La position défendue ici est que l'étude quantitative parallèle d'un phénomène linguistique, effectuée dans desconditions identiques, permet de mieux comparer deux systèmes linguistiques que l'étude du mêmephénomène en traduction. En l'occurrence, ce sont les catégories adjectivales de l'anglais et du français quiont été étudiées. Des critères d'identification communs ont été définis dans une perspective typologique.Ensuite, dans deux corpus bilingues traduits de 10 000 mots chacun, environ 1 800 SN ont été recensés etétiquetés manuellement dans chaque langue comme étant sans épithète ni attribut, ou bien avec épithète, oubien avec attribut, ou bien les deux en même temps. D'autres paramètres contextuels (déterminant, fonctionsyntaxique du SN, présence de SP et/ou de relatives, gradation, classe sémantique du nom recteur) ont aussiété pris en compte dans l'étiquetage manuel. Deux corpus littéraires de 5 millions de mots dans chaquelangue ont aussi été réunis selon des critères communs, et étiquetés par catégories grammaticales. Desrecherches par expressions rationnelles ont permis d'établir pour chaque adjectif sa prédisposition à lafonction épithète ou attributive, et sa réceptivité à la gradation. L'étude quantitative parallèle a permis deconstater des convergences entre l'anglais et le français en ce qui concerne les rapports entre adjectifs etdéterminants, des divergences quant aux interactions avec les prépositions, et d'établir une corrélationstatistique entre la compatibilité avec la fonction attributive et la réceptivité à la gradation. Cependant,aucune de ces tendances n'apparaît clairement dans le recensement des traductions auxquelles les adjectifsont donné lieu. / The argument put forward herein is that a quantitative parallel study of a linguistic phenomenon is bettersuited to the comparative study of two linguistic systems than the observation of the same phenomenon intranslation. The adjectival categories in English and French were studied in such a manner. Common criteriafor identification were first defined from a typological perspective. Then, in two bilingual corpora oftranslated texts of around 10,000 words each, around 1,800 NPs were manually inventoried and labeled ineach language either as having no attributive or predicative adjective, or one or more attributive adjectives, orone or more predicative adjectives, or both at the same time. Other contextual parameters (determiner,syntactic function of the NP, presence of prepositions or relative clauses in the NP, marks of intensity,semantic class of the noun) were manually inventoried as well. Two predominantly literary corpora of around5 million words in each language were collected using common criteria, and tagged with part of speechlabels. Regex searches were used to evaluate the predisposition for attributive or predicative function, andsensitivity to intensifiers of each adjective. The quantitative parallel study of adjectives revealedconvergences between English and French regarding the interactions with determiners, divergences in regardto prepositions, as well as a statistical correlation between the compatibility with predicative function andreceptivity to intensifiers. None of these tendencies

Traditionally, some occupational titles have been explicitly marked for the gender of the group dominating the occupation. For example, in male-dominated occupations, titles often end with -man. However, since the second-wave feminist movement, several of the previously gender-biased titles have been supplemented by new, gender-neutral titles. Previous research has shown a discrepancy between researchers regarding the implications of these new titles. Some argue that the gender-neutral titles are only used for female referents, whereas others claim that gender-neutral titles, especially for male- dominated occupations, tend to still presuppose maleness. In the present paper, a corpus-based study is conducted on a few selected occupational titles. The aim is to investigate whether the gender-neutral alternatives have increased in usage over time, and whether the gender-biased ones have decreased. In addition, the study aims at examining whether the gender-neutral forms tend to be used primarily for women or men. The present study is corpus-based, examining the particular terms in the TIME Magazine Corpus. The results of the study show that there has been an increase of the gender-neutral forms since their introduction to English, and that they are primarily used when there is no explicit gender referencing. Proposed explanations for these results are that it may depend on the type of work involved in the selected occupations, as well as them being male-dominated. Furthermore, the results indicate that the gender- neutral terms are opted for when gender is either unknown or irrelevant for the context.

Marchand (1969) claims that abbreviations and acronyms, which are also known as ‘initialisms’, are used to create “names of new scientific discoveries, trade-names, names of organizations, new foundations or offices, but occasionally, and chiefly in American English, personal and geographical names are also coined in this way” (Marchand, 1969: 452). However, initialisms that originate from netspeak, such as ‘LOL’, are different from the initialisms Marchand (1969) describes. These initialisms are not names of organizations or scientific discoveries; rather, they describe everyday things or phases. This kind of initialism is a new phenomenon that seemingly did not exist before the Internet, and the aim of this essay is thus to examine whether Internet has given us increased opportunities for this type of word formation. A corpus of informal English was created for this study and ten initialisms were extracted from that corpus. These initialisms were then examined in the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The data from the COCA showed that people do form and use this kind of initialism, albeit they do it very infrequently. Furthermore, the corpus data showed that these items are used in all different genres that exist in the COCA, except for academic writing. The data found in this study indicates that people seem create a new kind of initialism, and that people therefore have new opportunities to use this kind of word formation. However, the data is too sparse to draw any definite conclusions from it.

The aim of this study is to examine how the word manly was used during the 19thcentury. Using the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) it looks atcollocates, the spread across registers and semantic meaning, in order to gain a betterunderstanding of the word and its usage. Due to this term’s connotations with gender,the findings will finally be discussed in relation to Gender Performativity andMasculinity Theory.

This corpus based diploma thesis takes stock of Finnish epistemic modal verbs voida, saattaa, taitaa and mahtaa and surveys their translational counterparts as they can be found in the parallel corpus InterCorp. The aim of the thesis is to find out what tendencies there can be found in the translation of the modals in question. In the theoretical part, there is, firstly, a description of both modality and modal verbs in Finnish and Czech, secondly, of the differences between the approaches to modality in both languages and, thirdly, of the features of translated language. In the analytical part, the translations are sorted out into categories based on the particular modal specifiers. The description of the different modal specifier categories follows.

