The rising problems associated with construction such as decreasing quality and productivity, labour shortages, occupational safety, and inferior working conditions have opened the possibility of more revolutionary solutions within the industry. One prospective option is in the implementation of innovative technologies such as automation and robotics, which has the potential to improve the industry in terms of productivity, safety and quality. The construction work site could, theoretically, be contained in a safer environment, with more efficient execution of the work, greater consistency of the outcome and higher level of control over the production process. By identifying the barriers to construction automation and robotics implementation in construction, and investigating ways in which to overcome them, contributions could be made in terms of better understanding and facilitating, where relevant, greater use of these technologies in the construction industry so as to promote its efficiency. This research aims to ascertain and explain the barriers to construction automation and robotics implementation by exploring and establishing the relationship between characteristics of the construction industry and attributes of existing construction automation and robotics technologies to level of usage and implementation in three selected countries; Japan, Australia and Malaysia. These three countries were chosen as their construction industry characteristics provide contrast in terms of culture, gross domestic product, technology application, organisational structure and labour policies. This research uses a mixed method approach of gathering data, both quantitative and qualitative, by employing a questionnaire survey and an interview schedule; using a wide range of sample from management through to on-site users, working in a range of small (less than AUD0.2million) to large companies (more than AUD500million), and involved in a broad range of business types and construction sectors. Detailed quantitative (statistical) and qualitative (content) data analysis is performed to provide a set of descriptions, relationships, and differences. The statistical tests selected for use include cross-tabulations, bivariate and multivariate analysis for investigating possible relationships between variables; and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U test of independent samples for hypothesis testing and inferring the research sample to the construction industry population. Findings and conclusions arising from the research work which include the ranking schemes produced for four key areas of, the construction attributes on level of usage; barrier variables; differing levels of usage between countries; and future trends, have established a number of potential areas that could impact the level of implementation both globally and for individual countries.

Neste trabalho, são estudados o comportamento da estrutura do concreto, suas características reológicas e os processos que envolvem a construção de edifícios usuais. Procurou-se através de uma análise estrutural e ensaios de fluência, analisar e discutir os processos construtivos e a sua interferência nos esforços finais das estruturas; quer-se com isso, analisar os aspectos relacionados a cargas atuantes na estrutura em uma idade precoce de resistência e uma possível queda da sua resistência ao longo do tempo devido à aceleração dos processos construtivos. / This work deals with the behavior of the concrete in building structures, its reological properties and the procedures involved in the construction process. Making use of structural analysis and creep tests, to analyse and discuss the construction sequence and its role in the final value of the moments and displacements of the systems; it was intended to analyze some aspects related to the loadind of the concrete strutcture in early ages and a possible drop in its strength because of the increasing velocity of the construction process.

