Les mays de Notre-Dame, tableaux offerts de 1630 à 1707 par la confrérie Sainte-Anne-Saint-Marcel des orfèvres parisiens à la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris en signe de dévotion à la Vierge, forment un des ensembles de peinture religieuse les plus importants du XVIIe siècle. La thèse de doctorat propose une étude de cette série en deux volets, une approche analytique à travers un essai et une approche synthétique à l'aide d'un catalogue. L'essai aborde dans une première partie le contexte confraternel et explique le choix de grands formats présentés dans la nef de la cathédrale. La deuxième partie s'intéresse à la fonction religieuse et politique de ces tableaux. La troisième partie s'attache aux conditions de la commande et aux questions de style et évalue la réception des œuvres au XVIIIe, XIXe et XXe siècles. Le catalogue reprend pour chaque tableau l'ensemble des données documentaires et visuelles. Les textes accompagnant les toiles (contrats, explications, inventaires de Notre-Dame) constituent les annexes. L'importance des mays dans la peinture religieuse du XVIIe siècle tient à leurs résonances avec les préoccupations pastorales et théologales de l'Église de Paris, ainsi qu'à leur statut de modèle pour la peinture religieuse. Exposés au cœur de la cathédrale de Paris, ils constituent un décor sacré au service du roi et de la politique religieuse du royaume. / The mays of Notre-Dame, paintings offered from 1630 till 1707 by the brotherhood Sainte-Anne-Saint-Marcel of the Parisian silversmiths to the cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris in sign of worship in the Virgin, are one of main group of paintings of the XVIIth century. The doctoral thesis proposes a study of this series in two steps, an analytical approach through a essay and a synthetic approach by means of a catalog. The essay approaches on a first part the fraternal context and explains the choice of large formats presented in the nave of the cathedral. The second part is interested in the religious function and the politics of these paintings. The third part becomes attached in the conditions of the command and to the questions of style and estimates the reception of the works at the XVIIIth, XIXth and XXth centuries. The catalog resumes for every picture all the documentary and visual data. Texts accompanying paintings (contracts, explanations, inventories of Notre-Dame) establish appendices. The importance of mays in the religious painting of the XVIIth century holds their echos with the pastoral concerns and théologales of the Church of Paris, as well as in their status of model for the religious painting. Exposed at the heart of the cathedral of Paris, they constitute a decoration crowned in the service of king and of religious politics of the kingdom.

The thesis is primarily focused on the person of the Polish Jesuit preacher Piotr Skarga and his most famous work Kazania Sejmowe, 1597. In the introduction of our thesis we deal with the area of The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the turn of 16th and 17th century. We put more detailed emphasis on political and cultural history and we describe life, activities and literary work of Piotr Skarga. In the core of our thesis we analyse the selected parts, elements and themes of the literary work Kazania Sejmowe. Subsequently we compare them with several other central european literary works. The aim of our thesis is to take a closer look at the personality and the literary work that have a firm place in Polish culture and to compere them with other central european literature. Keywords Piotr Skarga, Polish literature, Counter-Reformation, 16th century, jesuits, PolishLithuanian Commonwealth

The thesis addresses the topic of women in the process of the recatholization of Bohemia and focuses mainly on the first half of the 17th century. The author investigated if and how much the experience of women differed from that of men. More than the legislation and newly created norms the application of these directions enlightens the topic of women. Rich material connected to the activity of the recatholization commission and other authorities devoted to the conversion of Czech population was used. Sources of statistical character were used for evaluation of the results of the process. Because of their extent, regional restriction had to be made - we focused on Boleslavsko. In the focus of the thesis were mainly townswomen and lower nobility. One of the most important findings is the fact that the authorities saw women as important as men in the process. Although specific, seemingly more moderate, means for coercion were used in women's case. This flexibility is typical for the Catholic church's approach to women and we are in concord with other researchers, mostly from abroad. The findings also contribute to our knowledge of the process of the recatholization of the Czech lands. KEY WORDS Recatholization, Catholic reformation, women's history, gender history, early modern ages, counter-reformation.

