• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 89
  • 69
  • 9
  • 5
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 199
  • 199
  • 90
  • 28
  • 23
  • 23
  • 21
  • 20
  • 19
  • 19
  • 19
  • 16
  • 15
  • 15
  • 13
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

[en] HIGH RESOLUTION RECONSTRUCTION OF PALEOENVIRONMENTAL VARIATIONS OVER THE LAST 14 KYEARS IN SEDIMENTS OF RIO DE JANEIRO CONTINENTAL SHELF, SE - BRAZIL / [pt] RECONSTRUÇÃO EM ALTA RESOLUÇÃO DAS VARIAÇÕES PALEOAMBIENTAIS EM SEDIMENTOS AO LONGO DOS ÚLTIMOS 14 MIL ANOS NA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO, SE - BRASIL

LETICIA LAZZARI 20 July 2020 (has links)
[pt] Estudos paleoambientais sobre reconstruções climáticas no pretérito ajudam a compreender os processos biogeoquímicos atuais e, portanto, fornecem subsídios ao atual cenário de mudanças globais. As principais ferramentas utilizadas nesses estudos envolvem indicadores que requerem a integração de informações geoquímicas, geomorfológicas, oceanográficas e biológicas. No presente trabalho, dois testemunhos (RJ13-01 e RJ13-02) foram coletados na plataforma continental do Rio de Janeiro na isóbata de 100-m e datados através dos métodos de 210Pb e 14C, englobando, respectivamente, 14,5 cal kyr BP e 5,3 cal kyr BP. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi investigar o efeito de variáveis climáticas e ambientais sobre o aporte de material autóctono e alóctono na plataforma continental do Rio de Janeiro. Foram considerados dados geofísicos, granulometria, elementos traços (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Ba, Tl, Pb e U), elementos majoritários (Ca, Si, Al e Fe), nitrogênio total (TN), carbono orgânico total (TOC), carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3), hidrocarbonetos alifáticos (n-alcanos) e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos (HPAs), assim como consideradas razões entre elementos e compostos que indicam a introdução de material continental e biogênico, razões redox e de produtividade, além de marcadores de tipo de vegetação e de combustão. Os resultados ressaltaram três fases deposicionais na área estudada: a primeira fase vai de 14,5 cal kyr BP à 7,5 cal kyr BP, e se caracteriza pela ocorrência de granulometria média a grosseira, fragmentos de conchas, alto teor de Si (27 porcento), alto aporte de material biogênico Ca/Al (3,00), altos valores (30,5) de ACL (tamanho médio da cadeia n-alcanos) e alta contribuição de HPAs pirogênicos (33 porcento), por volta de 8,0 cal kyr BP, indicando maior incidência de clima seco na maioria dos períodos, além de ser marcada por níveis do mar mais baixos. A segunda fase, entre 7,5 cal kyr BP e 4,5 cal kyr BP, mostrou influência das Águas Centrais do Atlântico Sul (SACW), marcada por um máximo de elevação do nível do mar, eventos de seca com maior intensidade de incêndios naturais com alta contribuição de HPAs pirogênicos de 5-6 anéis (68 porcento), entre 6,1 cal kyr BP e 4,1 cal kyr BP, e alto aporte de material continental Al/Ca (0,69); Fe/Ca (0,27) e alta produtividade. A terceira fase cobre o Holoceno superior, a partir de 4,5 cal kyr BP até o presente. Nessa fase, foram encontrados fluxos mais elevados de matéria orgânica, entre 3,2 cal kyr BP a 3,3 cal kyr BP (RJ13-01) e 3,4 cal kyr BP (RJ13-02), como indicado por TN, TOC, Ni, Cu, Zn, HA e HPAs, e um maior aporte continental, devido aos altos valores de razões redox-sensíveis a partir de 2,5 cal kyr BP no RJ13-01 e ao longo do testemunho RJ13-02. Esses fatores provavelmente são decorrentes do deslocamento da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ITCZ) mais ao sul, deixando o clima mais úmido na Amazônia, a intensificação do SAMS trazendo umidade para SE do país através da SACZ. Porém, também podem refletir um evento de menor nível do mar, que influenciou nos níveis de oxigênio na coluna d água. Por outro lado, indicadores de clima seco (ACL, HPAs pirogênicos de 5-6 anéis) sugerem que houve oscilações entre clima úmido e seco ao longo do Holoceno superior. Desta forma, os indicadores orgânicos e inorgânicos considerados nos testemunhos da plataforma continental do RJ possibilitaram avaliar e corroborar dados de outros estudos sobre os eventos climáticos ocorridos nos últimos 14 mil anos no SE do Brasil, e suas relações com fatores como: variações no nível do mar, mudanças na ITCZ, intensificação da SAMS influenciando a SACZ, mudanças nos padrões de ventos e na Corrente do Brasil; influência da SACW mais no sentido S-W do sistema de ressurgência de Cabo Frio; variações climáticas com registros de incêndios naturais e variações da vegetação; além de registros que podem ser relacionados à ocupação humana. / [en] Paleoenvironmental studies on climate reconstructions in the past help to understand the current biogeochemical processes and therefore become increasingly important in the current scenario of global changes. The main parameters used in these studies involve proxies that require the integration of geochemical, geomorphological, oceanographic and biological information. In this study two cores (RJ13-01 and RJ13-02) were collected on the continental shelf of Rio de Janeiro in the isobath 100-m and dated by 210Pb and 14C methods covering14.5 cal kyr BP and 5.3 cal kyr BP, respectively. The main goal of this work was to investigate the effect of climatic and environmental variables on the autochthonous and allochthonous material inputs in the continental shelf of Rio de Janeiro. For this, geophysical properties, grain size, trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Ba, Tl, Pb and U), major elements (Ca, Si, Al and Fe), total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were considered jointly with continental and biogenic input proxies, redoxsensitive and productivity proxies besides vegetation type and combustion proxies. Results highlighted three periods: the first period (from 14.5 to 7.5 cal kyr BP) with the occurrence of mean grain size of the sediment, shell fragments, high content of Si (27 percent), high input of biogenic material Ca/Al (3.00) and high ACL (average chain length) values (30.5). In addition to high contribution of pyrogenic PAHs (33 percent) around 8.0 cal kyr BP indicating higher incidence of dry weather in most periods; marked by a low sea level. The second period between 7.5 cal kyr BP and 4.5 cal kyr BP showed the influence of the South Atlantic Central Waters (SACW) marked by a maximum transgression of the sea, drought events with greater intensity of wildfires with high contribution of pyrogenic PAHs of 5-6 rings (68 percent) between 6.1 and 4.1 cal BP kyr BP and high input continental materials Al/Ca (0.69); Fe/Ca (0.27) and high productivity. The third period covers the late Holocene from 4.5 cal kyr BP to present. In this period, higher fluxes of organic matter were found between 3.2 cal kyr BP to 3.3 cal kyr BP (RJ13-01) and 3.4 cal kyr BP (RJ13-02), as indicated by TN, TOC, Ni, Cu,Zn, n-alkanes and PAHs, and higher continental input due to high redox-sensitive proxies from 2.5 cal kyr BP in RJ13-01 and along RJ13-02. These factors are probably related to the displacement further south of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which brought humidity to Amazon, the intensification of SAMS bringing humidity to SE of Brazil trought SACZ. Also has been marked by the decrease in sea level which influenced the oxygen levels in the water column. On the other hand, dry climate indicators (ACL, pyrogenic PAHs with high molecular weight) suggest that there were fluctuations between wet and dry climate along the late Holocene. Thus, the organic and inorganic proxies considered on the cores of continental shelf of Rio de Janeiro allowed to evaluate and corroborate the data of other studies of climate events over the past 14,000 years in SE Brazil and their relation to the facts such is the variations in the sea-level, chances in ITCZ, the intensification of SAMS and SACZ, changes in wind pattern, and in the Brazilian current; influence of the SACW further S-W of the Cabo Frio upwelling system; and climate variations with records of wildfires and variation on the vegetation; in addition to records that could be related to human occupation.
102

