No contexto crescente de migrações forçadas e a consequência de refugiados e deslocados internos, evidencia-se o descumprimento dos Estados das obrigações internacionais e se mostra necessário a busca de meios para se efetivar uma proteção e prevenção eficazes. Baseado na complementaridade entre as vertentes de proteção da pessoa humana em sua função operacional, os órgãos de supervisão de direitos humanos se mostram como uma saída para a situação de descaso dos Estados para com as questões migratórias. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o modo pela qual o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos atua nas questões migratórias dos Estados membros da OEA por meio de seus órgãos de supervisão e se há alguma complementaridade possível do Sistema Interamericano para com o tratamento relativo aos refugiados e deslocados internos nos Estados. Primeiramente realiza-se um estudo das duas dimensões que caracterizam o resultado da migração forçada, o refugiado e o deslocado interno, as legislações internacionais e regionais pertinentes e os respectivos deveres dos Estados. No segundo momento, o Sistema Interamericano é estudado, juntamente com as suas possibilidades de interferência nas questões de migração forçada através da atuação da Comissão e da Corte Interamericana. / In the context of increasing consequence of forced migration and refugees and IDPs, there is evidence of noncompliance with the State’s international obligations and to seek ways proves necessary to effect an effective protection and prevention. Based on complementarity between the strands of protection of the human person in its operational role, the supervisory bodies of human rights appear as an exit to the situation of neglect of States on migration issues. This study aims to determine the way in which the Inter-American Human Rights System operates in migration issues of OAS member states through their supervisory bodies and if there is any possible complementarity of the Inter- American relating to treatment with refugees and IDPs in the States. First carried out a study of the two dimensions that characterize the result of forced migration, refugee and internally displaced person, relevant international and regional laws and the respective duties of states. In the second phase, the inter-American system is studied, along with their possibilities of interference in issues of forced migration through the action of the Commission and the Court.