Process modeling is used in construction to plan and manage the construction process and to support various simulation tasks. A major problem is that due to the one-of-a-kind character of construction projects a lot of work is spent manually developing an overall process schedule for each project. However, the total individual process is typically structured into multiple stages containing a number of recurring similar, but unequal, subprocesses that can be standardized, if appropriately generalized, to generic reusable process patterns. Moreover, not only processes, but also many general construction methods and strategies can be standardized and stored in the form of patterns and configuration rules, which will improve the consistency of modeling and also improve modeling time. The presented work addresses these issues and presents a new approach for the ontology-based process modeling and its combination with the rule-based process configuration. The proposed system supports the generation of process workflows for construction projects that could be later used in discrete-event simulation software or workflow programs. A formal high-level model for construction processes and a methodology for using process patterns in the configuration of complex construction tasks are the main focuses of this work. The base idea of the proposed approach is the development and use of two separate, but interrelated, ontologies and their integration with a general-purpose rule-engine. The first ontology is the Process Pattern Ontology, which is used to store reusable process patterns. The second is the Process Instance Ontology, which has similar taxonomy to the Process Pattern Ontology but is uniquely populated with specific process assertions for each construction case. The developed approach also suggests the application of the process patterns for the configuration of construction processes. This includes the mechanism of the process pattern retrieval, describing the extraction of the required process pattern from the Process Pattern Ontology, the intermediate adaptation step and the configuration step. The configuration step focuses on the integration of the rule-engine with the ontological knowledge-base, as well as on the application of different configuration strategies. With the help of these configuration strategies, realised by means of hierarchical rule sets, first a variation of the process and second a solution for the quick process configuration can be found. As a practical implementation of the proposed methodology a software prototype called Process Configurator is implemented within this work. This prototype realizes the interaction between all components of the ontology-based configuration approach presented in this work and supports the generation of process schedules for construction projects with the help of reusable process patterns and configuration rules. / Prozessmodellierung wird im Bauwesen für die Planung des Bauablaufes genutzt, sowie insbesondere für die Unterstützung unterschiedlicher Simulationsprozesse. Das Hauptproblem ist, dass man wegen des Unikatcharakters der Bauprojekte viel Aufwand und Zeit braucht, um jedes Mal einen Prozessablaufplan des Projektes manuell zu erstellen. Allerdings besteht ein einzelner Gesamtprozess normalerweise aus mehreren Teilen, die ähnliche, aber nicht gleiche Subprozesse beinhalten. Diese Subprozesse können standardisiert, abstrahiert und dann als wiederverwendbare Referenzprozesse generalisiert werden. Außerdem lassen sich nicht nur Prozesse, sondern auch viele Baumethoden und Baustrategien in Form von Konfigurationsregeln formalisieren und speichern. Dies kann die Wiederspruchfreiheit der Modellierung gewährleisten und hat auch das Potential, die Modellierungszeit zu reduzieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab, diese Aspekte zu analysieren und einen neuen Ansatz zur Kombinierung der ontologiebasierten Prozessmodellierung mit der regelba-sierten Prozesskonfiguration vorzustellen. Das dargestellte System unterstützt die Erstellung der Prozessablaufpläne für die Bauprojekte, die danach mit Hilfe von Simulationssoftware simuliert werden. In dieser Dissertation werden die Entwicklung eines formalen Modells für Bauprozesse und die Methodologie der Nutzung der Referenzprozesse bei der Konfigurierung komplexer Bauaufgaben beschrieben. Die grundlegende Idee des vorgeschlagenen Ansatzes ist die Entwicklung und die Verwendung zweier Ontologien. Die erste Ontologie wird als Process Pattern Ontologie bezeichnet und zur Speicherung der wiederverwendbaren Referenzprozesse eingesetzt. Die zweite Ontologie mit der Bezeichnung Process Instance Ontologie speichert die Prozessinstanzen für die spezifischen Bauprojekte. Die beiden Ontologien haben ähnliche, aber nicht gleiche, Strukturen und sind über eine Regel-Engine integriert. Der entwickelte Ansatz beinhaltet ebenfalls die Nutzung der Referenzprozesse im Konfigurationsprozess. Dies umfasst sowohl einen Mechanismus zur Abfrage der Referenzprozesse, welcher das Extrahieren des benötigten Referenzprozesses aus der Ontologie beschreibt, als auch die Anpassung der Referenzprozesse sowie deren Konfiguration mit Regeln. In der Konfiguration liegt der Fokus auf der Integration der Regel-Engine mit der ontologischen Wissensbasis und die Anwendung unterschiedlicher Konfigurationsstrategien. Mittels Konfigurationsstrategien, die mit Hilfe von hierarchischen Regelmengen realisiert werden, kann eine intelligente Lösung für die schnelle Prozesskonfiguration gefunden werden. Als praktische Implementierung der vorgeschlagenen Methodologie wird ein Prototyp, als Process Configurator bezeichnet, entwickelt. Der Process Configurator realisiert die Interaktion zwischen allen Komponenten des Systems und unterstützt die Erstellung der Prozessablaufpläne mit Hilfe der Referenzprozesse und Konfigurationsregel.