Topographic Effects on Internal Waves at Barkley Canyon

Anstey, Kurtis 31 August 2022 (has links)
Submarine canyons incising the continental shelf and slope are hot spots for topography-internal wave interactions, with elevated dissipation and mixing contributing to regional transport and biological productivity. At two Barkley Canyon sites (the continental slope below the shelf-break, and deep within the canyon), four overlapping years of horizontal velocity time-series data are used to examine the effects of irregular topography on the internal wave field. Mean currents are topographically guided at both sites, and in the canyon there is an inter-annually consistent, periodic (about a week) up-canyon flow (-700 to -900 m) above a near-bottom down-canyon layer. There is elevation of internal wave energy near topography, up to a factor of 10, 130 m above the slope, and up to a factor of 100, 230 m above the canyon bottom. All bands display weak inter-annual variability, but significant seasonality. Sub-diurnal and diurnal flows are presumably sub-inertially trapped along topography, and the diurnal band appears to be forced locally (barotropically). Both sites have high near-inertial energy. At the slope site, near-inertial energy is attenuated with depth, while in the canyon it is amplified near the bottom. Both sites show intermittent near-inertial forcing associated with wind events, downward propagation of high-mode internal waves, and the seasonal mixed-layer depth, though fewer events are observed in the canyon. Free semidiurnal internal tides are focused and reflected near critical shelf-break and canyon floor topography, and appear to experience both local and remote (baroclinic) forcing. The high-frequency internal wave continuum has enhanced energy near bottom at both sites (up to 7 times the open-ocean Garrett-Munk spectrum), and inferred dissipation rates increasing from a background of less than 10^-9 W kg^-1 and reaching 10^-7 W kg^-1 near topography. Dissipation is most strongly correlated with the semidiurnal (M2) constituent at both sites, with secondary contributions from the sub-diurnal (Sub_K1) band on the slope, and the near-inertial (NI) band in the canyon. Power laws for these dependencies are dissipation ~ M2^0.83 + Sub_K1^0.59 at the slope, and dissipation ~ M2^1.47 + NI^0.24 in the canyon. There is evidence in spectra of a near-buoyancy frequency build-up of energy correlated with high-frequency continuum variability, with a power law fit of 'shoulder' power ~ dissipation^0.34 that is independent of site topography. Though some general results are expected from observations at other slope and canyon sites, the greater temporal extent of these data provide a uniquely long-term evaluation of such processes. / Graduate
103

