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The introduction, intentional or otherwise, of plants (both cultivated plants and weeds), animals, and technologies that occurred with Spanish colonization in the Southwest had profound impacts on vegetation and landscape that are reflected in larger changes in indigenous land and resource use, culture, and identity. Archaeological palynology provides information on both the environmental and agricultural impacts of colonialism. Through the study of two sites occupied during the colonial period, in different areas, reflecting different experiences of colonized groups, the range of effects of introductions is investigated. Paa-ko, in New Mexico, was occupied in the early colonial period and was more peripheral to the colonial system than was the second site, Tumacacori, in southern Arizona, the location of a mission that was occupied into the mid-1800s.The identification of introductions, including both new plants and new ways of cultivating and processing plants, in the pollen record is central to this study. The differentiation, using pollen diameters, of grasses is particularly important, although studies of reference pollen show a great overlap between these types. Because of the importance of pollen diameters for the identification of this and other pollen types, factors that could affect pollen size, including processing methods, which did not seem to have much effect, and mounting media (and time since processing), which had rather dramatic effects on diameters, are also important. These and other experimental studies conducted to provide analogs to agricultural and processing areas that would have been seen in the Spanish colonial period, can assist in the interpretation of pollen samples from sites of this period, including the two sites discussed here. While the pollen evidence from Paa-ko demonstrates a continuation of the cultivation of native crops, including maize and squash, and the absence of cultivation of introductions, pollen from Tumacacori demonstrates the absence of cultivation of native crops, particularly maize, and, possibly, cultivation of wheat, in the area closest to the mission and most heavily influenced by missionary control, reflecting, perhaps, the greater integration of Tumacacori into the colonial system and a greater acceptance and use of introduced crops in this later colonial period.

The north eastern region in India represents a legacy of uneven imperial state formation inherited by the Indian nation state. My doctoral dissertation examines British imperialism in the nineteenth century, as it operated in “non-British” spaces of the north east frontier of colonial India. I focus on the historical production and cooption of the Khasi and Jaintiah hills, into a frontier space of the British Empire. I analyse the interconnections between physical transformations, colonial structures of law, and colonial knowledge that produced inhabitants of the autonomous polities, north east of Bengal into “hill tribals”. Law provided a foundational framework through which colonial commercial and military advancement into non-British territories such as the Khasi hills was achieved. The most profound implication of colonial processes was on ruler-subject relations, which accompanied the reconstitution of space and inhabitants’ conceptions of self. The dissertation traces both spatial and imaginative transformations that stripped the groups occupying the Khasi and Jaintiah hills of a political identity. The Khasi tribal subject’s relationship to the governing structures was navigated, and negotiated using a reconstituted notion of custom. This project is more than a history of tribal minorities in India. It addresses the crisis of colonial sovereignty in colonial frontiers, and the nature of imperialism in non-British territories. The dissertation also addresses how the hills and its peoples have long resisted incorporation and integration into totalizing histories of colonial modernity, capitalism and nationalism. Social identities of the diverse communities in the north east of India are articulated through, what I have called narratives of continuity that are both constitutive of and framed against colonial knowledge systems. Critical of the “naturalisation of the association between history and western modernity” and the consequent binaries of past and present, this dissertation analyses indigenous narratives, and the articulation of distinct pasts often inhered in the present. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-02 21:24:20.595

Architectural tectonics and the relationship of structural expression to ornament has been one of the oldest and most consistent themes in western architectural theory. For instance, the discussions of architectonics can be seen in the foundational literature from the Classical period, is present in Neo-classical architectural styles, in debates associated with modernist architecture, and in the latest digital interpretations of architecture. Tectonics and the idea that architecture ought to draw its aesthetic effects from its structural and material composition has, as a consequence, become a normative aspect of architectural theory and practice. Yet, in many situation cultural and geographical contexts this position does not have such a normative status. This thesis examines the legacy of this theme in architectural theory and practice in the particular cultural and geographical context of Japan and Taiwan. It focuses on the colonial cultural relationship between these countries, and to the West, as well as considering the seismic conditions that govern the culture of building around the Pacific West coast – the Ring of Fire. The argument that I will propose is that although the discussion of tectonics in westernised Japan has been scanty, the attitude and strategies the Japanese adopted for designing architecture and considering the relationship between structures and architectural surfaces can be framed differently. The difference between the traditional Japanese approaches to these questions and conventional Western considerations, is, in part, related to the significance of earthquakes to Japanese culture. The two traditions are not isolated. Japan was famously quick to adopt Western technologies and knowledge in the early twentieth century. In the context of architecture and building, this relationship produced a complex hybrid architectural culture in which the Japanese developed their own construction system and their attitude to the relationship between the structures and architectural surfaces. The thesis examines a further layer to this technological and cultural hybrid by examining the relationship between Japan and its colony Taiwan. The thesis argues that Japan’s relationship to the West, and its adoption and hybridization of architectural culture is evident in a complex way through their own colonial relationship to Taiwan. Through reviewing debates on structure and ornament in architecture in the Far East, the thesis adopts the concept of skeuomorph into this theoretical frame. Locating the concept of skeuomorph in this frame and interpreting the Japanese and Taiwanese cases by this concept allows us to reconsider the normative status of architectonic principles in architectural theory, and contribute to an understanding of colonial architectural history in the East Asia.