disertační práce v anglickém jazyce MGR. ING. MARIE OPATRNÁ REFLECTION OF ITALIAN PAINTING IN WORK OF "CZECH" ARTISTS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BAROQUE PAINTING IN THE PERIOD 1611-1650 Školitel práce: DOC. PHDR. MARTIN ZLATOHLÁVEK, PHD. The thesis deals with "Czech" painting of the first half of the 17th century and the Italian influences in it. In order to understand the origin of these influences, it explores Italian sacral painting of the whole 16th century. Nevertheless, the main attention is dedicated to the second half of this century. The part of this theme is explained on the development of academic studies from the 20th century. The second part of the thesis deals with the Czech art-historical literature and with the subject of protobaroque or early baroque painting. These two parts define terms of these periods and their approaches to painting. The main point of interest is the transition in the field of sacral painting from the art of late renaissance to the art of early baroque. The existence of this special period of sacral painting in Czech area is supported by examples of images and their analysis. The conclusion summarizes new findings and opens questions about new view on the Czech painting of the 17th century and about new methodological attitudes.

This dissertation comprises the first study of the poetry of the Portuguese humanist Diogo de Teive (1513-14 – c. 1569). It examines and presents a scholarly edition of the Epithalamium which Teive composed on the occasion of the marriage of Princess Maria of Portugal to Alessandro Farnese in 1565. It also critically explores the work in which the poem was published, the Epodon libri tres (Lisbon, 1565). Because both this and the Epithalamium bring together different strands of Teive’s literary work, Chapter One analyses the development of his literary career, linking it to the ideological and cultural transformations which took place in Portugal from the 1540s to the 1560s, and the author’s attempt to carve his identity and space in the Portuguese literary scene. Chapter Two explores the concepts of ‘imitatio’ and ‘mimesis’ in the Epodon libri tres, shedding light on specific aspects of the Epithalamium. In the eyes of his readers, Teive emerges as a Catholic Horace. This is achieved by means of formal imitation, ‘aemulatio’, and allusion to Horace, a process whereby Teive introduces significant and ideologically motivated differences representative of the impact of Counter-Reformation upon literary writing. The ‘aemulatio’ of Prudentius’s Peristephanon in book II is to be understood in this light. Part Two engages with Teive’s comments on questions of verbal representation in the Epodon libri tres. Chapter Three analyses the Epithalamium from a generic perspective, arguing that it presents instances of generic enrichment, and that these are an example of the appropriation of occasional poetry for the purpose of authorial self-representation. One of the instances of generic enrichment is the incorporation of a didactic passage indebted to the tradition of the ‘speculum principum’, which is analysed in Chapter Four. Part One interprets the rewriting and appropriation of Plutarch and Erasmus as authorising strategies whereby Teive represents himself as an advisor of kings in the Epodon libri tres. Part Two discusses the author’s political thought and opinions, drawing from an analysis of the Epithalamium. Finally, Chapter Five comprises the study of the transmission of the poem, its metrical analysis, edition, translation, and commentary.

À l’aide des écrits d’humanistes chrétiens, ayant exercé un contrôle sur la pratique des arts après le Concile de Trente, nous tenterons d’expliquer le développement du genre paysager en peinture. Le cardinal Federico Borromeo, Louis Richeôme ainsi que Jean Calvin figurent parmi les théologiens qui ont contribué à cette littérature chrétienne influente. Nous nous servirons surtout de l’historiographie récente afin de prouver le rôle essentiel joué par la pensée chrétienne dans le développement de la représentation de la nature en art. Prenant appui sur certaines études importantes, nous analyserons des exemples tant picturaux qu’architecturaux qui reflètent cette influence chrétienne sur la perception de la nature. Au préalable, nous tenterons de dresser un portrait de l’environnement culturel et religieux dans lequel ces humanistes chrétiens ont vécu et développé leur pensée. Notre objectif sera de prouver que l’humanisme chrétien a joué un rôle important pour l’essor du paysage à l’époque de la Contre-Réforme. Les sources contemporaines ainsi que leur interprétation par les historiens et les historiens d’art modernes permettront de mieux comprendre le rôle joué par la pensée chrétienne au sein de ce développement artistique. / Examining the writings of Christian humanists, who exercised control over the practice of the arts after the Council of Trent, this paper seeks to understand the development of landscape painting in the Early Modern period. Cardinal Federico Borromeo, the Jesuit Louis Richeome and Jean Calvin, are among those theologians who contributed to this influential Christian literature. We will mainly use the recent historiography to demonstrate the essential role played by Christian thought in the rise of the representation of nature into art. Building on some important studies, we will analyze both pictorial and architectural examples that reflect this Christian influence on the perception of nature. First, we will try to paint a picture of the religious and cultural environment in which the Christian humanists lived and developed their thinking. Our goal is to prove that Christian humanism played an important role in the development of landscape representations during the Counter-Reformation. Contemporary sources as well as their interpretation by modern historians and art historians will help us to better understand the role of Christian thought in this artistic development.