Orientador: Marcos Cesar de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T01:00:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Steinhoff_FrankEduardodaSilva_D.pdf: 2714393 bytes, checksum: d1256ecbace356f03551217989caaae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A presente tese é um conjunto de resultados relativos à não-classicalidade e ao emaranhamento, que são conceitos fundamentais da física quântica contemporânea. Começamos desenvolvendo uma representação de quasiprobabilidade para sistemas discretos baseada em conjuntos de bases mutuamente não-viesadas, que é uma construção relacionada a um pilar da teoria quântica: o princípio de complementaridade. O conjunto de estados clássicos em nossa representação de quasiprobabilidade já está presente em muitos cenários relacionados, tanto de abordagens fundamentais, bem como práticas e a noção de classicalidade obtida é, portanto, bem-justificada. Um resultado profundo resulta de nossa representação: para qubits, as unidades básicas da teoria da informação quântica, o princípio de complementaridade proíbe a presença de conjecturadas configurações além da física quântica. Assim, a existência de tais objetos superquânticos implicaria uma violação da complementaridade, uma violação que exigiria uma reformulação total das bases conceituais da física quântica. Apresentamos, em seguida, um outro resultado sobre a detecção de não-classicalidade em termos de quantidades observáveis disponíveis na prática. O método está relacionado à noção de não-classicalidade induzida pela tarefa de criação de emaranhamento, que gera uma definição de classicalidade simples mas geral para sistemas físicos arbitrários. Por fim, apresentamos uma nova classe de emaranhamento não-destilável, um fenômeno não-intuitivo em teoria de emaranhamento de difícil caracterização. A construção teórica é baseada em sistemas atualmente utilizados em experimentos de ótica quântica, abrindo assim a possibilidade de implementação prática dos estados emaranhados não-destiláveis em sistemas de variáveis contínuas / Abstract: The present thesis is a collection of results concerning nonclassicality and entanglement, which are fundamental concepts in contemporary quantum physics. We start developing a quasiprobability representation for discrete systems based on sets of mutually unbiased basis, which is a construction related to one pillar of quantum theory: the complementarity principle. The set of classical states in our quasiprobability representation is already present in many related scenarios, both from foundational as well as practical approaches and the notion of classicality obtained is thus well-justified. A deep result follows from our representation: for qubits, the basic units of quantum information theory, the complementarity principle forbids the presence of conjectured configurations beyond quantum physics. Hence, the existence of such superquantum objects would imply a violation of complementarity, a violation that would demand a total reformulation of the conceptual foundations of quantum physics. We present then another result concerning the detection of nonclassicality in terms of observable quantities available in practice. The method is related to the nonclassicality notion induced by the task of entanglement creation, imposing a simple but general definition of classicality for arbitrary physical systems. Finally, we present a novel class of bound entanglement, a non-intuitive phenomenon in entanglement theory that is very hard to characterize. The theoretical construction is based on schemes used currently in quantum optical experiments, thus opening a possibility of practical implementation of bound entangled states in continuous variables systems / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Ce travail a pour objet d'évaluer l'apport de la physique quantique à la compréhension du phénomène de la conscience. Les modèles « classiques » de la conscience proposés actuellement laissent en suspens deux questions importantes: (a) l'explication de la synchronisation de régions éloignées du cerveau qui semble nécessaire à la construction de percepts conscients ; (b) la question du fossé explicatif qui existe entre l'expérience subjective, relevant de ce que le sujet est capable de ressentir de façon privée, et la description de ses corrélats neurophysiologiques dans le langage de la science, à la troisième personne. Les approches quantiques de la conscience sont systématiquement exposées et critiquées. Le « modèle dissipatif du cerveau »proposé par Vitiello et Freeman semble corroborer les données expérimentales et pourrait ainsi contribuer à résoudre cette dernière question (a). Ce modèle utilise une propriété fondamentale de la théorie quantique des champs selon laquelle la brisure spontanée de symétrie au sein d'un système physique donne lieu à l'émergence d'une dynamique collective pour ce système. Les modèles, relavant de la conception du monismeneutre, qui ont développés par Bohm et Hiley, et, plus récemment, par Atmanspacher et Primas, utilisent la théorie quantique pour son pouvoir expressif (concepts de complémentarité et d'intrication) et non comme une théorie de la seule matière pour bâtir une représentation unificatrice du phénomène de la conscience. Ils permettent de dissoudre la question (b) du fossé explicatif. Nous proposons enfin de prolonger et d'appliquer,plus généralement, ce mode de représentation au domaine psychosomatique. / This work aims to assess the contribution of quantum physics to the understanding of the phenomenon ofconsciousness. The "classical" models of consciousness cannat deal with two important questions: (a) thesynchronisation of distant parts of the brain which seems necessary to the construction of conscious percepts;(b) the question of the explanatory gap that exists between subjective experience, which is a private feeling, andthe description of its neurophysiological correlates in the language of science, at the third persan. The quantumalternatives of current models of consciousness are systematically exposed. Vitiello's and Freeman's "dissipativemadel of the brain" seem to corroborate experimental data and could thus contribute to solve question (a). Thismadel appeals to a fundamental property of quantum field theory according to which a spontaneous symmetrybreaking in a physical system (as it happens, the breaking of the rotational symmetry of dipolar molecules of thebrain) gives rise to a collective dynamics for this system. The models, relevant to the neutra! monism conception,that have been developed by Bohm and Hiley and, more recently, by Atmanspacher and by Primas use quantumtheory for its expressive power (concepts of complementarity and entanglement) to build a unifyingrepresentation of the phenomenon of consciousness. They lead to the dissolution of the question (b) of theexplanatory gap. ln the end, we suggest to extend this mode of representation and to apply it, more generally, tothe psychosomatic domain.