Investigating biogeochemical cycling in coastal sediments with a novel mass spectrometer system

Chua, Emily Jingyi 08 November 2022 (has links)
Coastal ecosystems continue to face numerous negative impacts from human activities ranging from local nutrient enrichment to global warming. These threats have complex effects on coastal biogeochemistry, which in turn alters ecosystem ecology and climate. While sediments have long been recognized as cornerstones of marine ecosystem functioning, the impacts of anthropogenic change on benthic biogeochemical cycling remain challenging to constrain. This knowledge gap stems from technological issues as measuring marine sediment processes under natural conditions is a formidable challenge. To help move the field of sediment biogeochemistry forward, I developed a novel mass spectrometer-based system and used it to quantify dissolved gas fluxes from marine sediments. In Chapter One, I survey the field of underwater mass spectrometry from its inception three decades ago to the present. Through comprehensive descriptions of the current status of the technology, field applications to date, and future trends, I provided guidance for how to leverage this powerful new tool to measure gaseous compounds in the under sampled ocean. In Chapter Two, I review the role of permeable shelf sediments in marine nitrogen cycling. My synthesis of the small but growing body of work on nitrogen cycling in shelf sands exposed conflicting evidence surrounding the nitrogen removal capacity of permeable sediments, and I proposed targeted approaches, such as the development of noninvasive in situ technologies, to resolve these controversies. In Chapter Three, I present a newly developed flow-injection sampling system that can be coupled to a mass spectrometer to measure a range of dissolved gas species in the pore water of highly permeable sandy sediments. Rigorous calibration and validation experiments demonstrate that this novel system can quantify dissolved gas depth profiles, as well as fluxes across the sediment-water interface, in permeable sediments. Furthermore, with my prescribed design improvements, this tool promises to provide in situ data in dynamic sandy environments. In Chapter Four, I used the flow-injection mass spectrometer system to measure benthic fluxes of gaseous nitrogen and methane from cohesive sediments subjected to low oxygen conditions and varying organic matter loads. The unprecedented high temporal resolution of the gas flux data revealed the complex and dynamic effects of changing environmental conditions on the capacity of sediments to remove reactive nitrogen and regulate methane emissions. / 2024-11-08T00:00:00Z
104

The diurnal tides on the Northeast continental shelf off North America

Daifuku, Peter Reid January 1981 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, 1981. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 95-96. / by Peter Reid Daifuku. / M.S.
105

Investigations into zooplankton assemblages off the west coast of Scotland

Richard, Jocelyn M. January 1992 (has links)
Zooplankton assemblages were examined from waters off the west coast of Scotland encompassing the Firths of Lorn and Clyde, the North Channel, and the Malin Shelf. Size fractionated samples (coarse, >1000μm; medium, 1000μm-330μm; fine, 330μm-180μm) were collected with a submersible pump from 10m and 30m depth in March (1987) and May (1986) providing a composite picture of the fauna in early and late spring conditions, respectively. The feasibility of using image analysis as a method for processing zooplankton samples was examined. Although a programme was successfully operated to obtain individual measurement data, much work is still required before a fully automated programme for routine use by planktologists is available. Total zooplankton numbers and biomass, and species distributions and relative abundances were examined. Species assemblages were identified using multivariate analyses. Biomass and abundance spectra by size were examined for the major station groupings. In general, meroplankton dominated the fauna in the Firth of Lorn while large numbers of Calanus spp. occurred in the Firth of Clyde. Small copepods such as Oithona spp. were characteristic of the assemblage on the Malin Shelf. Salinity, followed by temperature, showed the strongest association with the observed station clusters. Chlorophyll a and depth did not generally appear to influence station groupings. The potential for the mixing and exchange of zooplankton between the regions of the study area was evaluated. The results suggest that zooplankton may be entrained from the Firth of Clyde by the Scottish Coastal Current during the spring period. The Malin Shelf may also be an important source of zooplankton for the Firth of Lorn during winter months when an onshore flow of Atlantic water occurs.
106