Esta tese analisa a política de crédito fundiário no Ceará, posta em prática pelos governos estadual e federal em parceria com o Banco Mundial a partir de 1996. A forma pela qual o Estado foi levado a dar início e desenvolver a “reforma agrária de mercado" no Ceará, recoloca problemas importantes: a questão da reforma agrária e o acesso à terra pelos sem terra, o problema da estrutura fundiária no Ceará, no Nordeste, e em outras regiões. Simultaneamente, repõe o problema da “adaptação" de moradores de condição, parceiros, rendeiros e migrantes temporários ao mercado capitalista. A reflexão sobre a contra-reforma agrária do Banco Mundial e os camponeses passa pela discussão acerca do desenvolvimento territorial contraditório, desigual e combinado, desenvolvido no interior da Geografia agrária. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de um estudo transversal realizado em oito assentamentos criados a partir dos projetos São José e Cédula da Terra, partes constitutivas da denominada “reforma agrária de mercado" no Ceará. A implementação da “reforma agrária de mercado" no Ceará, tem significado a reativação do mercado de terras contribuindo para a ampliação das relações, especificamente capitalistas no campo como a apropriação da renda capitalizada da terra por proprietários de terras rentistas. Os assentamentos como frações do território conquistadas se constituíram com base na propriedade familiar que é uma forma de propriedade diferente da propriedade privada capitalista. A apropriação familiar e o desenvolvimento de formas de trabalho como o individual (familiar), a prática de ajuda mútua, o uso comum da terra e o trabalho coletivo revelam a ocorrência de formas alternativas para a propriedade privada imposta pelo Estado. Existe, portanto, um sério conflito entre o regime de propriedade privada implementado sob a lógica de mercado do Estado e a concepção de propriedade familiar reproduzida pelos camponeses e legitimada com o apoio dos movimentos sociais e das entidades camponesas em luta pela reforma agrária no país. / This thesis analyzes the agrarian credit policy in Ceará, put into practice by the State and Federal Governments in partnership with the World Bank since 1996. The reason which led the State government begin and develop the “market agrarian reform" in Ceará, puts back important problems: the agrarian reform problem and the land access to the landless peasantry, the agrarian structural problem in Ceará, in the northeast and in other areas. Simultaneously, replaces the “adaptation" problem of the condition dwellers, partners, tenant farmers and temporary migrants to the capitalist market. The reflection on the agrarian counter-reformation of Wold Bank and the peasants passes by the discussion concerning the contradictory, unequal and combined territorial development, developed inside the agrarian Geography. The research was developed from a transversal study accomplished in eight settlements created from the São José and Cédula da Terra projects, constituent parts of the denominated “market agrarian reform" in Ceará. The implementation of the “market agrarian reform" in Ceará, has meant the land market reactivation contributing to the enlargement of the relationships, specifically capitalists in the countryside as the appropriation of the capitalized income of the land by landowners of the rentable land. The settlements as fractions of the conquered territory have been constituted based on the family property that is a property form different from the capitalist private property. The family appropriation and the development in labor ways as the individual (family), the practice of mutual help, the land common use and the collective labor reveals the occurrence of alternative ways for the private property imposed by the State Government. There is, therefore, a serious conflict between the private property regime implemented under the State market logic and the conception of family property reproduced by the peasants and legitimated by the social movements and from the peasant entities support that fight for the agrarian reform in the country.

