muestra electroactividad. La hibridación con PEDOT generalmente mejora la electroactividad de las arcillas, pero las propiedades de la arcilla afectan la eficiencia de electropolimerización y la electroactividad de los híbridos, por lo que Mont/PEDOT muestra propiedades electroquímicas mejoradas. Se demuestra que los híbridos de arcilla/PEDOT-PSS exhiben capacidad de oxidación de diclofenaco y sensibilidad a la concentración de diclofenaco. Se sintetizaron diferentes materiales híbridos a base de arcilla en un solo paso mediante polimerización química de EDOT en presencia de la arcilla sin o con nanofibras de carbono (CNF). Estos materiales fueron caracterizados con diferentes técnicas y estudiados por su potencial aplicación en la remoción de diclofenac y Radium, contaminantes emergentes modelo, del agua. Para ello se analizó la termodinámica y cinética de adsorción de diclofenaco y radio sobre los diferentes materiales. En el caso del Diclofenaco, los resultados obtenidos indican que el método de síntesis propuesto permite producir fácilmente los materiales híbridos con rendimientos del 80 - 90 %. La caracterización de estos materiales muestra que la estructura mesoporosa y alta área superficial (ca. 250 m2/g) de la arcilla no se ve afectada de forma notable por su combinación con PEDOT y/o los CNFs. La termogravimetría indica que se han obtenido materiales híbridos con alrededor del 10 % en peso de PEDOT sin y con 4 y 8 % en peso de CNF. La combinación de SEM con XPS y FTIR señala que PEDOT se ha cultivado con éxito alrededor de partículas de arcilla. La comparación de las isotermas de adsorción de diclofenaco indica que la hibridación con PEDOT mejora en gran medida la capacidad de adsorción de la arcilla. La adsorción de la isoterma resultante muestra la adsorción más alta con CNF y Clay/PEDOT con 340 mg/g y 220 mg/g respectivamente. Los datos de equilibrio se aplicaron a dos modelos de isoterma, y los resultados obtenidos sugirieron que la adsorción se siguió mejor con el modelo de Langmuir para Clay/PEDOT y Clay, con una capacidad máxima de adsorción de monocapa de 227,01 mg/g y 20,44 mg/g respectivamente. Por el contrario, fueron mejor ajustados por el modelo de Freundlich para el resto de los materiales, indicando adsorción heterogénea y la posibilidad de formación de multicapas en estos casos. Los datos cinéticos obtenidos para la adsorción se ajustaron mejor a una ecuación de velocidad de pseudo segundo orden para todos los materiales, con una capacidad máxima de adsorción en equilibrio de 18,24 mg/g para Clay/PEDOT. Este hallazgo sugiere que la adsorción se estaba produciendo a través del mecanismo químico. En el caso del Radio, se sintetizaron diferentes materiales híbridos a base de arcilla en un solo paso mediante polimerización química de EDOT y anilina en presencia de arcilla sin o con nanofibras de carbono (CNF). Estos materiales fueron caracterizados con diferentes técnicas y estudiados por su potencial aplicación en la remoción de radio del agua. Para este propósito, se utilizó una muestra de salmuera, recolectada de la salida de la mina subterránea, para probar la remoción de radio. El estudio que se realizó y se detalla en el documento muestra una gran eficacia en la eliminación de radio de las muestras de agua. La característica de los materiales se realizó mediante XRD, TG, FE-SEM, fluorescencia de rayos X y análisis de adsorción-desorción de N2. Los experimentos demostraron que arcilla/PEDOT, arcilla/PEDOT/10 % CNF y arcilla/PANI tienen una eficiencia de eliminación de radio significativamente menor. El uso de arcilla y arcilla que ha sido alterada químicamente por polímeros y nanofibras de carbono es una forma potencial de eliminar el radio del agua. El uso de un material híbrido a base de arcilla es una opción potencial para eliminar el radio del agua. El estudio realizado y detallado en el documento examinó una variedad de nanofibras de carbono y polímeros a base de arcilla (PEDOT, PANI), ya que algunos de ellos muestran una gran eficacia para eliminar el radio de las muestras de agua. La característica de los materiales se realizó mediante XRD, TG, FE-SEM, fluorescencia de rayos X y análisis de adsorción-desorción de N2. Para las pruebas de remoción de radio, se utilizó una muestra de salmuera, recolectada de la salida de una mina subterránea. Los experimentos demostraron que arcilla/PEDOT, arcilla/PEDOT/10 % CNF y arcilla/PANI tienen una eficiencia de eliminación de radio significativamente menor.