Mobilidade Sedimentar na Plataforma Leste Brasileira entre o Rio de Contas (BA) e o Rio Doce (ES): Controle Morfológico e do Clima de Ondas / Sedimentary Mobility on the Eastern Brazilian Continental Shelf between Contas River (BA) and Doce River (ES): Morphological and Wave Climate Controls

Lavenére-wanderley, Ana Amelia de Oliveira 04 May 2018 (has links)
A dinâmica sedimentar sobre um trecho da plataforma continental leste brasileira foi analisada através da abordagem combinada entre a análise do clima de ondas (WAVEWATCH III), modelagem da propagação das ondas para águas rasas (MIKE 21 SW) e aplicação de equações que estimam o transporte de partículas em função da tensão de cisalhamento causada pelas ondas sobre o fundo marinho. Assim, baseado no clima de ondas da região, são estimados os potenciais de mobilidade sedimentar como resposta a diversas condições forçantes. O clima de ondas em frente a Ilhéus é caracterizado pela predominância de ondas do quadrante leste (60%), com 20% provenientes de sudeste e 15% de sul. Em frente a Caravelas, o espectro de ondas é caracterizado por 40% de ondas de leste, 15% do quadrante sudeste e 35% provenientes de sul. O clima de ondas é influenciado pelas descontinuidades na largura da plataforma continental nesse trecho da costa, atenuando a influência das ondas de swell provenientes do quadrante sul em frente a Ilhéus. Os resultados indicam mobilidade sedimentar até 50 m de profundidade na plataforma de Ilhéus e até 20 m na plataforma de Abrolhos ao longo do ano, no entanto, eventos esporádicos mais energéticos são capazes de mobilizar sedimentos até cerca de 200 m de profundidade na plataforma de Ilhéus e até 100 m na plataforma de Caravelas. A mobilidade de partículas de maiores dimensões, como os rodolitos da plataforma de Abrolhos, maior campo de rodolitos conhecido do mundo, foi analisada através do parâmetro de Shields, que leva em consideração tamanho e densidade das partículas. Os resultados indicam que a mobilidade dos rodolitos de Abrolhos está principalmente condicionada pela ocorrência de eventos mais energéticos, especialmente no outono. As regiões com maior mobilidade são a porção norte, próxima a quebra da plataforma e a porção centro-sul da plataforma, ambas com profundidades entre 20 e 40 m. O detalhamento do conhecimento sobre o transporte de sedimentos na plataforma continental leste brasileira contribui para o entendimento na dinâmica sedimentar na região. A morfologia complexa da plataforma, combinada com o clima de ondas incidente, são fatores fundamentais no potencial de mobilização de sedimentos. / The sedimentary dynamics on a stretch of the Brazilian continental shelf was analyzed through a combined approach between wave climate analysis (WAVEWATCH III), shallow water wave propagation modeling (MIKE 21 SW) and equations estimating the transport of particles as a function of bed shear stress by the waves. Thus, based on the wave climate of the region, sediment mobility potentials are estimated in response to several forcing conditions. Wave climate is characterized by the predominance of east waves in front of Ilhéus (60%), 20% from southeast quadrant and 15% from south. In front of Caravelas a wave spectrum is characterized by 40% from east quadrant, 15% from southeast and 35% from south. Continental shelf width discontinuity influences wave climate at Ilhéus, attenuating waves from south quadrant. The results indicate sediment mobility up to 50 m depth on the Ilhéus shelf and up to 20 m on the Abrolhos shelf along the entire year; however, more sporadic energetic events are able to mobilize sediments up to 200 m depth on the Ilhéus shelf and up to 100 m on the Caravelas shelf. Larger particle mobility, such as the rhodoliths of the Abrolhos shelf, the largest known rhodolite field in the world, was analyzed using the Shields parameter, which takes into account particle size and density. The results indicate that the mobility of Abrolhos rhodolites is mainly conditioned by the occurrence of more energetic events, especially in autumn. The regions with the greatest mobility are the northern portion, near the shelf break and the center-south portion of the shelf, both with depths between 20 and 40 m. The detailed knowledge on sediment transport in the Brazilian continental shelf contributes to the understanding of sedimentary dynamics in the region. The complex morphology of the continental shelf, combined with the incident wave climate, are fundamental factors in sediment mobilization potential.
107

Estudo das associações de anelídeos Polychaeta da Baía de Santos e Plataforma Continental Adjacente (SP, Brasil) e suas interrelações com parâmetros físicos e geoquímicos estruturadores / Study of Polychaeta associations in Santos Bay and Adjacent Continental Shelf (SP, Brazil) and their interrelations with physical and geochemical patterns

