This thesis contains two main parts: theoretical and experimental. The theoretical part deals with summarization knowledge of high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concretes. Among others, there are mentioned processes of producing of fly ash, characteristic features and resistance to aggressive environments of HVFA concretes. The theoretical part ends with a suitable example of practical application. In the practical part were tested properties of nine different mixtures containing 40%, 50% and 60% replacement by weight of the cement by fly ash. They were compared with the reference mixtures without fly ash addition. The main endpoints were long-term compressive strength, resistance to aggressive environments, the influence of fly ash on consistency, hydratation temperatures, water absorption and volume changes.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the diagnostic survey of the masonry walls and the connecting bridge in the East Moat of Špilberk Castle. The thesis contains theoretical information about survey and diagnostics of building construction and then evaluation of diagnostic methods used for estimation of essential characteristics of masonry structures. In the practical part the diagnostic investigation of Špilberk Castle walls is processed. That includes determination of material characteristics of the studied structure. In the conclusion there is a suggestion of how to eliminate the structural defects found during the survey.

The subject of this thesis is the diagnostic investigation of block A in the object at Rumiště 8, Brno. The work includes theoretical knowledge of technical surveys and diagnostic methods and their evaluation to identify the essential characteristics of masonry and timber structures. In the practical part is the diagnostic investigation processed. Part of the diagnostic investigation is the determination of material characteristics of the structure. At the end of the thesis is an assessment of the structure.

This diploma thesis deals with the building survey and diagnosis of the station building of a railway station in Vítkovice. It describes process of survey and evaluation of existing reinforced concrete structures and used diagnostic methods. The survey of the object is described in the practical part of the thesis, which involves location of testing spots, taking the samples for testing from the structure, laboratory testing and evaluation of the results – determination of compressive strength of concrete with classification of concrete and elastic modulus. The last part includes static calculation of selected part of the structure.

The thesis is focused on the comparison of the role of different types of aggregates and the binder-aggregate ratio on the properties of lime mortars. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the effect of properties of aggregate, a binder-aggregate ratio and a use of calcareous aggregate, especially limestone, on the properties of mortars. It also deals with the utilization of limestone as aggregate in a history of masonry. In the practical part of the thesis there is a comparison of physically-mechanical and microstructural properties of mortars prepared with different type of aggregate (siliceous sand and limestone aggregate), with varying binder-aggregate ratio and also with a partial substitution of the aggregate by limestone fines. It was found that the usage of limestone instead of quartz sand produces the mortar of comparable properties. The partial substitution of the aggregate with limestone fines caused noticeable growth of strength, especially in mortars with higher binder-aggregate ratio.

This diploma thesis deals with the diagnostics of masonry structures. In the theoretical part of this thesis it is described the system of assessment of existing structures and then the assessment of existing masonry structures. The next chapter states the methods of survey of masonry structures, including evaluation. The practical part of the thesis deals with the survey of the building of a small castle. This survey includes a brief history of the castle building, the preliminary inspection of the building and the research of the supporting structure. The result of the survey is to determine the material characteristics of masonry.

La presente investigación fue elaborada con el fin de estudiar la influencia que tiene el agregar cenizas de cascara de arroz (CCA) y fibras de polipropileno (FPP) en la fisuración por contracción plástica del concreto. El estudio de investigación tuvo lugar en la ciudad de Lima, donde nos enfocamos a investigar las propiedades plásticas y mecánicas de un concreto f´c=210 kg/cm2, que se utiliza comúnmente en la fabricación de losas macizas, con reemplazo parcial del cemento por CCA en porcentajes de 5%, 10% y 15% respecto a su peso, y FPP en rendimiento de 900 gr/m3. Las principales propiedades en estado endurecido fueron investigadas, la resistencia a la compresión y la resistencia a la flexión y la propiedad en estado plástico que se desarrolló fue la fisuración debido a la contracción plástica a través del ensayo ASTM C1579. Teniendo en cuenta que no existe un acuerdo relativo al ancho de fisura máxima en un elemento estructural, se decidió utilizar límites entre 0.2 a 0.4 mm, para ambientes normales, sugeridos por el Mg. Ing. Gianfranco Ottazzi. De los resultados obtenidos, la mezcla adicionada con CCA en reemplazo parcial del cemento en 5%, 10% y 15% junto con las FPP en rendimiento de 900 gr/m3, podemos inferir que las CCA reducirán, no de manera significativa, las propiedades de la resistencia de un concreto f´c= 210 kg/cm2, sin embargo, reducen el promedio de apariciones de fisuras producidas en las losas macizas debido la contracción plástica del mismo. / The present investigation was elaborated with the purpose of studying the influence of the addition of rice husk ash (RHA) and polypropylene fibers (PPF) on the plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete. The research study took place in the city of Lima, where we focused on investigating the plastic and mechanical properties of a concrete f´c = 210 kg / cm2, which is commonly used in the manufacture of solid slabs, with partial replacement of the cement by RHA in percentages of 5%, 10% and 15% respect to its weight and PPF in yield of 900 g / m3. The main properties in the hardened state were investigated, the compressive strength and flexural strength and the property in the plastic state that developed was cracking due to plastic shrinkage through the ASTM C1579 test. Taking into account that there is no agreement regarding the maximum width in a structural element, it was decided to use limits between 0.2 to 0.4 mm, for normal environments, suggested by Mg. Eng. Gianfranco Ottazzi. According to the results obtained, the mixture added with RHA in replacement of cement in percentages of 5%, 10% and 15% together with PPF in yield of 900 gr / m3, we can infer that the RHA will reduce, not significantly, the strength properties of a concrete f´c = 210 kg / cm2, however, reduce the average occurrence of cracks produced in solid slabs due to the plastic shrinkage of the same. / Tesis