Syfte: Den här rapporten ämnar jämföra arkitektens roll i länderna Sverige och Danmark. Då länderna är geografiska grannar är det intressant att jämföra hur den innovativa arkitekturen kan skilja sig så mycket åt. Det kan bero på flertalet olika faktorer, men med samlad påverkan blir rollerna i praktiken påverkade under byggprocessen. Målet med rapporten är således att beskriva och se vad som skiljer arkitektens roll i byggprocessen i Sverige från den i Danmark utifrån tre valda kategorier:  Byggprocessen och entreprenadformer  Ekonomi och tid  Syn på arkitektens roll Metod: Metoderna som kommer användas är litteraturstudier och kvalitativa intervjuer. Intervjuerna ämnar ge arkitekternas syn på hur deras roll speglar sig. Litteraturstudierna ämnar framföra en tydlig problembild, tillhandahålla en erforderlig faktabakgrund och för att utforma ett relevant teoretiskt ramverk. Resultat: Arkitektoniska kvaliteter försummas då arkitekten i Sverige saknar ekonomiska argument och sällan får vara lika delaktig som andra aktörer under processen. I Danmark får arkitekterna oftare en mer förankrad roll i projekten vilket bidrar till att de kan argumentera för de arkitektoniska kvaliteterna även under produktionen. Konsekvenser: Genom vidareutbildning i byggekonomi och projektledning kan arkitekten få en mer inflytelserik roll i byggprocessen. Beställare bör anlita arkitekten i projektens tidiga skeden och för att behålla den ursprungliga intentionen måste beställare och entreprenör förstå vikten av arkitektoniska kvaliteter. Begränsningar: Studien begränsades till att undersöka och jämföra debakomliggande orsakerna till rollskillnaderna med hänseende på byggprocessens och entreprenadformernas uppbyggnad, ekonomi och tid samt de olika aktörernas syn på arkitektensroll för arkitekten som konsult och inte för arkitektersom agerar byggherrar. / Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to compare the architect’s role in Sweden and Denmark. As geographical neighbors the countries differ a lot when it comes to innovative architecture. This may be due to several different factors, but with the combined impact, the roles in practice will be affected during the construction process. The aim of the essay is thus to describe and see what distinguishes the architect’s role in the construction process in Sweden from that in Denmark based on three selected categories:  The construction process and its contract forms  Economy and time  The view on the architects’ role Method: The methods that will be used is literature studies and qualitative interviews. The interviews aim to explain the architects’ role and how they interpret it. The literature studies aim to present a clear purpose, provide a necessary factual background and design a relevant theoretical framework. Findings: Architectural qualities are neglected when the architect in Sweden lacks economic arguments and rarely gets to be as involved as other actors during the process. In Denmark, architects are more often given a more anchored role in the projects, which contributes to them being able to argue for the architectural qualities even during production. Implications: Through further education in construction economics and project management, the architect could play a more influential role in the construction process. The client should engage the architect in the early stages of the projects and in orderto maintain the original intention, the client and the contractor must understand the importance of architectural qualities. Limitations: The study was limited to investigate and compare underlying causes of the role differences with regard to the structure of the construction process and the contract forms, economy and time and the different actors’ views on the architect’s role for the architect as a consultant and not for architects who act as builders