Ferreira, Juliana Aureliano 26 September 2008 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a estrutura espacial e vertical da população de anelídeos Polychaeta da Baía de Santos e plataforma continental adjacente, através do estudo integrado das características físico-químicas, sedimentológicas, concentração de compostos químicos e elementos metálicos. Paralelamente, procurou-se determinar a origem da matéria orgânica sedimentar através dos teores de C/N/S e dos marcadores orgânicos geoquímicos com o intuito de identificar uma possível influência do complexo estuarino de Santos sobre a plataforma adjacente à baía. A área de estudo localiza-se no litoral do estado de São Paulo e é influenciada por atividades industrial e portuária, além de receber o esgoto das cidades de Santos e São Vicente. Entre 2004 e 2005 foram realizadas 4 campanhas na baía para amostrar 8 estações, enquanto 6 pontos foram amostrados na plataforma adjacente no inverno/2005 e verão/2006. Os parâmetros físicos e a concentração de oxigênio e nutrientes dissolvidos foram mensurados em todas as estações. As amostras de sedimento para o estudo dos poliquetas, análises granulométricas, teores de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio e enxofre totais, concentração de esteróis fecais, hidrocarbonetos alifáticos (n-alcanos e LABs) e aromáticos (HPAs), pesticidas organoclorados (PCBs) e metais foram obtidas com boxcorer de 0,09m2 de área. Os sedimentos finos predominaram na porção central da Baía de Santos e na faixa de transição entre a desembocadura da baía e a plataforma adjacente, responsáveis pela maior retenção dos metais Pb, Zn e Cr, hidrocarbonetos n-alcanos, HPAs, LABs, de PCBs e esteróis fecais advindos do efluente urbano, dragagem do Canal do Porto e da contribuição atmosférica. Em conseqüência, observou-se aí os menores valores de densidade, riqueza, diversidade e equitatividade, com dominância de Mediomastus capensis, Prionospio sp. e Aricidea cf. catharinae. Tais espécies foram as mais abundantes em ambas as áreas, revelando seu comportamento de oportunistas e tolerantes, e atuando como bioindicadores de um ambiente sob alterações físicas e químicas. As razões C/N e os marcadores orgânicos geoquímicos mostraram que a matéria orgânica que adentra a Baía de Santos é essencialmente terrígena, enquanto na plataforma continental adjacente observou-se contribuições alóctones, provenientes principalmente do fito- e zooplâncton oceânico. Tais resultados sugerem não haver influência direta do material exportado pelo complexo estuarino da Baixada Santista, quer orgânico ou inorgânico, sobre o ambiente de plataforma adjacente. / The aim of the present work was to verify the spacial and vertical Polychaeta distribution in sediment samples of Santos Bay and adjacent continental shelf by analyzing physicochemical characteristics, granulometric pattern, chemical compounds concentration and metallic elements. Parallely, it looked for determining the organic matter origin by C/N/S content and geochemical organic biomarkers to identify a possible influence of Santos estuarine complex on adjacent continental shelf. The area of study is located on the SE Brazilian coastline, São Paulo, close to the largest commercial harbour and industrial centre in South America, besides receiving considerable amount of urban sewage from Santos and São Vicente cities. Between 2004/2005 sediment samples were taken at 8 plots during 4 oceanographic surveys, whereas 6 plots were sampled on continental shelf in the Winter/2005 and Summer/2006. Physical parameters, dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations were measured at all stations. Sediment samples for biological study and granulometry, besides organic carbon content, total nitrogen, total sulphur, faecal sterols and biomarkers hydrocarbons (aliphatic, aromatic, LABs), organochlorinateds (PCBs) and metals were collected with a 0,09m2 box-corer. The results pointed out that fine sediments predominated in both central region of Santos bay and near the transition area between bay mouth and adjacent shelf, being responsible for the high content of metal (Pb, Zn, Cr), hydrocarbons, PCBs and faecal sterols provenient of the urban discharge, dredging activities in the harbour channel and atmosphere contribution. Consequently, density, species richness, diversity and evenness were low with dominance of Mediomastus capensis, Prionospio sp. and Aricidea cf. catharinae. These species were abundant in both areas revealing their opportunistic and tolerant behaviour, and its role as bioindicators of environments under chemical and physical changes. The C/N ratios and organic geochemical biomarkers showed that the organic matter deposited in Santos bay is essentially terrigenous, while on continental shelf the contribution comes from the open ocean as fito- and zooplankton. The data also suggest that there is no direct influence of material, organic or not, exported by the estuarine complex to the adjacent continental shelf environment.
108