Based on the reflections of frontline workers, this paper explores restorative justice programming in Winnipeg, Manitoba and critically raises questions around settler colonialism, the justice process, and the “participant” “worker” relationship. Within settler colonial theory, the criminal justice system is seen as a colonial project that continues to disproportionately control and confine Indigenous Peoples. Exploring how workers understand settler colonialism and the restorative justice difference in their work and in their relationship with participants, this thesis argues that, to its detriment, restorative justice theory has not adequately considered settler colonialism. Grounded in a critical constructivist research paradigm, data was collected through one-on-one interviews and focus groups with ten frontline workers who are program coordinators, victim offender mediators, and community workers. Framed by the writer’s own experience as a frontline worker, the collected narratives offer critical, yet hopeful insight into restorative justice theory and practice, particularly within settler colonial contexts. / February 2017

"Eh, You Māhū? An Analysis of American Cultural Imperialism in Hawai’i through the Lens of Gender and Sexuality" explores the impact of American settler colonialism on Native Hawaiian culture. This thesis magnifies the gender liminal identity of māhū to understand the intricacies of gender and sexuality as it relates to cultural formation. Broadly, this thesis is a historical analysis of the impact Western colonization has on indigenous cultures. Specifically, this analysis starts from the introduction of haole foreigners to Hawai’i in 1778 and extends to the present-day American occupation of the Hawaiian nation. By analyzing the ways American cultural imperialism is a systemic process rather than a single historical event, this work shows how Hawaiian culture has evolved to accommodate this process over time. This thesis understands why traditional Native Hawaiian culture provided a space for māhūs to be celebrated, while contemporary Hawaiian society has varying degrees of visibility for māhūs.

The aim of this final thesis is to evaluate the impact of British colonialism on Nigeria and Kenya, to describe positives and negatives. Attention is paid to relations between countries in the period of colonial rule, the development of nationalist movements, the transition to independence, and contemporary relations between the countries. The aim is also to identify differences in the colonization of Nigeria and Kenya. For each country there are mentioned important factors affecting the development of political and socio-economic relations.

Variations and differences in skin colour has been a complex phenomenon around the world. Issues of colour and identity in a postcolonial and post-Apartheid context, is also a significant field of interest. Popular stereotypes portray darker skin pigmentation as undesirable and inferior to lighter pigmentation. The process of ‘lactification’ (Fanon, 1968) remains a question today as much as during earlier colonial times. These stereotypes also bring to the fore, essential questions about hierarchies of power and oppression, culture and identity and how these are shaped to fit popular dominant culture. This study explored peoples’ perceptions around different shades of skin colour and attitudes towards various shades of pigmentation. The study adopted a qualitative approach and explored perceptions around skin colour through in-depth interviews. Fifteen adult participants in Soweto, Gauteng were recruited for the study via purposive sampling. The data collected was analysed using thematic content analysis. The study found that the western idea of attractiveness is still highly regarded. Black women and men take various measures to conform to the western ideal simply to be acknowledged as attractive and stigma is attached to the dark complexion. Self-esteem is affected by the perception of beauty, high perception of attractiveness equals to the high self-esteem.

People from many different ethnic backgrounds settled in Singapore over the course of the nineteenth century, making new lives for themselves on an island with very little recent human habitation. The homes they chose to build for themselves reflected new, sometimes aspirational, hybrid identities. A close observation of these structures helps to form a more complete picture of social conditions in turn of the century Singapore.

This dissertation investigates the somatic politics of postcolonial masculinity and mass media in British Gibraltar. Drawing on 14 months of ethnographic and archival research over the course of 5 years in Gibraltar and London, I trace the interconnections between the ways of listening promoted by colonial administrators and scientists in Gibraltar during the post-World War II democratization of mass media and the contemporary listening practices of Gibraltarian men as they engage with, think about, and decry the use of emerging media technologies among women and children. Using a practice theoretical framework developed out of women's studies, anthropology, and science and technology studies, I move beyond "reading" the sounds that represent intersecting gender, race, and class stereotypes; instead, I examine how Gibraltarian men's media listening practices are both product and productive of a complex calculus of colonial masculine domination that legitimates British colonial violence - symbolic and physical - in Gibraltar today. In this way, listening to media technologies is transformed into a political technology for the maintenance and operationalization of colonialism in Gibraltar. / 10000-01-01