Nous traitons trois problèmes liés à la fonction zêta de Riemann : 1) L'établissement de conditions pour déterminer l'alignement et la simplicité de la quasi-totalité des zéros d'une fonction de la forme f(s)=h(s)±h(2c-s), où h(s) est une fonction méromorphe et c un nombre réel. Cela passe par la généralisation du théorème d'Hermite-Biehler sur la stabilité des fonctions entières. Comme application, nous avons obtenu des résultats sur la répartition des zéros des translatées de la fonction zêta de Riemann et de fonctions L, ainsi que sur certaines intégrales de séries d'Eisenstein. 2) L'étude de la répartition des zéros des sommes partielles de la fonction zêta, et des ses approximations issues de la formule d'Euler-Maclaurin. 3) L'étude du prolongement méromorphe et de la frontière naturelle pour une classe de produits eulériens, qui inclut une série de Dirichlet utilisée dans l'étude de la répartition des valeurs de l'indicatrice d'Euler. / We deal with three problems related to the Riemann zeta function: 1) The establishment of conditions to determine the alignment and simplicity of most of the zeros of a function of the form f(s)=h(s)±h(2c-s), where h(s) is a meromorphic function and c a real number. To this end, we generalise the Hermite-Biehler theorem concerning the stability of entire functions. As an application, we obtain some results about the distribution of zeros of translations of the Riemann Zeta Function and L functions, and about certain integrals of Eisenstein series. 2) The study of the distribution of the zeros of the partial sums of the zeta function, and of some approximations issued from the Euler-Maclaurin formula. 3) The study of the meromorphic continuation and the natural boundary of a class of Euler products, which includes a Dirichlet series used in the study of the distribution of values of the Euler totient.

L'objet de cette thèse porte sur le problème de Cauchy singulier dans le domaine complexe. Il s'agit d'étudier les singularités de la solution du problème pour trois classes d'équations aux dérivées partielles. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux initiés par Jean Leray et son école. Pour décrire les singularités de la solution, on cherche la solution sous la forme d'un développement asymptotique de fonctions hypergéométriques de Gauss. Comme les singularités sont portées par les fonctions hypergéométriques, l'étude de la ramification de la solution se ramène à celle de ces fonctions. / This thesis deals with the singular Cauchy problem in the complex domain. We study the singularities of the solution of the problem for three classes of partial differential equations. This thesis is a continuation of the work initiated by Jean Leray and his school. To describe the singularities of the solution, we seek the solution in the form of asymptotic an expansion of Gauss hypergeometric functions. As the singularities are carried by the hypergeometric functions, the study of the ramification of the solution reduces to that of these functions.

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In the context of static Voltage Stability Assessment (VSA), as the power system load grows, bus voltages tend to drop. This reduction may lead to generator or load disconnections caused by undervoltage protection schemes. These events comprise sudden parametric variations that affect the equilibrium diagram and the Voltage Stability Margin (VSM) of power systems. Practical examples of such sudden load changes are caused by the mandatory disconnection of Distributed Generation (DG) units and Undervoltage Load Shedding (ULS). There are no thorough studies in the literature concerning these load parametric variations and the discontinuities that they cause in power system equilibria. This dissertation describes a predictor/corrector scheme specifically designed to handle these discontinuities, so it is possible to evaluate their effect on the VSM of power systems. This method successively calculates the load discontinuities that exist in the equilibrium locus of the system under analysis. It results in the sequence of sudden load variations that happens and their overall impact on the system. When applied to quantify the effect of DG mandatory disconnections and ULS, the proposed predictor/corrector scheme yielded better results than the traditional Continuation Power Flow (CPFLOW), which experienced convergence problems caused by the discontinuities under analysis. However, due to its design, the applicability of the proposed method should be restricted to power systems that go through several successive sudden load changes. In this sense, it should not be regarded as a replacement for the CPFLOW, but rather as a technique that could award this traditional VSA tool with new features to enhance its performance. / No contexto de análise estática de estabilidade de tensão, conforme a carga de um sistema de potência cresce, as tensões nas suas barras tendem a cair. Essa redução pode causar a desconexão de geradores e cargas devido a atuação de proteções de subtensão. Esses eventos representam variações abruptas de demanda que alteram o diagrama de equilíbrio de um sistema e sua Margem de Estabilidade de Tensão (MET). Exemplos práticos dessas variações são causados pelo desligamento mandatório de unidades de Geração Distribuída (GD) e pelo Corte de Carga por Subtensão (CCS). Não há estudos detalhados na literatura que trabalham especificamente com essas variações nos parâmetros da carga, nem com as descontinuidades que elas causam no diagrama de equilíbrio de sistemas de potência. Essa dissertação descreve um procedimento especificamente projetado para lidar com essas descontinuidades, de modo que seja possível avaliar seu efeito na MET de sistemas elétricos. Esse método calcula sucessivamente as descontinuidades de carga que existem no diagrama de equilíbrio do sistema em análise. Ele resulta na sequência de variações súbitas de carga que ocorre e no seu impacto no sistema. Quando o método foi aplicado para quantificar o efeito do desligamento mandatório de GD e do CCS, ele apresentou resultados melhores do que o tradicional Fluxo de Carga Continuado (CPFLOW), o qual sofreu problemas de convergência causados pelas descontinuidades em questão. Entretanto, devido ao seu projeto, o método proposto só deve ser utilizado para sistemas de potência que estão sujeitos a várias sucessivas variações abruptas de carga. Por essa razão, esse método não pode ser considerado um substituto do CPFLOW, mas sim como uma técnica capaz de agregar novas funcionalidades a essa ferramenta tradicional, amentando assim seu horizonte de aplicações.