En distintas partes del mundo como Inglaterra, Cuba y Perú, se está presentando una situación en que la materia prima de la construcción como los agregados se está acabando por la sobreexplotación y se teme en un futuro que existirá una criticidad mayor de estos materiales. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es elaborar un concreto f’c=210 kg/cm2 para elementos verticales, con el fin de reducir parcialmente el cemento por ceniza de cascarilla de arroz (CCA) y la arena por PET. En esta investigación, se ha determinado que la cascara de arroz incinerada puede generar que el material se comporte como una puzolana al igual que el cemento. Asimismo, para el caso del PET reciclado se ha investigado con un tamaño reducido puede permitir adherirse y acomodarse de una mejor manera evitando generar lagunas en el concreto. En esta investigación, se han elaborado cuatro combinaciones con diferentes proporciones de CCA y PET, de las cuales dos de ellas han presentado resultados favorables cumpliendo todos los requerimientos técnicos para un concreto f’c=210 kg/cm2. Este concreto propuesto puede reducir entre un 10% a15% el uso de cemento y un 2.5% de arena para un metro cubico de concreto. De esta manera, se ha demostrado que el aprovechamiento del material agroindustrial como es la cascarilla de arroz y el material reciclado como el PET puede reducir hasta un 6% el uso de agregados como la arena, la piedra caliza y la arcilla, estos últimos que son usados para la elaboración de cemento. / In different parts of the world such as England, Cuba and Peru, a situation is occurring in which the raw material for construction such as aggregates is running out due to overexploitation and there is fear in the future that there will be a greater criticality of these materials. Therefore, the objective of this study is to elaborate a concrete f'c = 210 kg / cm2 for vertical elements, in order to partially reduce the cement by rice husk ash (CCA) and the sand by PET. In this investigation, it has been determined that the incinerated rice husk can cause the material to behave like a pozzolana just like cement. Likewise, in the case of recycled PET, it has been investigated with a reduced size that can allow it to adhere and accommodate in a better way, avoiding generating gaps in the concrete. In this research, four combinations with different proportions of CCA and PET have been elaborated, of which two of them have presented favorable results, meeting all the technical requirements for a concrete f'c = 210 kg / cm2. This proposed concrete can reduce the use of cement and 2.5% sand for one cubic meter of concrete by 10-15%. In this way, it has been shown that the use of agro-industrial material such as rice husk and recycled material such as PET can reduce the use of aggregates such as sand, limestone and clay, the latter by up to 6%. They are used to make cement. / Tesis