In this thesis we consider optimization problems with complementarity constraints in infinite-dimensional spaces. On the one hand, we deal with the general situation, in which the complementarity constraint is governed by a closed convex cone. We use the local decomposition approach, which is known from finite dimensions, to derive first-order necessary optimality conditions of strongly stationary type. In the non-polyhedric case, stronger conditions are obtained by an additional linearization argument. On the other hand, we consider the optimal control of the obstacle problem. This is a classical example for a problem with complementarity constraints in infinite dimensions. We are concerned with the control-constrained case. Due to the lack of surjectivity, a system of strong stationarity is not necessarily satisfied for all local minimizers. We identify assumptions on the data of the optimal control problem under which strong stationarity of local minimizers can be verified. Moreover, without any additional assumptions on the data, we show that a system of M-stationarity is satisfied provided that some sequence of multipliers converges in capacity. Finally, we also discuss the notion of polyhedric sets. These sets have many applications in infinite-dimensional optimization theory. Since the results concerning polyhedricity are scattered in the literature, we provide a review of the known results. Furthermore, we give some new results concerning polyhedricity of intersections and provide counterexamples which demonstrate that intersections of polyhedric sets may fail to be polyhedric. We also prove a new polyhedricity result for sets in vector-valued Sobolev spaces.

LL.M. (International Law) / The coming into force of the Rome Statute of the ICC (International Criminal Court) created a shift in state attitude in respect of the implementation and enforcement of International Law. In particular, several issues arise concerning the role to be played by states in the context of complementarity between the ICC and national courts. The ICC has jurisdiction over crimes of the most concern to the international community and its power is limited by, amongst others, the complementarity principle as well as the jurisdiction and functioning of national courts. States parties agreed to establish a permanent court which would put an end to impunity and prevent acts of core international crimes, as well as ensure effective prosecution of international crimes. Under the Rome Statute, states parties are obliged to develop measures at the national level in order to enhance international cooperation with the ICC. The complementarity principle encompasses, amongst others, the duty of every State to exercise criminal jurisdiction over international crimes, to enhance the capacity of national jurisdiction and to implement an appropriate national legal system which provides the same level of guarantee in investigating and prosecuting international crimes as the ICC. Both the ICC and national courts have jurisdiction over core crimes and this concurrent jurisdiction causes conflict between both institutions. The complementarity principle is based on the basis that states should maintain primary responsibility to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. However,these conflicts do not arise with Ad Hoc tribunals, whose Statutes emphasise the supremacy of the international criminal tribunals over national courts. The complementarity principle is based on the basis that states should maintain primary responsibility to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The complementarity principle provides that prosecutions of crimes stipulated under the Rome Statute are primarily the task of states and the ICC is the court of last resort.6 This primary competence of national courts and the boundary between the two jurisdictions is given expression in article 17 of the Rome Statute. Prosecutions of core crimes before the ICC are only admissible if, and under condition that, an effective prosecution at the national level is threatened by legal, political and factual obstacles.

Magister Legum - LLM / The coming into force of the Rome Statute on the 1st July 2002 signified the birth of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC came into existence as a permanent criminal court for the prosecution of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and Crime of Aggression. There are 121 states-parties to the Rome Statute. This means there are many states that have not ratified the Rome Statute. The ICC would ordinarily not have jurisdiction over the nationals of these states if they committed offences within the jurisdiction of the ICC on the territories of the non-states parties. This paper intends to analyse whether the ICC has jurisdiction over nationals of non-state parties who commit crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC on the territories of non-states parties to the Rome Statute. There are situations and cases that are before the ICC involving nationals of non-state parties that committed crimes on territories of non-states parties. These cases have come before the ICC by way of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) referrals. This paper will therefore examine the legality of UNSC referrals under international law in respect of nationals of non-states parties, who commit crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC, on territories of non-states parties.

Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Legum - LLM / This paper will explore the history of the outbreak of religious related violence in Nigeria and the response of Nigeria and the African Union to the acts of the Boko Haram group both legally and procedurally. The intervention of the ICC as a viable option to combat the scourge of the group will also be examined. Other options such as trial in the Court of third States under the principle of universal jurisdiction and a special court jointly facilitated by the States involved will also be assessed.