Consider an under-determined system of nonlinear equations F(x)=0, F:R^m→R^n, where F is continuously differentiable and m > n. This system appears in a variety of applications, including parameter-dependent systems, dynamical systems with periodic solutions, and nonlinear eigenvalue problems. Robust, efficient numerical methods are often required for the solution of this system. Newton's method is an iterative scheme for solving the nonlinear system of equations F(x)=0, F:R^n→R^n. Simple to implement and theoretically sound, it is not, however, often practical in its pure form. Inexact Newton methods and globalized inexact Newton methods are computationally efficient variations of Newton's method commonly used on large-scale problems. Frequently, these variations are more robust than Newton's method. Trust region methods, thought of here as globalized exact Newton methods, are not as computationally efficient in the large-scale case, yet notably more robust than Newton's method in practice. The normal flow method is a generalization of Newton's method for solving the system F:R^m→R^n, m > n. Easy to implement, this method has a simple and useful local convergence theory; however, in its pure form, it is not well suited for solving large-scale problems. This dissertation presents new methods that improve the efficiency and robustness of the normal flow method in the large-scale case. These are developed in direct analogy with inexact-Newton, globalized inexact-Newton, and trust-region methods, with particular consideration of the associated convergence theory. Included are selected problems of interest simulated in MATLAB.

In the context of static Voltage Stability Assessment (VSA), as the power system load grows, bus voltages tend to drop. This reduction may lead to generator or load disconnections caused by undervoltage protection schemes. These events comprise sudden parametric variations that affect the equilibrium diagram and the Voltage Stability Margin (VSM) of power systems. Practical examples of such sudden load changes are caused by the mandatory disconnection of Distributed Generation (DG) units and Undervoltage Load Shedding (ULS). There are no thorough studies in the literature concerning these load parametric variations and the discontinuities that they cause in power system equilibria. This dissertation describes a predictor/corrector scheme specifically designed to handle these discontinuities, so it is possible to evaluate their effect on the VSM of power systems. This method successively calculates the load discontinuities that exist in the equilibrium locus of the system under analysis. It results in the sequence of sudden load variations that happens and their overall impact on the system. When applied to quantify the effect of DG mandatory disconnections and ULS, the proposed predictor/corrector scheme yielded better results than the traditional Continuation Power Flow (CPFLOW), which experienced convergence problems caused by the discontinuities under analysis. However, due to its design, the applicability of the proposed method should be restricted to power systems that go through several successive sudden load changes. In this sense, it should not be regarded as a replacement for the CPFLOW, but rather as a technique that could award this traditional VSA tool with new features to enhance its performance. / No contexto de análise estática de estabilidade de tensão, conforme a carga de um sistema de potência cresce, as tensões nas suas barras tendem a cair. Essa redução pode causar a desconexão de geradores e cargas devido a atuação de proteções de subtensão. Esses eventos representam variações abruptas de demanda que alteram o diagrama de equilíbrio de um sistema e sua Margem de Estabilidade de Tensão (MET). Exemplos práticos dessas variações são causados pelo desligamento mandatório de unidades de Geração Distribuída (GD) e pelo Corte de Carga por Subtensão (CCS). Não há estudos detalhados na literatura que trabalham especificamente com essas variações nos parâmetros da carga, nem com as descontinuidades que elas causam no diagrama de equilíbrio de sistemas de potência. Essa dissertação descreve um procedimento especificamente projetado para lidar com essas descontinuidades, de modo que seja possível avaliar seu efeito na MET de sistemas elétricos. Esse método calcula sucessivamente as descontinuidades de carga que existem no diagrama de equilíbrio do sistema em análise. Ele resulta na sequência de variações súbitas de carga que ocorre e no seu impacto no sistema. Quando o método foi aplicado para quantificar o efeito do desligamento mandatório de GD e do CCS, ele apresentou resultados melhores do que o tradicional Fluxo de Carga Continuado (CPFLOW), o qual sofreu problemas de convergência causados pelas descontinuidades em questão. Entretanto, devido ao seu projeto, o método proposto só deve ser utilizado para sistemas de potência que estão sujeitos a várias sucessivas variações abruptas de carga. Por essa razão, esse método não pode ser considerado um substituto do CPFLOW, mas sim como uma técnica capaz de agregar novas funcionalidades a essa ferramenta tradicional, amentando assim seu horizonte de aplicações.

