Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-244).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

abstract: Procedural justice serves a critical role in the interactions between criminal justice system actors and their clientele. Much of the literature in this area focuses on policing, and we know comparatively less about how procedural justice operates in corrections. Much like policing, it is likely that perceptions of correctional procedural justice vary within larger contexts. Using structured interviews with inmates (N=248) in Arizona at max, close, and medium custody, this study examines the association between conditions of confinement and perceptions of procedural justice, with a focus on how personality characteristics may modify this relationship. Results indicate that custody level does impact inmate perceptions of correctional officer procedural justice and that certain personality traits serve as protective or aggravating factors within the relationship between custody level and procedural justice. Policy implications and future research are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2018

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lhc_me_botfmvz.pdf: 287205 bytes, checksum: 7a044005f3f7b0b83027975169149282 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho buscou avaliar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em bovinos criados extensivamente, a pasto e intensivamente, confinados. Quatro tipos de amostras foram coletadas: fezes do curral de espera, “swabs” da pele (antes da esfola), líquido ruminal e fezes do reto, todas elas analisadas quanto à presença ou ausência do patógeno. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma maior ocorrência de Salmonella spp. nas amostras das fezes de curral dos animais confinados(20%) em relação aos não confinados (16%). A contaminação ambiental observada nos currais de espera pode tornar estes locais particularmente importantes na disseminação do agente. No líquido ruminal também foi confirmada a sua presença, tanto em animais criados extensivamente (16%) quanto intensivamente (12%). O patógeno também foi detectado nas fezes do reto (animais confinados: 16% e animais criados extensivamente: 4%). Embora Salmonella spp. tenha sido detectada em vários tipos de amostras de ambos os grupos de animais avaliados, não se observou a sua presença em nenhuma das amostras de swab de pele. Tal fato pode ser decorrente do emprego das Boas Práticas de Produção e programas de autocontrole por parte do estabelecimento em que a pesquisa foi desenvolvida, fiscalizado pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal e habilitado para exportação. Os resultados obtidos apontam que ambos os sistemas de criação de bovinos possibilitam que os animais atuem como reservatórios de Salmonellaque o confinamento parece favorecer a contaminação dos animais pelo patógeno / The aim of this study it’s to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. at bovine created on extensively pastures and intensively confined. Four types of samples were collected: the waiting corral feces, skin swabs (before skinning), rumen fluid and rectum feces, all were analyzed with the pathogen presence or absence. Comparing the incidence of Salmonella spp. at confined animals (20%) to unconfined (16%), the results indicate a higher incidence at confined animals. It was observed that the environmental contamination at the waiting corral feces can be places so important in the spread of the agent. At rumen liquid the pathogen was detected too, at extensive animals (16%) and intensive (12%). The pathogen was detected at rectum feces (confined animals 16% and extensive 4%). The Salmonella spp. was detectec at several types of samples, but at none of the swab’s skin samples was observed your presence. It’s because the search was developed an establishment who has the Federal Inspection, who has the programs Good Practice Manufacturing and Auto control and has the exportation qualify. These results indicate that both of these systems have the possibility that bovines can be deposit of Salmonella spp. and the confined animals can collaborate to pathogen’s contamination

It has long been established that the physical properties of the cell’s surrounding microenvironment has the ability to impose its influence on a range of cell processes. Morphology, differentiation, and proliferation have all been shown to be sensitive to the mechanical cues inherent within the extracellular matrix. Although significant advancements in microfabrication and cell mechanics have been made, questions regarding how physical interactions guide biological systems in three dimensions remain unanswered. By utilizing cocultured systems and microfabricated channeled topographies, we reveal that the three dimensional nature of the environment is capable of driving cell patterning. Contact guidance is the phenomenon by which cells will orient themselves along the geometric patterns of a substrate. Much of its research has focused on the nano/micro scale of two dimensional topographies, affecting alignment along grooves. We have revealed that contact guidance has the ability to impose far more complex cellular behaviour in three dimensional systems. Furthermore, by modulating the elements of confinement surrounding cells, we directed the balance of binding forces between cells and substrate leading to significantly different cell type dependent morphologies. By then altering the geometry of the topography, we revealed the ability to induce cell type separation in cocultured systems. These concepts led to the subsequent discovery that confinement induces three dimensional spheroidal growth of embryonic stem cells. These results reveal that the element of confinement not only influences patterning in three dimensions but guides the fundamental early stages processes essential to all life.