This study provides a systematic description of the nature and evolution of major transactions in the U.S. apparel sector, using a theory that applies across sectors. This research investigates the determinants of the existence and magnitude of major inter-firm transactions, relying on a unique longitudinal dataset of over 2,000 of the largest transactional (buy-sell) relations between publicly traded firms in the U.S. apparel sector. The results indicate the importance of inter-firm complementarity, rather than inter-firm similarity, in explaining the sector architecture; thus contributing to the future improvement of industry classification systems. This study also contributes to a deeper understanding of the apparel sector focusing on the change in the relative importance of manufacturing activities versus service activities and in the involvement of firms from the outside apparel sector. Implications of inter-firm transactions are discussed regarding industry policies, and human and environmental welfare in manufacturing and raw materials industries.

Thesis advisor: Julie H. Mortimer / The unifying theme of this dissertation is the growing importance of pharmaceutical products in health care and in society more broadly. The first two chapters use structural and reduced-form models to study the effects of various policies on the choice and utilization of prescription drugs. The third chapter surveys the empirical literature on the competitive effects of a class of pricing arrangements used in the pharmaceutical and many other industries. Chapter 1. One of the criticisms leveled against direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs is that it overemphasizes the use of pharmaceuticals at the expense of other forms of treatment. In “Choice of Depression Treatment: Advertising Spillovers in a Model with Complementarity,” I study how antidepressant TV ads affect demand for psychotherapy. Antidepressant advertising can increase demand for therapy if the products are complements or if advertising has spillover effects. To disentangle the different channels, I develop a discrete-choice demand model that allows for complementarity between products, advertising spillovers, and flexible unobserved preference heterogeneity. Individual-level panel data on treatment choices and price variation allow me to separately identify complementarity and correlated preferences, whereas the average price of TV advertising, used as an instrument, identifies the causal effect of antidepressant ads on demand for each product. The results indicate that even though antidepressants and psychotherapy are substitutes, drug advertising increases demand for therapy through a spillover effect. Allowing for time-invariant and time-varying unobservables that can be correlated across products critically affects the estimated degree of complementarity and advertising elasticities. Chapter 2. While prescription drugs have enabled the cost-effective treatment of a myriad of diseases, many pharmaceuticals come with potential for abuse. The growing use of opioid medications for chronic pain led to widespread misuse, addiction, and skyrocketing overdose death rates. In “Did Plain-Vanilla Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs Reduce Opioid Use? Evidence from Privately Insured Patients,” I explore whether prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) with no registration or use mandates were effective in reducing the utilization of opioid prescription drugs. Exploiting the staggered introduction of such programs between 2008 and 2010, I use difference-in-differences to estimate their causal effect on the number of prescriptions, days supply, and dosage per capita. Based on data from privately insured adults, the estimation results reveal that PDMPs successfully reduced opioid utilization, especially of high-dosage prescriptions. A battery of robustness checks suggests that the estimated effects are caused by the PDMPs and not by confounding factors such as broader trends in health care, attrition, out-of-state purchases, or other anti-opioid policies. Chapter 3. The assumption that buyers pay the same price for each unit of the good they purchase underlies many economic analyses. However, linear pricing is one of many pricing arrangements used in practice. In “Empirical Evidence on Conditional Pricing Practices: A Review,” Julie Holland Mortimer and I review the existing empirical studies on the competitive impact of conditional pricing practices (CPPs), under which the price of a product may depend on a quantity, share, bundling, or other requirement. Examples of CPPs include all-units and loyalty discounts, full-line forcing contracts, and exclusivity arrangements. A common thread unifying the empirical literature is that CPPs often have both procompetitive and anticompetitive effects and that their net effect may depend on the details of the arrangements and the characteristics of the markets in which they are used. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.