Distribuição espacial e sazonal de grupos do microzooplâncton na Bacia de Campos em cinco massas de água, da superfície ao batipelagial / Spatial and seasonal distribution the groups of microzooplankton in the Campos Basin in five bodies of water, from surface to bathypelagial

Martinez Aguilar, Tulia Isabel 08 February 2013 (has links)
Foram estudadas a composição e a distribuição da abundância e da biomassa de grupos do microzooplâncton na plataforma e no talude da Bacia de Campos localizados na região sudeste da margem continental do Brasil, compreendida entre Vitória (20,5°S) e Cabo Frio (24°S). Foram coletadas amostras de microzooplâncton com rede Multinet de 64 ?m por meio de arrastos horizontais em cinco estratos de profundidade (do superficial ao batipelagial até 2300 m) e em dois períodos: período um (P1) março-abril/2009 e período dois (P2) agosto-setembro/2009. A abundância total variou de 1 a 56918 org./m³ no P1 e de 80 a 206732 org./m³ no P2, enquanto a biomassa total variou entre 2x10-5 e 2 mg/m³ no P1 e de 6x10-6 a 5 mg/m³ no P2. Os grupos taxonômicos mais frequentes (> 50% Frequência realtiva) no P1 foram Radiolaria, Tintinnina, Foraminifera, náuplios de Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Calanoida, Gastropoda, Pteropoda e Bivalvia. Já no P2 foram: Acantharia, Radiolaria, Tintinnina, Foraminifera, náuplios de Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Calanoida, Harpacticoida, Gastropoda, Bivalvia e Polychaeta. Os náuplios de Copepoda dominaram nasuperfície, com 65% de abundância relativa no P1 e P2, ao passo que organismos do protozooplâncton, como Radiolaria, Tintinnina e Foraminifera, foram os mais abundantes em águas profundas. Houve diferenças na abundância e na biomassa em resposta às variações ambientais, espaciais e sazonais na Água Tropical (AT-1 m) e Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS-250 m). Estas variações podem estar relacionadas à ascenção de águas profundas ricas em nutrientes da ACAS até a zona eufótica, o que leva ao aumento de produtividade e ao aumento da produção primária em domínios neríticos da região, associado à frequente ocorrência de vórtices ciclônicos associados à Corrente do Brasil. Porém, nos estratos mais profundos (Água Intermediária Antártica (AIA-800 m), Água Circumpolar Superior (ACS-1200 m) e Água Profunda do Atlântico Norte (APAN-2300 m)), notou-se homogeneidade horizontal do microzooplâncton, associada à maior estabilidade termohalina. No entanto, vale ressaltar que os altos valores de Radiolaria nas águas profundas poderiam estar condicionados às características físicas e químicas da ACS. Neste trabalho foi possível concluir que a abundância e a biomassa do microzooplâncton foram maiores na camada superficial e na ACAS, devido as flutuações de temperatura e salinidade. Notou-se também uma variabilidade entre os períodos de coleta. A temperatura foi a variável que mais influenciou as concentrações de organismos, em contraste, a baixa flutuação da salinidade na Bacia de Campos não influenciou significativamente os grupos do microzooplâncton. Os dados da AIA, ACS e APAN obtidos neste trabalho são fundamentais para o conhecimento do ambiente meso e batipelagial ao longo do Brasil. Finalmente, a FlowCAM, utilizada para a análise semiautomática das amostras, foi uma ferramenta útil para a contagem e obtenção de informações morfométricas sobre o microzooplâncton. / The composition and the distribution of numerical abundance and biomass of microzooplankton groups were sutudied in the Campos Basin located southeastern Brazil, between Victoria (20.5°S) and Frio Cape (24°S). Microzooplankton samples were collected with horizontal hauls using a Multinet (64 ?m) in five depth layers (surface up to 2300m bathypelagial zone) and in two seasonal periods: Period one (P1) May, April - 2009 and Period two (P2) August, September - 2009 (HABITATS CENPES / PETROBRAS). The total abundance ranged from 1 to 57 Org/m³ during the P1 and from 80 to 207 Org/m³ during the P2. Total biomass ranged from 2x10-5 to 2 mg/m³ during the P1, and from 6x10-6 to 5 mg/m³ during the P2. Most frequent taxonomic groups (> 50% relative frequency) in P1 were Radiolaria, Tintinnina, Foraminifera, Copepod nauplii, Cyclopoida, Calanoida, Gastropoda, Pteropoda, and Bivalvia. In P2, the most frequent taxonomic groups were Acantharia, Radiolaria, Tintinnina, Foraminifera, Copepod nauplii, Cyclopoida, Calanoida, Harpacticoida, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Polychaeta. Copepod nauplii dominated the surface samples, with 65% of relative abundance during both periods; Radiolaria, Tintinnina and Foraminifera dominated the deep water samples. There were differences in the abundance and biomass in response to environmental, spatial and seasonal variationsn the Tropical Water (TW-1 m) and in the South Central Atlantic Water (SCAW-250 m), These variations may related tothe rise of nutrient-rich deep waters of the SCAW to the euphotic zone, which leads to the increase of the productivity and the increase of the primary production in neritic areas, linking it to the frequent occurrence of cyclonic vortices associated with Brazil Current. In the deepest layers Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW-800 m), Upper Circumpolar Water (UCW-1200 m) and North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW-2300 m) it was noted a horizontal homogeneity of the microzooplankton associated with thermohaline stability. However, it is noteworthy that the high values of Radiolaria in deep water could be conditioned by the physical and chemical characteristics of the UCW. It was possible to conclude thatthe abundance and biomass of microzooplankton were higher in the surface layer and SCAW, f due to climatic fluctuations of temperature and salinity.. The temperature was the variable that most influenced the concentrations of organisms; in contrast, the low salinity fluctuations in the Campos Basin had no significant influence on the groups of microzooplankton. The data from AAIW, UCW, and NADW obtained in this work are fundamental for the understanding of the mesopelagical and bathypelagical zones in the Brazilian oceanic waters. Finally the FlowCAM used for semi-automatic analysis of samples was a useful tool for counting and obtaining information about the morphometric microzooplankton.
109