Depuis les années 80, les nanocristaux (NCs) semi-conducteurs sont devenus très attractifs à cause d’énormes potentiels qu’ils représentent en termes d’applications technologiques. En effet, lorsque les dimensions d’un matériau deviennent inférieures ou comparables à la dimension caractéristique (rayon de Bohr) des porteurs de charges, les effets de confinement quantique conduisent à l’apparition de nouvelles propriétés physico-chimiques qui dépendent de la taille, la forme... Les NCs de chalcogénures de plomb possèdent des constantes diélectriques élevées et sont des matériaux de choix pour étudier les effets de confinement sur les propriétés des NCs dans le régime de confinement fort. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, les résultats obtenus sur la synthèse des NCs de PbSe et de PbSe/CdSe sont présentés. De taille très mono disperse et possédant une structure cristalline parfaite, ces NCs ont été synthétisés par voie colloïdale. Par la suite, les propriétés physico-chimiques de ces NCs ont été étudiées par diverses techniques de caractérisation (microscopies électroniques, diffraction des rayons X  (XRD), diffraction électronique (SAED), spectroscopies Raman, absorption proche infrarouge et photoémission (UPS/XPS). Enfin, à l’aide des techniques de dépôts comme le Langmuir-Blodgett, des films minces de NCs de PbSe et de PbSe/CdSe ont été fabriqués. En utilisant un rayonnement synchrotron, la discontinuité des bandes dans les hétéro-nanostructures de PbSe/CdSe a été déterminée par XPS. Les résultats montrent un changement irréversible de la nature des NCs de PbSe/CdSe lors d’une irradiation prolongée de l’échantillon par un faisceau synchrotron. / The tunability of electronic and optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystal (NC) is an important matter in nanotechnology because of their multiple potential applications in optoelectronics such as solar cells, nanotransistors, light emitters, biological markers…Core/shell QDs which are heterogeneous NCs have attracted increasing attention over the past decade, especially because of their enhanced photoluminescence properties and the possibility to create spatially separated excitons by means of a staggered core/shell band alignment. We studied lead chalcogenide NCs because of their unique physical properties which are very different from those of their corresponding bulk materials. Their high dielectric constant (ε∞=23 for PbSe) and the small effective masses of their electron and hole, create excitons with a relatively large effective Bohr radii. These properties lead to a strong confinement of the charge carriers and phonons., thus making them them promising building blocks for a wide number of applications. In the first part of this work, PbSe and PbSe/CdSe NCs with a narrow size distribution and high structural quality have been synthesized, using a colloidal route. Characterizations have been performed using several techniques (electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction (SAED), photoemission (XPS/UPS), Raman and absorption spectroscopic measurements).By using deposition techniques such as Langmuir-Blodgett deposition, homogenous, compact thin films of PbSe and PbSe/CdSe NCs have been fabricated. UPS/XPS measurements performed with synchrotron radiations give the valence band offset between the core and the shell of these core/shell NCs.