Idag finns det en tydlig skillnad mellan tjänstemännens uppgifter och yrkesarbetarnas. Tjänstemännen har en mer administrativ roll som bland annat består av planering, uppföljning och utveckling. Yrkesmännen har den utförande rollen i produktionen. Detta kan leda till oförutsedda problem som i sin tur kan ha förödande effekt på bland annat projektets tidsplanering som i sin tur kan leda till höga kostnader. Detta leder även till segregering mellan dessa två yrkesroller som kan påverka arbetsmiljön negativt. Genom att försöka involvera yrkesarbetarna i tidigare skeden som till exempel planeringsskeden kan de få en ökad kommunikation och kunskapsbyten. Det kan leda till att man enklare kan undvika störningar i produktionen. Skanska har tillsammans med Simon Elvnäs, industridoktorand, tagit fram en ny ronderingsmetod som involverar yrkesarbetare i tidigare skeden. Genom det vill man öka samarbetet mellan yrkesarbetare och tjänstemän. Vidare ska det undersökas möjligheten för detta genom att införa arbetssättet i sitt senaste projekt Hotell Forrest. Rapporten består av litteraturstudie följt av resultat redovisning bestående av intervjuer och genomgångar med flera arbetsledare och platschefer/produktionschefer. Resultatet visar att majoriteten välkomnar detta arbetssätt och ser stora vinster i det. / Today, there is a clear difference between the works of officials and construction workers. Officials have a more administrative role, which includes planning, monitoring and development. Construction workers have the execution role in production. This can lead to unforeseen problems which in turn may have devastating effects on, for example, the project's timetable, which eventually can lead to high costs. This also leads to the segregation between these two occupational roles that may adversely affect the working environment. By involving the construction workers in the earlier stages, such as the planning phase, there will be more communication and exchanging of knowledge between the two roles. This can make it easier to avoid disturbances in production. Together with Simon Elvnäs, Industrial PhD, Skanska has developed a new method of assessment that includes the construction workers in the earlier stages of the project. By doing so, they’re hoping to increase cooperation between officials and construction workers. Skanska wants to explore the possibility of this by introducing the said method in their latest project: Hotell Forrest. This report consists of a literature study followed by the results of multiple interviews and reviews with several officials, supervisors and site-/production managers. The results show that there is a great majority welcoming this approach, seeing the many advantages that this new method would provide.

Det finns indikationer på att arkitekturen i Sverige upplevs som mer och mer enformig med avsaknad av estetiska kvaliteter. Arkitekter får bära ansvaret för påståendet, men själva menar de att de fråntagits sin ställning i byggprocessen där de byts ut under pågående projekt, underordnade ekonomiska intressen. Målet med arbetet var att ta reda på vad som händer med en byggnads estetiska kvaliteter när arkitekten byts ut samt vad som ligger bakom att bytet sker. En jämförelse mellan två objekt gjordes, ett där arkitekten varit med under hela processen och ett där arkitekten blivit utbytt. Studien utfördes genom faktainsamling från litteratur, observationer och intervjuer. Resultatet visar att viljan att bygga vackert med estetiska kvaliteter är starkt kopplat till beställarens ambitionsnivå. Det sammantagna resultatet visar dock på att estetiska värden underordnas ekonomi i byggprocessen. Vidare har det framkommit under arbetets gång att det råder kunskapsbrist och kommunikationssvårigheter mellan aktörer i byggbranschen, framförallt mellan arkitekt och entreprenör. / There are indications that the architecture in Sweden is perceived as more and more monotonous with the absence of aesthetic qualities. Architects are allowed to bear responsibility for the claim but they themselves believe that they deprived their position in the construction process where they are replaced under ongoing projects, ancillary financial interests. The goal of the work was to find out what happens to a building's aesthetic qualities when the architect is replaced and what lies behind the replacement of the architect. A comparison of two objects was made, one in which the architect has been involved throughout the process and one where the architect has been replaced. The study was conducted through fact-finding from literature, observations and interviews. The result shows that the desire to build beautifully with aesthetic qualities is strongly linked to the client's level of ambition. However, the overall result shows that aesthetic values are subordinated to the economy of the construction-process. Furthermore, it has emerged during the work with this essay that there is a lack of knowledge and difficulties in communication between the actors in the construction industry, especially between architects and contractors.