A Corrente do Brasil ao largo de Santos: medições diretas / Brazil Current offshore Santos: direct measurements

Souza, Maria Cristina de Arruda 13 September 2000 (has links)
O comportamento da Corrente do Brasil (CB) ao largo de Santos foi determinado a partir de medições diretas de velocidade e temperatura realizadas como parte do projeto COROAS. Foram lançados três fundeios, sobre as isóbatas de 100 m (C1), 200 m (C2) e 1000 m (C3). Os dados obtidos passaram por diversas análises - estatística descritiva, análises gráficas com o auxílio de rosas de distribuição, “stickplots", séries temporais e hodógrafos e análise de Funções Empíricas Ortogonais (EOF). Os resultados mostram que o ponto C1 sofre grande influência meteorológica – em todas as estações sazonais e profundidades amostradas, há predominância do fluxo para SW, mas este apresenta grande variabilidade devida à sua alternância com o fluxo para NE. Essa variabilidade, com escala subinecial, mostra que durante a maior parte do tempo, o ponto C1 esteve imerso num regime típico de plataforma continental, e não de correntes de contorno oeste. O fluxo da CB atinge essa região apenas esporadicamente. Foi observada a bipolaridade entre as intrusões das massas de água transportadas pela CB (ACAS e AT), como caracterizada por Castro (1996). Nos pontos C2 e C3, a presença da CB é marcante. Nos três primeiros níveis, persistiu um forte fluxo para SW, com intensidades da ordem de 1 m/s. A variabilidade temporal dessas correntes é pequena, principalmente nos três níveis superiores. No nível de 698 m, em C3, predominou o fluxo para NE da Água Intermediária Antártica. As melhores definições do fluxo da CB nas três profundidades superiores dos fundeios C2 e C3 foram observadas na primavera/93 e no verão/94. A variabilidade do fluxo, nos três fundeios, é bem descrita pelo comportamento das EOF. Um vórtice ciclônico, de núcleo frio, com período de 20 dias e escala vertical de aproximadamente 700 m, foi registrado em fevereiro de 1993. Indícios desse vórtice foram detectados até no ponto C1. O transporte de volume da CB, entre a quebra da plataforma e o talude, possui um valor médio de –2,01  0,98 Sv, relativamente ao nível de 300 m e tem sentido predominante para SW. Foram realizados alguns estudos dos casos de variabilidade da corrente. Esses estudos ilustram o modelo de Lee et al.(1981), sobre surgimento e características dos vórtices ciclônicos de núcleo frio, e o transporte de Ekman. / Current and temperature measurements, off shore Santos (23 56’ S - 046 19’ W), were performed to determine the behaviour of the Brazil Current (BC), during COROAS Project. Three moored arrays were launched on the 100 m (C1), 200 m (C2) e 1000 m (C3) isobaths. Several analysis were performed – statistical, compass plots, time series and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF). On the C1 point, external continental shelf, meteorological influence is notable – in all seasons and depths sampled, predominate southwestward currents, with big variability in consequence of the alternating northwestward. This variability, with subinercial scale, shows that C1 point was immersed in a typical continental shelf pattern, almost all the time, and not in a western boundary pattern. Brazil Current flow reaches this region sporadically. It was observed a bipolarity between water masses intrusions, South Atlantic Central Water and Tropical Water, transported by BC, supporting earlier observations from Castro (1996). On the three first levels of C2 (continental break) and C3 (continental slope) points, Brazil Current is a well-developed boundary current southwestward, reaching speeds of 1 m/s, with small time variability. On C3 point, 698 m depth, predominate Intermediate Antarctic Water northwestward flow. The best definitions of the BC flow were observed during Spring (1993) and Summer (1994). A good representation of the observed variability was obtained by EOFs . A cyclonic, cold core BC eddy with period of 20 days and vertical scale approximately of 700 m, was detected in February (1993). This eddy seems to have reached C1 point. Brazil Current mean volume transport, between continental break and continental slope , was 2.01 + 0.98 Sv, relative to 300 m and southwestward, predominately. Some cases of current variability were studied. These cases illustrate the Lee et al. (1981) model about onset and features of the cyclonic cold core eddies and Ekman transport.
110