The operating temperature of energy conversion and electronic devices affects their efficiency and efficacy. In many devices, however, the reference values of the thermal properties of the materials used are no longer applicable due to processing techniques performed. This leads to challenges in thermal management and thermal engineering that demand accurate predictive tools and high fidelity measurements. The thermal conductivity of strained, nanostructured, and ultra-thin dielectrics are predicted computationally using solutions to the Boltzmann transport equation. Experimental measurements of thermal diffusivity are performed using transient grating spectroscopy. The thermal conductivities of argon, modeled using the Lennard-Jones potential, and silicon, modeled using density functional theory, are predicted under compressive and tensile strain from lattice dynamics calculations. The thermal conductivity of silicon is found to be invariant with compression, a result that is in disagreement with previous computational efforts. This difference is attributed to the more accurate force constants calculated from density functional theory. The invariance is found to be a result of competing effects of increased phonon group velocities and decreased phonon lifetimes, demonstrating how the anharmonic contribution of the atomic potential can scale differently than the harmonic contribution. Using three Monte Carlo techniques, the phonon-boundary scattering and the subsequent thermal conductivity reduction are predicted for nanoporous silicon thin films. The Monte Carlo techniques used are free path sampling, isotropic ray-tracing, and a new technique, modal ray-tracing. The thermal conductivity predictions from all three techniques are observed to be comparable to previous experimental measurements on nanoporous silicon films. The phonon mean free paths predicted from isotropic ray-tracing, however, are unphysical as compared to those predicted by free path sampling. Removing the isotropic assumption, leading to the formulation of modal ray-tracing, corrects the mean free path distribution. The effect of phonon line-of-sight is investigated in nanoporous silicon films using free path sampling. When the line-of-sight is cut off there is a distinct change in thermal conductivity versus porosity. By analyzing the free paths of an obstructed phonon mode, it is concluded that the trend change is due to a hard upper limit on the free paths that can exist due to the nanopore geometry in the material. The transient grating technique is an optical contact-less laser based experiment for measuring the in-plane thermal diffusivity of thin films and membranes. The theory of operation and physical setup of a transient grating experiment is detailed. The procedure for extracting the thermal diffusivity from the raw experimental signal is improved upon by removing arbitrary user choice in the fitting parameters used and constructing a parameterless error minimizing procedure. The thermal conductivity of ultra-thin argon films modeled with the Lennard-Jones potential is calculated from both the Monte Carlo free path sampling technique and from explicit reduced dimensionality lattice dynamics calculations. In these ultra-thin films, the phonon properties are altered in more than a perturbative manner, referred to as the confinement regime. The free path sampling technique, which is a perturbative method, is compared to a reduced dimensionality lattice dynamics calculation where the entire film thickness is taken as the unit cell. Divergence in thermal conductivity magnitude and trend is found at few unit cell thick argon films. Although the phonon group velocities and lifetimes are affected, it is found that alterations to the phonon density of states are the primary cause of the deviation in thermal conductivity in the confinement regime.

A limited number of studies have been conducted in the literature to examine the effect of stacking sequence and fiber orientation on the compressive behavior of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete. This thesis presents the results of an experimental investigation examining the effect of parameters such as fiber orientation, amount of confinement, and specimen size on the behavior of FRP-confined concrete. As part of the experimental study, a large set of concrete cylinders having two different sizes (100 mm x 200 mm and 150 mm x 300 mm) were jacketed with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets having various orientations and tested under pure axial compressive loading. The specimens were confined using various CFRP stacking sequences, with fibers oriented at 0⁰, 90⁰, and ±45⁰ (both unidirectional and woven). Furthermore, within each stacking sequence, the numbers of layers was varied between 4, 6, and 8 to examine the impact of number of plies on the behavior of the FRP-confined concrete cylinders. In addition, the research program included a large number of CFRP coupons made from CFRP laminates having the same properties as the CFRP jackets used in the strengthening of the cylinder series. The analytical program assesses the accuracy and suitability of using various FRP confinement models in the literature to predict the stress-strain response of the confined cylinders tested in the experimental program. The results indicate that parameters such as fiber orientation, stacking sequence, number of confinement layers and specimen size have a direct impact on the strength, ductility and stress-strain behavior of CFRP confined concrete. However, the level of influence varies from one parameter to the other, with the results demonstrating that fiber orientation has a more noticeable effect when compared to the other parameters. The results of the analytical program demonstrate the need to develop reliable confinement models which can take into account the effects of fiber orientation.