In this thesis, a national information technology (IT) strategy applicable to Turkish construction industry for future implementation of IT is developed, advising guidance to current and future stakeholders but also researchers and decision makers to set the right priorities and pre-harmonization for IT in construction. Within this study, the present situation of the industry is discussed, so as to structure today&rsquo / s required industry abilities fulfilling tomorrow&rsquo / s demands and innovative IT solutions. Then, a coherent vision is developed for agile, model-based, knowledge driven Turkish construction industry. Following the analysis of IT trends and opportunities, a national IT strategy framework for the industry is specified. Finally / other country applications are examined to give direction for the developed strategy implementation approach.

Tekniken utvecklas ständigt inom alla delar av samhället. Inom byggbranschen så ställsdet allt högre och högre krav på byggnadstekniken. Man bygger höga men smalabyggnader men även långa och komplexa byggnader för att besvara kraven som ställsutifrån ett hållbarhetsperspektiv (Linneuniversitetet, u.å). Inför detta arbete så fanns detett intresse för att ta reda på vad som kommer att bli nästa “stora” teknologiskahjälpmedel.Vi tror att VR har stor potential inom byggbranschen och därav frågeställningen “Ärbyggbranschen redo för VR-Teknik?”. Efter ett handledarmöte så var vi eniga om att detfinns en hel mängd fördelar med tekniken. Metoder som har använts i detta arbete är detbåde kvalitativa och kvantitativ datainsamling. För att besvara frågeställningen såkontaktades byggbolag över hela Sverige för att sedan kunna skicka enkäter till dem.Intervjuer genomfördes med två personer på Högskolan i Gävle som hade relevantkunskap inom området VR, under intervjun med Torsten Jonsson och Stefan Seipel såvar dialogen kring ämnet öppen för att få en bättre bild av hur det ser ut i dagsläget.Resultatet visade att byggbranschen i dagsläget var redo att använda sig utav teknikenmen tekniken måste fortfarande utvecklas. I dagsläget så finns det stora kostnader medatt skapa en simulering vilket kan vara kostnadseffektivt i stora projekt men i mindreprojekt så kan det vara svårt att motivera ekonomiskt.Slutsatsen är att byggbranschen är redo för VR. / Technology is constantly evolving in every aspect of society. The requirements forbuilding are constantly growing. Buildings have been built thinner and higher but wehave also seen advances in width and complexity to fulfill the need for buildingsustainable buildings. With this study there has been an interest in finding what the next“ big” technology will be within the construction industry.We think VR has great potential in the construction industry which led to the question “Is the construction industry ready for VR-technology?”. After an interesting discussionwith our supervisor we agreed that this subject had lots of interesting benefits for theindustry. Within this study we have used both qualitative and quantitative research. Toanswer the issue we contacted construction companies all over Sweden in order to sendsurveys. The interviews were conducted with two persons from University of Gävle, thepeople contacted for the interview were chosen because they had relevant knowledgewithin the issue. The interviews were formed as diskussion to get a clear understandingof the subject.The results of the studies showed that the industry was ready to use the technology butit still must develop for the smaller projects. With VR today there is a massive cost ofusing it which can be beneficial in bigger projects but for smaller projects the cost is too big.The conclusion that can be drawn is that the industry is ready for VR