Betong är vårt vanligaste byggmaterial men cement står globalt sett för 5 % av CO2-emissionerna. Med detta som bakgrund så har CBI Betonginstitutet anordnat en tävling, där målet är att nå den högsta tryckhållfasthet i en resurssnål betong, med enbart 200 kg cement per m3. Syftet med denna rapport är att utvärdera tävlingen, vilket har utförts genom en omfattande litteraturstudie.  En första analys av de olika betongrecepten medförde att olika grupperingar kunde urskiljas. Ur dessa fanns det tre stycken vars resultat var väldigt bra.   Concrete Innovation Centre, som med ett lågt vct, stora mängder granulerad masugnsslagg (81 %) och lite silikastoft (5 %), uppnådde en tryckhållfasthet på 80 MPa vid 28 dygn och 95 MPa vid 56 dygn.   CBI Stockholm, som genom användandet av ulltrafint filler och silikastoft (4,8 %), uppnådde en tryckhållfasthet på 84 MPa vid 28 dygn och 98 MPa vid 56 dygn.   Thomas Concrete Group som genom att ersätta cementet med en medelmåttig mängd granulerad masugnsslagg (54 %), liten mängd flygaska (9 %), kalkfiller och silikastoft (5 %), uppnådde en tryckhållfasthet på 94 MPa vid 28 dygn och 98 MPa vid 56 dygn.  Det finns således tre recept som vidare studier kan vara rättfärdigade på, de tre ovan nämnda. Det bör tilläggas att en imponerande tryckhållfasthet på nästan 100 MPa, kan uppnås i en betong med enbart 200 kg cement per m3. / Concrete is the most frequently used construction material, but cement globally stands for 5 % of the world’s CO2 emissions. With this as a background CBI Betonginstitutet has arranged a competition, where the goal is to reach the highest compressive strength in a resource economic concrete, with only 200 kg cement per m3. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the competition, which has been done via a substantial literature study.  A first analysis of the different concrete recipes resulted in that different groups could be identified. From these there were three recipes whose result was very good.   Concrete Innovation Centre, which with a low w/c, a high amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag (81 %) and little silica fume (5 %), reached a compressive strength of 80 MPa at 28 days and 95 MPa at 56 days.   CBI Stockholm, which by the usage of ultrafine filler and silica fume (4,8 %), reached a compressive strength of 84 MPa at 28 days and 98 MPa at 56 days.   Thomas Concrete Group, which by replacing the cement with a moderate amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag (54 %), a small amount of fly ash (9 %), lime filler and silica fume (5 %), reached a compressive strength of 94 MPa at 28 days and 98 MPa at 56 days.  The conclusion is that there are three recipes that further studies are justified to continue with, the three mentioned above. It should be added that an impressive concrete compressive strength of almost 100 MPa, can be reach with the use of only 200 kg cement per m3.

La cantidad de residuos se ha incrementado con el paso del tiempo, siendo actualmente una amenaza grave para el medio ambiente; tal es el caso del vidrio, además también el sector construcción aporta mucho a la contaminación ambiental, un sector que va a seguir en crecimiento constante. Uno de los sectores constructivos que va a crecer mucho más con el paso del tiempo son las vías. En nuestro país la mayoría de carreteras pavimentadas son de asfalto caliente, componente que contamina mucho y necesita mucho mantenimiento, es por eso que esta investigación planteo el uso masa común de los pavimentos rígidos, porque son más eco amigables, más resistentes y mucho más baratos a largo plazo, pero el inconveniente que se tiene con estos pavimento es su uso masivo de cemento componente que contamina mucho en su elaboración, es por eso que para hacer más sostenible con el medio ambiente se ha reemplazado parte del cemento y agregado fino para obtener un concreto ecológico que funciona adecuadamente para pavimentos rígidos, los reemplazos del cemento fueron de 20. 15 y 10%, del agregado fino fueron 15, 10 y 5% porcentajes obtenidos de la investigación de otros resultados, siendo estos los más favorables mecánicamente, los resultados obtenidos arrojan que un concreto con 15% de remplazo funciona correctamente, además reduce costos de realización y disminuye en un 11% la emisión de CO2 respecto de un concreto convencional. / The amount of waste has increased over time, currently being a serious threat to the environment; Such is the case of glass, and the construction sector also contributes a lot to environmental pollution, a sector that will continue to grow constantly. One of the construction sectors that will grow much more with the passage of time are the roads. In our country, most of the paved roads are made of hot asphalt, a component that pollutes a lot and needs a lot of maintenance, that is why this research proposed the common use of rigid pavements, because they are more eco-friendly, more resistant and much cheaper in the long term, but the disadvantage that these pavements have is their massive use of component cement that pollutes a lot in its preparation, that is why to make it more sustainable with the environment, part of the cement and fine aggregate have been replaced to obtain an ecological concrete that works adequately for rigid pavements, the cement replacements were 20, 15 and 10%, of the fine aggregate were 15, 10 and 5%, percentages obtained from the investigation of other results, these being the most favorable mechanically, the The results obtained show that a concrete with 15% replacement works correctly, also reduces production costs and reduces the e by 11%. CO2 mission compared to conventional concrete. / Tesis