This thesis deals with the analysis of the epistemic modality of selected French adverbs in -ment. After a theoretical introduction of basic terms and characterizations of the epistemic modality and the principal means of its expression, it focuses on the very epistemic adverbs. At first, for the purpose of the following research, we specify the syntactically and semantically homogenous group of epistemic adverbs in -ment, defining it by dictionaries and constituent works. Afterwards, this group is analyzed quantitatively - on the French corpora Frantext, L'Est républicain and frWac - as well as qualitatively - on the parallel corpus InterCorp - with an emphasis on the post-verbal position of the adverb in the sentence, on the certainty degree and the Czech translation equivalents. The final part of the study is constituted by a reversed analysis of acquired Czech equivalents. Key words: French, epistemic modality, modal specificators, modal adverb, corpus linguistics.

La parution d’un certain nombre de travaux menés sur les « conjonctions de subordination », Deulofeu (1999a) sur que, Benzitoun (2006a) à propos de quand, Corminboeuf (2009) pour si, Debaisieux (2006) concernant parce que, quoique, puisque et bien que, etc., a permis de rendre justice à la pluralité des fonctionnements syntaxiques des structures ainsi introduites en faisant valoir le fait qu’elles ne peuvent être constamment ramenées à une relation de dépendance grammaticale. C’est dans cette même lignée que s’inscrit ce travail qui a pour objectif de recenser, sur la base de corpus de français parlé et écrit, les différents fonctionnements syntaxiques de la conjonction alors que en français contemporain. Il apparait que les séquences ainsi introduites relèvent de cinq principaux emplois, dont un seul est à considérer comme véritablement « subordonné ». Nous associerons par ailleurs un ou plusieurs effets de sens à chacun de ces emplois. / A number of recent studies dealing about the syntactic properties of French subordinating conjunctions such as que (which, who, that) (Deulofeu, 1999a), quand (when) (Benzitoun, 2006a), si (if) (Corminboeuf, 2009) or parce que, quoique, puisque and bien que (because, since, although) (Debaisieux, 2006) have brought an increased awareness of the various grammatical behaviors of such forms, which definitely cannot be reduced to a simple relation of syntactic dependency. Using this approach, the present dissertation will attempt to offer a precise account of the conjunction alors que (whereas) as it is used in spoken and written contemporary French. It will be demonstrated that the constructions introduced by alors que can be classified into five main syntactic types, only one of them presenting a truly “subordinating” effect. In addition to analyzing their specific syntactic structure, our different types will be described according to their particular semantic value.

This paper deals with corpus linguistics. There are two applications under its scrutiny. Both of these applications are processing data from the corpus DeReKo via corpus-driven approach. It is a co-occurrence analysis and a Co-occurrence database. The aim of the work is to evaluate whether the results obtained by the co-occurrence analysis of the current scope of DeReKo are different from the results of the Co-occurrence database, which was created on a basis of a smaller scale corpus. In addition, this thesis offers illustrative examples of the use of both applications and the evaluation of their effectiveness, depending on the purpose of the research. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the terminology of corpus linguistics and with the mentioned corpuses, which serve as a basis for the practical part of the thesis. The empirical part of the thesis consists of analyses of the randomly picked words (one from each word class) in both applications. The results confirm that the data obtained with Co-occurrence database and co-occurrence analysis are in many respects different and thus confirm the hypothesis that the corpus size plays a crucial role in the results. Both applications have their advantages and disadvantages. The paper offers a comprehensive overview and by doing so it...

As climate change becomes more destructive to our planet, some governments have taken action towards a more sustainable future. One being the UK, where a Climate Emergency was declared in 2019, which affects public corporations and news outlets. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how do news reports portray natural disasters from an eco-linguistic perspective. This qualitative study focuses on analysing data regarding the 2019-2020 wildfires in Australia through the linguistic choices made in the texts by incorporating a combination of corpus linguistics, eco-linguistics and media discourse. The corpus under investigation consists of 41,055 words collected from 4 different UK-based news outlets. In order to analyse the data, I chose three search words (fire, climate and animal) to further investigate by using both corpus- and eco-linguistics. The results showcase a consistent pattern within the selected search words: fire and climate are portrayed as threats whereas animals are portrayed as victims. Yet, the most remarkable finding is regarding climate, as it is viewed as a cause rather than an effect caused by human actions. This study is a step towards a better understanding of climate change in news reporting; providing an insight on what the discourse is lacking but should be included.

Research points at the textbook as the main source for mathematics development in the early school ages. The study enhances the concept of relational and instrumental understanding as means to address the teaching environment within textbooks. To investigate a part of the linguistic structure of this literature, this study reports on the main features that characterize the word class known as verbs due to their presence throughout a series of textbooks designed for the stages 1 to 3 in Sweden. The goal was to make common claims about frequency, tense and processes due to these verbs. By creating a specialized corpus, these verbs were catalogued and marked in comparison to two larger corpora and to GERS-levels. A process analysis was then done based on a systemic-functional linguistic tool. The results show a vast difference between the low- and the high frequency verbs. Analysis showed that present tense held the highest frequency by over 50%. Results also showed presence of the formal passive voice. Furthermore, the material processes were in a large majority in contrast to others present. Other indications of the analysis showed poor conditions for development of relational understanding in contrast to emphasis made in the national curriculum. Conclusions involve statements regarding textbook teaching methods not providing sufficient environments for language development. The characters of the verb corpus might place demands on students’ lexical knowledge and language proficiency level on forehand, which might induce a language-related knowledge barrier against the mathematical communication provided through the textbook.