Den tekniska utvecklingen går fort fram. Tillämpandet av BIM (Byggnadsinformationsmodellering) blir allt vanligare inom byggsektorn. Dock halkar förvaltningen efter i utvecklingen, i jämförelse med byggprocessens tidiga skeden, projektering- och produktionsskedet. BIM i förvaltningen är väldigt omtalad men ännu har det inte implementerats i stor utsträckning. Detta arbete handlar om att undersöka huruvida digitaliserat förvaltningen är idag samt om mjukvaran BIM 360 Ops kan vara ett effektivare alternativ. BIM 360 Ops är en mjukvara skapad av Autodesk som riktar sig in på förvaltning. Genom intervjuer med Diagona AB, Fabege, HSB, Uppsala Kommuns fastighetsaktiebolag (UKFAB), Akademiska Hus, Locum, Stockholmshem samt FastPartner, får man en inblick i hur dessa företag går tillväga i dagsläget, vilka kunskaper det finns kring BIM hos förvaltare samt vad som saknas i förvaltningen. Här analyseras programvaror som respondenterna använder sig av, för att få en större uppfattning kring arbetsgången i förvaltningen. Ett detaljerat tillvägagångssätt av mjukvaran BIM 360 Ops demonstreras för att visa hur programvaran fungerar och för att upptäcka eventuella svårigheter, fördelar samt nackdelar med programmet. Resultatet visar att ingen av de intervjuade utnyttjar BIM i förvaltningen. Företagen strävar efter att digitalisera förvaltningen, men ännu inte åstadkommit det fullständigt. Intresset för BIM i förvaltningen finns, dock har många förvaltare brist på kunskap om byggnadsinformationsmodellering. Denna studie uppmärksammar digitalisering av förvaltningsskedet och genomgår undersökning kring programvaran BIM 360 Ops som frambringar BIM i förvaltningen. / The technological development is progressing rapidly. The application of BIM (Building Information Modeling) is becoming increasingly common in the construction sector. However, the property management slips behind in the development, in comparison with the early stages of the construction process, the design and production phase. BIM in the property management stage is frequently spoken about but BIM has not yet been implemented to a greater extent. This study aims to examine how digitalized property management is at present times and if the software BIM 360 Ops can be a more efficient alternative. BIM 360 Ops is a software created by Autodesk that targets the property management stage. Through interviews with Diagona AB, Fabege, HSB, Uppsala Kommuns fastighetsaktiebolag (UKFAB), Akademiska Hus, Locum, Stockholmshem and FastPartner, an insight on how these companies are proceeding at present times, which knowledge managers have about BIM and what is lacking in the management stage is brought forward. The software which the respondents use is analyzed in order to gain a greater understanding of different workflow used in the management stage. A detailed approach of the BIM 360 Ops software is demonstrated to show how the software works and to detect any difficulties, advantages and disadvantages of the software. The result shows that none of the interviewees use BIM in the management stage. The companies strive to digitalize the management stage, but has not yet fully accomplished it. There is interest in BIM in the management stage, however, many managers lack knowledge of Building Information Modeling. This study draws attention to the digitalization of the property management stage and presents a thorough study on the BIM 360 Ops software which brings forth BIM in the management stage.

Process modeling is used in construction to plan and manage the construction process and to support various simulation tasks. A major problem is that due to the one-of-a-kind character of construction projects a lot of work is spent manually developing an overall process schedule for each project. However, the total individual process is typically structured into multiple stages containing a number of recurring similar, but unequal, subprocesses that can be standardized, if appropriately generalized, to generic reusable process patterns. Moreover, not only processes, but also many general construction methods and strategies can be standardized and stored in the form of patterns and configuration rules, which will improve the consistency of modeling and also improve modeling time. The presented work addresses these issues and presents a new approach for the ontology-based process modeling and its combination with the rule-based process configuration. The proposed system supports the generation of process workflows for