The relationships between C:N:P (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) stoichiometry of Cladophora glomerata and land use characteristics in selected nearshore areas of the lower Laurentian Great Lakes were determined during two years of field sampling of coastal areas. In the past, bi-national reduction of point sources of P-loading resulted in reduced C. glomerata biomass; however, currently C. glomerata is resurging and it has been suggested that non-point source P loading, which may have increased with increasing populations and coastal land use changes, may be the cause. Study of the Halton shoreline, Lake Ontario, in 2006 demonstrated that C. glomerata nutrient stoichiometry has a strong seasonal relationship as internal P concentrations at 2 and 5 m depths decline to as low as 0.5 μg/mg dw during the rapid early summer growth period, well below the literature value of 1.6 μg/mg dw indicative of P limitation. Samples at 10 m maintained a constant surplus in P throughout the summer as light was the greater controlling factor at this depth. Along with ambient dissolved P, C. glomerata internal P increased sharply during the September and October surveys to approximately 3.5 μg P/mg dw at 2 m stations. Throughout the 2006 growing season both water chemistry and C. glomerata nutrient stoichiometry did not identify any direct point source influencing algal growth as indicated by tissue stoichiometry. Land use comparisons between the urbanized Halton region and the non urban sites of Presqu’ile Provincial Park and Peacock Point (Lakes Ontario and Erie, respectively) indicated significantly higher enrichment in both nitrogen and phosphorus at the 10 m urban stations as internal P concentrations were elevated and both N and P nutritional status indicators (C/P, C/N, and N/P) were much lower compared with non-urban sites. Areas with relatively more human impact (Port Credit and Halton on Lake Ontario) had higher internal P concentrations in C. glomerata. Through empirical evidence, nutrient status ratios predict the onset of P limitation for Cladophora glomerata within the Great Lakes to have values for C:P > 505 and N:P > 41, whereas zero positive growth was estimated to begin when C:P > 1246 and N:P > 75. Natural stable isotope abundances of 13C were indicative of benthic algal production as δ13C values from C. glomerata tissue samples during the early summer rapid growth period varied with depth to the 5 m depth contour. Though, overall 13C algal signals were a function of offshore changes in DIC-δ13C patterns throughout the year they were consistently lower in Cladophora tissue at shallower depths suggesting high photosynthetic demand for CO2 reduced isotopic photosynthetic fractionation. This trend was evident along most shorelines and from year to year, verifying the use of 13C stable isotope to define periods of potentially carbon-limited production. 13C and 15N did not identify any significant difference between urban and non urban shorelines. Similarly, stable isotopes were inconclusive in measuring local point source impacts. Similarly, point sources were also not apparent from measuring water chemistry and C. glomerata tissue parameters. The use of 15N isotopes in tracing C. glomerata filament origins may be of merit as persistent depth relationships were observed at all sites in Lake Erie and Ontario.