Thesis advisor: Michael J. Naughton / The nanoscale coaxial cable (nanocoax) has demonstrated sub-diffraction-limited optical confinement in the visible and the near infrared, with the theoretical potential for confinement to scales arbitrarily smaller than the free space wavelength. In the first part of this thesis, I define in clear terms what the diffraction limit is. The conventional resolution formulae used by many are generally only valid in the paraxial limit. I performed a parametric numerical study, employing techniques of Fourier optics, to resolve precisely what that limit should be for nonparaxial (i.e. wide angle) focusing of scalar spherical waves. I also present some novel analytical formulae born out of Debye’s approximation which explain the trends found in the numeric study. These new functional forms remain accurate under wide angle focusing and could materially improve the performance, for example, in high intensity focused ultrasound surgery by further concentrating the power distributed within the point spread function to suppress the side lobes. I also comment of some possible connections to the focusing of electromagnetic waves. In the second part of this thesis I report on a novel fabrication process which yields optically addressable, sub-micron scale, and high aspect ratio metal-insulator-metal nanocoaxes made by atomic layer deposition of Pt and Al2O3. I discuss the observation of optical transmission via the fundamental, TEM-like mode by excitation with a radially polarized optical vortex beam. Also, Laguerre-Gauss beams are shown to overlap well with cylindrical waveguide modes in the nanocoax. My experimental results are based on interrogation with a polarimetric imager and a near-field scanning optical microscope. Various optical apparatus I built during my studies are also reviewed. Numerical simulations were used with uniaxial symmetry to explore 3D adiabatic taper geometries much larger than the wavelength. Finally, I draw some conclusions by assessing the optical performance of the fabricated nanocoaxial structures, and by giving some insights into future directions of investigation. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Physics.

This dissertation project takes an interdisciplinary approach towards theorizing how we understand new modes of incarceration and confinement in the digital age. It makes key interventions in the fields of surveillance studies, carceral studies, critical data and technology studies, ethnic and racial studies. I argue that less conventional modes of incarceration and confinement, which are enabled through technologies, the Internet and processes of datafication, conceal the everyday carceral functions that target and exploit racialized people. Chapter 1 examines mobile carceral technologies that are part of Canada’s immigration and detention system. I investigate how notions of increased freedom that are associated with carceral technologies like electronic monitoring and voice reporting do not necessarily coincide with increased autonomy. In Chapter 2, I consider the relationship between mobile phone cameras and the rise of police body-worn cameras. More specifically, I examine how policing and surveillance technologies disproportionately take aim at Black people and communities, making the mere occupation of public and digital space extremely precarious. Lastly, in Chapter 3, I challenge the notion that biometric systems and technologies are race-neutral guarantors of identity, specifically within the polemical space of the modern airport. I argue that the airport’s security and surveillance infrastructure operates according to racialized knowledges, which unofficially validate the profiling of Muslim travelers by both human and non-human operators. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation encourages the reader to rethink notions of incarceration from both theoretical and practical perspectives; however, it is not a project about incarceration in the traditional sense. I argue that any notion of incarceration needs to be re-conceptualized in an age that is driven by big data and emergent technologies. While I draw on state and institutional forms of confinement in Canada, all of which have long and established histories of racism and oppression, I contend that notions of incarceration or confinement have bled into everyday life, particularly for racialized and marginalized people and communities. By surveying different surveillance technologies deployed across Canada’s immigration and detention system, the institution of policing and the biometric airport, I suggest that our understanding of the carceral has drastically changed. As issues of race, discrimination and oppression continue to underpin the structures of this newer carceral system and its modes of surveillance and confinement, it is a system that is less visible and physically confining but equally restrictive.