Oscilações Subinerciais na Plataforma Continental Sudeste: Estudos Numéricos / Subinertial Oscillations in the South Brazil Bight: Numerical Studies

Gregorio, Helvio Prevelato 12 March 2014 (has links)
Oscilações subinerciais da elevação da superfície livre do mar na Plataforma Continental Sudeste (PCSE) foram estudadas por meio de modelagem numérica computacional. Os campos atmosféricos utilizados nos experimentos foram obtidos da reanálise NCEP-DOE AMIP II e o modelo hidrodinâmico DELFT-3D Flow foi empregado. A validação dos resultados dos experimentos numéricos foi realizada por comparação com observações. Foram realizadas simulações para o verão de 2003, para o inverno de 2004 e para mais quatro cenários de ventos sintéticos, simulando a propagação de frentes frias climatológicas (obtidas neste estudo). Verificamos que na porção sul (norte) da região passaram 3,6 (2,9) frentes frias por mês durante o inverno e 3,4 (1,3) durante o verão. Esta diferença entre as regiões norte e sul mostrou que alguns eventos não percorreram toda a região, sendo isso mais frequente no verão. A passagem de frentes frias provocou a propagação de oscilações subinerciais da superfície do mar, confinadas junto à costa, com comprimento de onda de aproximadamente 2000 km, duração de 50 h e amplitude média de 0,3 m, tanto no verão quanto no inverno. Nas simulações em que as frentes frias não percorreram toda a PCSE, oscilações subinerciais da superfície do mar também foram geradas e se propagaram para o norte com características semelhantes àquelas geradas pelas frentes frias que percorreram toda a PCSE. As oscilações subinerciais na região norte da PCSE estiveram melhor correlacionadas com a componente do vento perpendicular à costa da região de Paranaguá-Cananéia e com a componente do vento paralelo à costa da região de Imbituba-São Francisco. Forçantes externas à PCSE também excitaram oscilações subinerciais, principalmente com período superior a 7 dias. As oscilações subinerciais com períodos inferiores (superiores) a 7 (9) dias foram geradas desde o extremo sul (ao sul) da Plataforma Continental Sudeste até a região de Cananéia-Paranaguá e contribuíram com cerca de 40% (12%) da variância subinercial. As oscilações subinerciais analisadas tiveram características de Ondas de Plataforma Continental. / The subinertial oscillations of the sea level in the South Brazil Bight (SBB) were studied using computational numerical models. The atmospheric fields used in the experiments were obtained from the NCEP-DOE AMIP II reanalysis and the DELFT-3D hydrodynamic model was used. The validation of the numerical experiments results was conducted by comparison with observations. Simulations were conducted for the summer 2003, for the winter 2004 and for other four scenarios with synthetic winds, simulating the cold fronts propagation (attained in this study). We verified that in the south (north) part of the SBB there were 3.6 (2.9) passing through during the winter and 3.4 (1.3) during summer. This difference between the south and north SBB regions showed that part of the events did not cover the whole SBB, being this more frequent during the summer. The cold front passages excited the propagation of subinertial sea level oscillations, trapped along the coastline, with approximately 2000 km of wavelength, 50 h of duration and 0.3 m of mean amplitude, both in the summer and in the winter. In the simulations in that the cold fronts did not pass through the whole SBB, sea level subinertial oscillations were also generated and propagated towards north with characteristics similar to the ones generated by the cold fronts that passed through the whole SBB. The subinertial oscillations in the north part of the SBB were better correlated with the wind component perpendicular to the coastline in the Paranaguá-Cananéia region and with the wind component parallel to the coastline in the Imbituba-São Francisco region. Forcing external to the SBB also excited subinertial oscillations, specially with periods higher than 7 days. Subinertial oscillations with periods lower (higher) than 7 (9) days were generated from the south boundary of the SBB (south of the SBB) to the Cananéia-Paranaguá region and contributed with approximately 40% (12%) of the subinertial variance. The subinertial oscillations analyzed had characteristics of Continental Shelf Waves.

Page generated in 0.0729 seconds