The relationships between C:N:P (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) stoichiometry of Cladophora glomerata and land use characteristics in selected nearshore areas of the lower Laurentian Great Lakes were determined during two years of field sampling of coastal areas. In the past, bi-national reduction of point sources of P-loading resulted in reduced C. glomerata biomass; however, currently C. glomerata is resurging and it has been suggested that non-point source P loading, which may have increased with increasing populations and coastal land use changes, may be the cause. Study of the Halton shoreline, Lake Ontario, in 2006 demonstrated that C. glomerata nutrient stoichiometry has a strong seasonal relationship as internal P concentrations at 2 and 5 m depths decline to as low as 0.5 μg/mg dw during the rapid early summer growth period, well below the literature value of 1.6 μg/mg dw indicative of P limitation. Samples at 10 m maintained a constant surplus in P throughout the summer as light was the greater controlling factor at this depth. Along with ambient dissolved P, C. glomerata internal P increased sharply during the September and October surveys to approximately 3.5 μg P/mg dw at 2 m stations. Throughout the 2006 growing season both water chemistry and C. glomerata nutrient stoichiometry did not identify any direct point source influencing algal growth as indicated by tissue stoichiometry. Land use comparisons between the urbanized Halton region and the non urban sites of Presqu’ile Provincial Park and Peacock Point (Lakes Ontario and Erie, respectively) indicated significantly higher enrichment in both nitrogen and phosphorus at the 10 m urban stations as internal P concentrations were elevated and both N and P nutritional status indicators (C/P, C/N, and N/P) were much lower compared with non-urban sites. Areas with relatively more human impact (Port Credit and Halton on Lake Ontario) had higher internal P concentrations in C. glomerata. Through empirical evidence, nutrient status ratios predict the onset of P limitation for Cladophora glomerata within the Great Lakes to have values for C:P > 505 and N:P > 41, whereas zero positive growth was estimated to begin when C:P > 1246 and N:P > 75. Natural stable isotope abundances of 13C were indicative of benthic algal production as δ13C values from C. glomerata tissue samples during the early summer rapid growth period varied with depth to the 5 m depth contour. Though, overall 13C algal signals were a function of offshore changes in DIC-δ13C patterns throughout the year they were consistently lower in Cladophora tissue at shallower depths suggesting high photosynthetic demand for CO2 reduced isotopic photosynthetic fractionation. This trend was evident along most shorelines and from year to year, verifying the use of 13C stable isotope to define periods of potentially carbon-limited production. 13C and 15N did not identify any significant difference between urban and non urban shorelines. Similarly, stable isotopes were inconclusive in measuring local point source impacts. Similarly, point sources were also not apparent from measuring water chemistry and C. glomerata tissue parameters. The use of 15N isotopes in tracing C. glomerata filament origins may be of merit as persistent depth relationships were observed at all sites in Lake Erie and Ontario.

It is important to understand mechanisms that facilitate expansion of two common shrubs, Morella cerifera and Baccharis halimifolia in coastal environments. The purpose of my study was to investigate the physiological and structural changes that occur as leaves age. Photosynthesis, incident light, chlorophyll, and leaf C:N ratios were quantified for young, intermediate, and old leaves (distal, central and proximal leaves, respectively). Leaf structural differences were also compared. Leaves did not change morphologically with age. Light decreased with leaf age and during winter months. Photosynthesis showed no seasonal or age related patterns. Chlorophyll increased initially and then declined with age due to self shading. Nitrogen content was highest during spring. Seasonality and leaf age had unique effects on the two study species. Understanding senescence adaptations of these two shrubs can help explain their abundance in coastal ecosystems.

O manguezal é um ambiente dinâmico, exportador de matéria orgânica para os ecossistemas associados oferecendo inúmeros serviços ambientais, além de possuir importância social e econômica e cumprir um papel significativo no armazenamento de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) no solo. Grande parte dessas florestas encontram-se degradadas devido ao uso indevido dessas áreas, influenciando os ciclos biogeoquímicos desses ambientes. Contudo, são escassos os trabalhos de regeneração de manguezais e a avaliação simultânea da ciclagem de nitrogênio nas áreas em diferentes estágios de regeneração. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o nitrogênio da vegetação e do solo de manguezal localizado no Rio Cocó em Fortaleza (CE) em diferentes estágios de regeneração da vegetação. O estudo foi realizado em quatro áreas, sendo uma não vegetada, duas em regeneração plantadas há três e sete anos e uma preservada. Foram quantificados os teores elementares e isotópicos de C e N na vegetação e no solo, além do nitrogênio inorgânico (N-amônio e N-nitrato) no solo. Os resultados indicaram que a regeneração de manguezais promove o aumento dos teores de C e N no solo ao considerar maiores valores na área referência em relação a área sem vegetação arbórea e que na área de regeneração de sete anos os teores foram maiores que na área de três anos, além disso, não houve diferença na assinatura isotópica de ?15N e ?13C. Assim, destaca-se a importância das iniciativas de regeneração das áreas de manguezais degradados, pois em sete anos foi possível identificar diferenças significativas entre os indicadores de qualidade do solo na área em regeneração há sete anos e a área sem vegetação arbórea / The mangrove is a dynamic environment, expoter of organic material to the associated ecosystems offering uncountable environmental services, besides having social and economical importance and playing a significative role in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage in the soil. Great part of these forests find themselves degradated due to improper use of these areas, influencing the biogeochemic cycles of these environments. However, the mangrove regeneration works are rare and simultaneous examination of the nitrogen cycling in the areas in different stages of regenaration, though. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the nitrogen of the vegetation and the soil of the mangrove placed at Rio Cocó in Fortaleza (CE) in different stages of regeneration of the vegetation. The study was conducted in four areas, being one non-vegetated, two in regeneration planted for three and seven years and a preserved one. Were quantified the levels of elemental and C and N isotopics in the vegetation and the soil, besides inorganic nitrogen (N-amonium and N-nitrate) in the soil. The results have shown that the regeneration of mangroves improve the increase of C and N levels in the soil when considering bigger values in the referred area in relation to the area without arboreal vegetation and that in the seven years regeneration area the levels were greater than in the three years area, despites that, there weren\'t differences in isotopical signatures 15N and 13C. Thus, it highlights the importance of the initiatives of regeneration of the degraded mangrove areas, because in seven years it was possible to identify significative differences among the soil\'s quality indicators in the seven years regeneration area and the area without arboreal vegetation