construction projects that could be later used in discrete-event simulation software or workflow programs. A formal high-level model for construction processes and a methodology for using process patterns in the configuration of complex construction tasks are the main focuses of this work. The base idea of the proposed approach is the development and use of two separate, but interrelated, ontologies and their integration with a general-purpose rule-engine. The first ontology is the Process Pattern Ontology, which is used to store reusable process patterns. The second is the Process Instance Ontology, which has similar taxonomy to the Process Pattern Ontology but is uniquely populated with specific process assertions for each construction case. The developed approach also suggests the application of the process patterns for the configuration of construction processes. This includes the mechanism of the process pattern retrieval, describing the extraction of the required process pattern from the Process Pattern Ontology, the intermediate adaptation step and the configuration step. The configuration step focuses on the integration of the rule-engine with the ontological knowledge-base, as well as on the application of different configuration strategies. With the help of these configuration strategies, realised by means of hierarchical rule sets, first a variation of the process and second a solution for the quick process configuration can be found. As a practical implementation of the proposed methodology a software prototype called Process Configurator is implemented within this work. This prototype realizes the interaction between all components of the ontology-based configuration approach presented in this work and supports the generation of process schedules for construction projects with the help of reusable process patterns and configuration rules.:1. Introduction 13 1.1. Motivation 13 1.2. Problem statement 14 1.3. Hypotheses 15 1.4. Objectives 15 1.5. A new approach of process modeling and configuration 17 1.6. Thesis outline 20 2. Process modeling 22 2.1. Basic issues 22 2.2. Business process modeling 25 2.3. Process modeling techniques 28 2.3.1. Integration Definition IDEF 28 2.3.2. UML 30 2.3.3. EPC 32 2.3.4. BPMN 35 2.3.5. Traditional modeling techniques 37 2.4. Process modeling in construction industry 41 2.4.1. Main features of process modeling in construction industry 41 2.4.2. Existing approaches in construction industry 44 3. Ontology-based modeling 58 3.1. Knowledge-based models 58 3.2. Ontology 64 3.2.1. Ontology description languages 65 4. Modeling of construction processes and process patterns 78 4.1. Reference modeling 78 4.2. Process pattern 81 4.2.1. Examples 83 4.3. Ontological framework 88 4.3.1. Motivation for using ontologies instead of databases 88 4.3.2. Ontology for process patterns 93 4.3.3. Ontology for process instances 99 5. Configuration of construction processes 103 5.1. Generation and configuration 103 5.2. Process pattern retrieval 104 5.3. Process adaptation 107 5.4. Process configuration 109 5.4.1. Configuration rules 109 5.4.2. Homogenous approach 111 5.4.3. Hybrid approach 115 5.4.4. Types of rules 119 5.4.5. Configuration strategies 122 6. Implementation 128 6.1. System architecture and its components 128 6.2. Process configurator 130 6.2.1. BPMN mapping 136 7. Case study 140 7.1. Case 1 140 7.2. Case 2 146 8. Conclusions and future research 149 8.1. Conclusions 149 8.2. Outlook 150 9. Appendix A. 156 A.1. Process Pattern 156 A.2. Rules overview 158 A.3. Rules implementation 160 10. References 163 / Prozessmodellierung wird im Bauwesen für die Planung des Bauablaufes genutzt, sowie insbesondere für die Unterstützung unterschiedlicher Simulationsprozesse. Das Hauptproblem ist, dass man wegen des Unikatcharakters der Bauprojekte viel Aufwand und Zeit braucht, um jedes Mal einen Prozessablaufplan des Projektes manuell zu erstellen. Allerdings besteht ein einzelner Gesamtprozess normalerweise aus mehreren Teilen, die ähnliche, aber nicht gleiche Subprozesse beinhalten. Diese Subprozesse können standardisiert, abstrahiert und dann als