Nous simulons numériquement les équations de Boussinesq pour la convection de Rayleigh-Bénard en récipient cylindrique. Dans la première partie, pour un rapport d'aspect d'environ 1.5, le nombre de Prandtl 1 et parois verticales isolantes, une transition d'un écoulement stationnaire axisymétrique vers des écoulements non-stationnaires est étudiée, par moyens de simulations non-linéaires, analyse de stabilité linéaire et théorie de bifurcations. Pour un nombre de Rayleigh d'environ $25\,000$, l'état axisymétrique devient instable vers les ondes azimutales stationnaires ou progressives. Les ondes stationnaires sont légèrement instables vers les ondes progressives. Ce scénario est identifié comme une bifurcation de Hopf dans un système avec une symétrie $O(2)$. Dans la deuxième partie nous étudions le phénomène de coexistence d'états stables pour le rapport d'aspect 2, le nombre de Prandtl 6.7 et les parois verticales soit parfaitement isolantes, soit parfaitement conductrices. En faisant varier le nombre de Rayleigh et les conditions initiales, nous obtenons une grande variété de motifs convectifs pour le même nombre de Rayleigh. Nous donnons un diagramme de bifurcations préliminaire, montrant les branches stables. Les résultats pour les parois verticales parfaitement isolantes sont en bon accord avec les expériences.

On présente dans cette thèse deux projets de<br />recherche sur le contrôle optimal de véhicules spatiaux.<br /><br />Le premier est consacré au problème du transfert orbital. Le modèle étudié est celui du contrôle en temps minimal d'un satellite que l'on souhaite insérer sur une orbite géostationnaire. Ce type de problème classique a été réactualisé avec l'évolution de la technologie des moteurs à poussée faible et continue. Notre contribution est de deux ordres. Géométrique, tout d'abord, puisqu'on étudie la contrôlabilité du système ainsi que<br />la géométrie des transferts (structure de la commande) à l'aide d'outils de contrôle géométrique (principe du minimum). Sont ensuite présentés l'algorithme de tir et la méthode de continuation. Ces approches permettent de traiter numériquement le problème du transfert orbital dont la poussée est forte à faible.<br /><br />Le second concerne le calcul des trajectoires de rentrée<br />atmosphérique pour la navette spatiale. Le problème<br />décrivant les trajectoires est de dimension $6,$ le contrôle est l'angle de gîte cinématique ou sa dérivée et le coût est l'intégrale du flux thermique. Par ailleurs, il y a des contraintes sur l'état (flux thermique, accélération normale et pression dynamique). Notre étude est fondée sur l'obtention des conditions nécessaires d'optimalité (principe du minimum avec contraintes sur l'état) applicables à notre cas, sur le calcul des<br />paramètres $(\eta,\nu,u_b)$ associées à la contrainte sur l'état et sur l'analyse des synthèses optimales au voisinage de la contrainte. Une fois la trajectoire optimale déterminée, on utilise l'algorithme de tir multiple et la méthode de continuation pour les évaluations numériques.

<p>For many questions of complex analysis of several variables classical potential theory does not provide suitable tools and is replaced by pluripotential theory. The latter got many important applications within complex analysis and related fields. Pluripolar sets play a special role in pluripotential theory. These are the exceptional sets this theory. Complete pluripolar sets are especially important. In the thesis we study complete pluripolar sets and pluripolar hulls. We show that in some sense there are many complete pluripolar sets. We show that on each closed subset of the complex plane there is continuous function whose graph is complete pluripolar. On the other hand we study the propagation of pluripolar sets, equivalently we study pluripolar hulls. We relate the pluripolar hull of a graph to fine analytic continuation of the function. Fine analytic continuation of an analytic function over the unit disk is related to the fine topology introduced by Cartan and to the previously known notion of finely analytic functions. We show that fine analytic continuation implies non-triviality of the pluripolar hull. Concerning the inverse direction, we show that the projection of the pluripolar hull is finely open. The difficulty to judge from non-triviality of the pluripolar hull about fine analytic continuation lies in possible multi-sheetedness. If however the pluripolar hull contains the graph of a smooth extension of the function over a fine neighborhood of a boundary point we indeed obtain fine analytic continuation.</p>

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