O presente trabalho analisa o processo de transformação da paisagem litorânea paulista a partir da segunda metade do século XX, utilizando como estudo de caso o município de Bertioga. Este se configura como um município florestal, que ainda em 2008 tem preservada a integridade das dinâmicas ecológicas de seus ecossistemas costeiros, que sobreviveram ao intenso processo de expansão urbana por que passaram muitos municípios vizinhos. Dificuldades históricas de acesso, e a entrada em vigor a partir de meados da década de 1980 de um conjunto de instrumentos jurídicos que impuseram severas restrições à supressão de vegetação nativa de Mata Atlântica, permitiram que em Bertioga fossem observados padrões de ocupação urbanos diferenciados dos observados em grande parte da Baixada Santista, onde a malha urbana substituiu completamente a vegetação primitiva das planícies litorâneas. A urbanização com fins turísticos, o loteamento e a residência de veraneio, são entendidos como os principais vetores de desestruturação das dinâmicas ecológicas presentes na paisagem natural do litoral paulista. Neste cenário o ecossistema de restinga se encontra em posição de especial vulnerabilidade, pois possui formações específicas que somente se desenvolvem nos terrenos firmes de orla marítima, preferidos para a ocupação turística. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the ways in which São Paulos shore landscape has changed throughout the years since the fifties, through a case-study: the city of Bertioga. Bertioga is defined by landscape architecture researchers as a forest municipality, which, in the year of 2008, still has most of its coastal ecosystems ecologic dynamics preserved, in spite of the rapid process of urban growth that most of the nearby cities went through. The factors responsible for this strinking difference in Bertiogas development from other cities in the same area where the urban tissue has completely replaced the original vegetation are mainly the access to the city, traditionally difficult, and the implementation, since the Eighties, of a number of effective laws that have imposed severe restrictions concerning the destruction of Mata Atlânticas (brazilian coastal rainforest) native vegetation. The urban occupation with tourist purposes, the criteria for the division of land into plots and the increasing construction of vacation homes are seen as the main reasons for dismantling the structures of the ecologic dynamics existent in the natural landscape of São Paulos shoreline. Under these circumstances, the restinga ecosystem is specially vulnerable, due to certain formations that occur solely on firm ground along the shoreline the tourists favourite spots.