wiederverwendbare Referenzprozesse generalisiert werden. Außerdem lassen sich nicht nur Prozesse, sondern auch viele Baumethoden und Baustrategien in Form von Konfigurationsregeln formalisieren und speichern. Dies kann die Wiederspruchfreiheit der Modellierung gewährleisten und hat auch das Potential, die Modellierungszeit zu reduzieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab, diese Aspekte zu analysieren und einen neuen Ansatz zur Kombinierung der ontologiebasierten Prozessmodellierung mit der regelba-sierten Prozesskonfiguration vorzustellen. Das dargestellte System unterstützt die Erstellung der Prozessablaufpläne für die Bauprojekte, die danach mit Hilfe von Simulationssoftware simuliert werden. In dieser Dissertation werden die Entwicklung eines formalen Modells für Bauprozesse und die Methodologie der Nutzung der Referenzprozesse bei der Konfigurierung komplexer Bauaufgaben beschrieben. Die grundlegende Idee des vorgeschlagenen Ansatzes ist die Entwicklung und die Verwendung zweier Ontologien. Die erste Ontologie wird als Process Pattern Ontologie bezeichnet und zur Speicherung der wiederverwendbaren Referenzprozesse eingesetzt. Die zweite Ontologie mit der Bezeichnung Process Instance Ontologie speichert die Prozessinstanzen für die spezifischen Bauprojekte. Die beiden Ontologien haben ähnliche, aber nicht gleiche, Strukturen und sind über eine Regel-Engine integriert. Der entwickelte Ansatz beinhaltet ebenfalls die Nutzung der Referenzprozesse im Konfigurationsprozess. Dies umfasst sowohl einen Mechanismus zur Abfrage der Referenzprozesse, welcher das Extrahieren des benötigten Referenzprozesses aus der Ontologie beschreibt, als auch die Anpassung der Referenzprozesse sowie deren Konfiguration mit Regeln. In der Konfiguration liegt der Fokus auf der Integration der Regel-Engine mit der ontologischen Wissensbasis und die Anwendung unterschiedlicher Konfigurationsstrategien. Mittels Konfigurationsstrategien, die mit Hilfe von hierarchischen Regelmengen realisiert werden, kann eine intelligente Lösung für die schnelle Prozesskonfiguration gefunden werden. Als praktische Implementierung der vorgeschlagenen Methodologie wird ein Prototyp, als Process Configurator bezeichnet, entwickelt. Der Process Configurator realisiert die Interaktion zwischen allen Komponenten des Systems und unterstützt die Erstellung der Prozessablaufpläne mit Hilfe der Referenzprozesse und Konfigurationsregel.:1. Introduction 13 1.1. Motivation 13 1.2. Problem statement 14 1.3. Hypotheses 15 1.4. Objectives 15 1.5. A new approach of process modeling and configuration 17 1.6. Thesis outline 20 2. Process modeling 22 2.1. Basic issues 22 2.2. Business process modeling 25 2.3. Process modeling techniques 28 2.3.1. Integration Definition IDEF 28 2.3.2. UML 30 2.3.3. EPC 32 2.3.4. BPMN 35 2.3.5. Traditional modeling techniques 37 2.4. Process modeling in construction industry 41 2.4.1. Main features of process modeling in construction industry 41 2.4.2. Existing approaches in construction industry 44 3. Ontology-based modeling 58 3.1. Knowledge-based models 58 3.2. Ontology 64 3.2.1. Ontology description languages 65 4. Modeling of construction processes and process patterns 78 4.1. Reference modeling 78 4.2. Process pattern 81 4.2.1. Examples 83 4.3. Ontological framework 88 4.3.1. Motivation for using ontologies instead of databases 88 4.3.2. Ontology for process patterns 93 4.3.3. Ontology for process instances 99 5. Configuration of construction processes 103 5.1. Generation and configuration 103 5.2. Process pattern retrieval 104 5.3. Process adaptation 107 5.4. Process configuration 109 5.4.1. Configuration rules 109 5.4.2. Homogenous approach 111 5.4.3. Hybrid approach 115 5.4.4. Types of rules 119 5.4.5. Configuration strategies 122 6. Implementation 128 6.1. System architecture and its components 128 6.2. Process configurator 130 6.2.1. BPMN mapping 136 7. Case study 140 7.1. Case 1 140 7.2. Case 2 146 8. Conclusions and future research 149 8.1. Conclusions 149 8.2. Outlook 150 9. Appendix A. 156 A.1. Process Pattern 156 A.2. Rules overview 158 A.3. Rules implementation 160 10. References 163