Apesar do constante progresso da tecnologia de seguranÃa operacional na exploraÃÃo e no transporte de petrÃleo, temos presenciado, a cada dia, um grande nÃmero de acidentes e de magnitudes diversas, que variam desde pequenos derrames operacionais, como o ocorrido em 04/08/2000 em uma das plataformas de Paracuru onde vazaram 100 litros de Ãleo cru, atà acidentes graves como o vazamento dos 4 milhÃes de litros de Ãleo no Rio IguaÃu-Pr, 2000, ou mesmo o desastre da P-36 em 2002 e do Exxon Valdez, 1989. A proporÃÃo do derramamento de petrÃleo depende parcialmente na direÃÃo que à carregado pelos ventos e das correntes oceÃnicas. Se o derramamento chega ao litoral as conseqÃÃncias na Ãrea costeira geralmente à desastrosa. Um derramamento de petrÃleo pode causar problemas sÃrios nos locais onde ocorre e persistir por dÃcadas, mas de uma maneira geral o ambiente marinho nÃo tem sofrido prejuÃzos irreversÃveis. Estudos realizados sobre derramamento de petrÃleo em regiÃes temperadas e tropicais mostraram que em clima tropical a recuperaÃÃo à mais rÃpida, pois em clima temperados os hidrocarbonetos sÃo mais estÃveis e persistem por mais tempo nas Ãguas frias. Dependendo do volume derramado, das caracterÃsticas do produto e das condiÃÃes oceanogrÃficas no momento do acidente, o Ãleo ou outro subproduto pode alcanÃar a costa e afetar severamente o meio ambiente. Nestes casos, à necessÃrio conhecer detalhadamente tanto os ecossistemas costeiros como suas caracterÃsticas geoambientais, para auxiliar a tomada de decisÃes sobre prioridades de proteÃÃo e minimizar os impactos destes derrames, jà que poderà ocorrer interferÃncia sobre a Qualidade da Ãgua; sobre a Biota Marinha, sobre as Atividades econÃmicas (especialmente as atividades relacionadas ao transporte marÃtimo e atividades de pesca), bem como o turismo da regiÃo afetada.A Ãrea de trabalho enfocada neste estudo foi definida levando em consideraÃÃo os riscos induzidos que geram o Complexo PortuÃrio do PecÃm, o Pier de Paracuru, alÃm dos campos de produÃÃo de petrÃleo de Atum, Espada, Xareu e Curimà e as rotas de navios de transporte de Ãleo, que podem atingir, em caso de derramamento, o litoral de SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante, Paracuru, Paraipaba, Trairi e parte do litoral de Itapipoca. / Despite the constant progress of technology, operational safety in the exploitation and transportation of oil, we have witnessed, each day, a large number of accidents and various magnitudes, ranging from small operational spills such as occurred on 04/08/2000 in one of the platforms where Paracuru leaked 100 gallons of crude oil, to serious accidents such as leakage of the 4 million liters of oil into the Rio IguaÃu-Pr, 2000, or even the disaster of the P-36 in 2002 and the Exxon Valdez, 1989. The proportion of the oil spill depends partly on the direction that is loaded by winds and ocean currents. If the spill reaches the coast the consequences in coastal area is generally disastrous. An oil spill can cause serious problems in places where occur and persist for decades, but in general the marine environment has not suffered irreversible damage. Studies on oil spills in tropical and temperate regions that have tropical climate in the recovery is faster, because in temperate climate oils are more stable and persist longer in cold water. Depending on the volume spilled, of product characteristics and oceanographic conditions at the time of the accident, the oil or other product may reach the coast and severely affect the environment. In these cases it is necessary to know as much detail as coastal ecosystems geoambientais features, to help making decisions about priorities for protection and minimize the impacts of these spills, as interference may occur on the Quality of Water, on the Marine Biota on economic activities (especially activities related to shipping and fishing activities) and the tourism region of the desktop afetada.A focused in this study was defined taking into account the risks that generate the induced Port Complex PecÃm of the Pier of Paracuru, beyond the fields of oil production from Tuna, Sword, Xareu and Curimà and the routes of vessels transporting oil, which can reach in case of spill, the coast of SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante, Paracuru, Paraipaba, Trairi and part of the coast of Itapipoca.

No description available.

No description available.

O manguezal é um ambiente dinâmico, exportador de matéria orgânica para os ecossistemas associados oferecendo inúmeros serviços ambientais, além de possuir importância social e econômica e cumprir um papel significativo no armazenamento de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) no solo. Grande parte dessas florestas encontram-se degradadas devido ao uso indevido dessas áreas, influenciando os ciclos biogeoquímicos desses ambientes. Contudo, são escassos os trabalhos de regeneração de manguezais e a avaliação simultânea da ciclagem de nitrogênio nas áreas em diferentes estágios de regeneração. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o nitrogênio da vegetação e do solo de manguezal localizado no Rio Cocó em Fortaleza (CE) em diferentes estágios de regeneração da vegetação. O estudo foi realizado em quatro áreas, sendo uma não vegetada, duas em regeneração plantadas há três e sete anos e uma preservada. Foram quantificados os teores elementares e isotópicos de C e N na vegetação e no solo, além do nitrogênio inorgânico (N-amônio e N-nitrato) no solo. Os resultados indicaram que a regeneração de manguezais promove o aumento dos teores de C e N no solo ao considerar maiores valores na área referência em relação a área sem vegetação arbórea e que na área de regeneração de sete anos os teores foram maiores que na área de três anos, além disso, não houve diferença na assinatura isotópica de ?15N e ?13C. Assim, destaca-se a importância das iniciativas de regeneração das áreas de manguezais degradados, pois em sete anos foi possível identificar diferenças significativas entre os indicadores de qualidade do solo na área em regeneração há sete anos e a área sem vegetação arbórea / The mangrove is a dynamic environment, expoter of organic material to the associated ecosystems offering uncountable environmental services, besides having social and economical importance and playing a significative role in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage in the soil. Great part of these forests find themselves degradated due to improper use of these areas, influencing the biogeochemic cycles of these environments. However, the mangrove regeneration works are rare and simultaneous examination of the nitrogen cycling in the areas in different stages of regenaration, though. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the nitrogen of the vegetation and the soil of the mangrove placed at Rio Cocó in Fortaleza (CE) in different stages of regeneration of the vegetation. The study was conducted in four areas, being one non-vegetated, two in regeneration planted for three and seven years and a preserved one. Were quantified the levels of elemental and C and N isotopics in the vegetation and the soil, besides inorganic nitrogen (N-amonium and N-nitrate) in the soil. The results have shown that the regeneration of mangroves improve the increase of C and N levels in the soil when considering bigger values in the referred area in relation to the area without arboreal vegetation and that in the seven years regeneration area the levels were greater than in the three years area, despites that, there weren\'t differences in isotopical signatures 15N and 13C. Thus, it highlights the importance of the initiatives of regeneration of the degraded mangrove areas, because in seven years it was possible to identify significative differences among the soil\'s quality indicators in the seven years regeneration area and the area without arboreal vegetation

O presente trabalho analisa o processo de transformação da paisagem litorânea paulista a partir da segunda metade do século XX, utilizando como estudo de caso o município de Bertioga. Este se configura como um município florestal, que ainda em 2008 tem preservada a integridade das dinâmicas ecológicas de seus ecossistemas costeiros, que sobreviveram ao intenso processo de expansão urbana por que passaram muitos municípios vizinhos. Dificuldades históricas de acesso, e a entrada em vigor a partir de meados da década de 1980 de um conjunto de instrumentos jurídicos que impuseram severas restrições à supressão de vegetação nativa de Mata Atlântica, permitiram que em Bertioga fossem observados padrões de ocupação urbanos diferenciados dos observados em grande parte da Baixada Santista, onde a malha urbana substituiu completamente a vegetação primitiva das planícies litorâneas. A urbanização com fins turísticos, o loteamento e a residência de veraneio, são entendidos como os principais vetores de desestruturação das dinâmicas ecológicas presentes na paisagem natural do litoral paulista. Neste cenário o ecossistema de restinga se encontra em posição de especial vulnerabilidade, pois possui formações específicas que somente se desenvolvem nos terrenos firmes de orla marítima, preferidos para a ocupação turística. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the ways in which São Paulos shore landscape has changed throughout the years since the fifties, through a case-study: the city of Bertioga. Bertioga is defined by landscape architecture researchers as a forest municipality, which, in the year of 2008, still has most of its coastal ecosystems ecologic dynamics preserved, in spite of the rapid process of urban growth that most of the nearby cities went through. The factors responsible for this strinking difference in Bertiogas development from other cities in the same area where the urban tissue has completely replaced the original vegetation are mainly the access to the city, traditionally difficult, and the implementation, since the Eighties, of a number of effective laws that have imposed severe restrictions concerning the destruction of Mata Atlânticas (brazilian coastal rainforest) native vegetation. The urban occupation with tourist purposes, the criteria for the division of land into plots and the increasing construction of vacation homes are seen as the main reasons for dismantling the structures of the ecologic dynamics existent in the natural landscape of São Paulos shoreline. Under these circumstances, the restinga ecosystem is specially vulnerable, due to certain formations that occur solely on firm ground along the shoreline the tourists favourite spots.