[pt] Esta dissertação roçará pelo ficcional. Teremos um Vieira personagem que, como ator, aparece em cena já idoso, invadido pelo passado, a recordar, a escrever, trazido pela narradora onisciente que lhe decifra gestos, palavras e até pensamentos. Através dele, conheceremos um pouco de sua vida e da vida de Inácio de Loyola, o seu grande mestre. Analisaremos, desde a sua gênese, a Reforma e a Contra-Reforma, a sua influência sobre Vieira e o seu posicionamento diante dos dois movimentos que mudaram a história da Igreja.. Neste contexto, examinaremos o movimento artístico que tanto influenciou Vieira, o Barroco - movimento de transgressão, com suas tendências e características, e o interesse da Igreja em dele apropriar-se para fazê-lo a sua arma de divulgação. Analisar-se-ão, finalmente, alguns sermões, começando pelos que se intitulam As cinco pedras da funda de Davi, e nestes sobretudo a questão do conhecimento de si mesmo, abordada por Vieira através das parábolas e histórias bíblicas por ele privilegiadas.Nos sermões do Rosário, referentes aos negros, atentarse- á para o forte cunho social e político que lhes é imprimido e a dura crítica aos senhores de engenho.Nos sermões do Mandato, tratar-se-á da contraposição do amor divino ao humano, destacando-se a questão do fino amor, proposta por Vieira, demonstrada através do contraponto entre a fineza dos dois amores, o divino e o humano, este sempre duvidoso e inconstante. / [en] This thesis borders on the fictional. Its protagonist is Vieira, already an old man, haunted by the past, reminiscing and writing, a character created by the omniscient narrator who deciphers his gestures, words and even thoughts. Through Vieira we learn something not only about his own life but also about that of Ignatius of Loyola, his great master. An analysis is made of the Reformation and the Counterreformation, from their very beginnings, and of their influence on Vieira, showing the stands he took in relation to the two movements that changed the history of the Church. In this context we will examine the artistic movement that had such influence on Vieira, the baroque - a transgressive movement, with its trends and characteristics, which the Church tried to appropriate for its own propaganda purposes.Finally, we will also analyze a few sermons, beginning with those known under the title The Five Stones in David`s Sling, with the emphasis on the issue of self-knowledge, which Vieira approaches by means of parables and favorite Biblical stories.In the Rosary sermons, which refer to the condition of black people, we underscore their very strong social and political flavor, with their harsh criticism of the powerful owners of sugar plantations.In the Mandate sermons, the theme is the contrast between divine love and human love; in them Vieira discusses the topic of fine love, demonstrating his views through a counterpoint between the fineness of the two loves, the divine and the human, the latter always doubtful and inconstant.

This dissertation considers the mystery of the relationship between human free choice and God by focusing on the Controversy de Auxiliis (1582-1607) and the thought of Domingo Báñez, O.P. (1528-1604) in particular. The dissertation comprises four chapters and a conclusion preceded by a preface and brief historical introduction. The preface introduces the issue to be explored and the motivations for exploring it before providing a general synopsis of the dissertation that is more detailed than the present abstract. The historical summary that follows introduces a theological debate that has become widely unfamiliar to contemporary theology, even while conceptually, that debate remains perennial. The four-chapter body that follows may be divided into two general parts: Broadly, chapters One and Two exposit Báñez’s thought, while chapters Three and Four critique it. Chapter One explores Báñez’s positive account of physical premotion, human freedom and sin. Chapter Two examines Báñez’s critique of Luis de Molina S.J.’s alternative proposal, in conjunction with some contemporary sources from both sides of the debate (Molina was Báñez’s principal adversary in the Controversy de Auxiliis). Báñez’s line of critique in Chapter Two is found to be cogent. Chapter Three investigates Molina’s critique of Báñez and finds it too to be cogent, even though Molina’s positive account was found to be problematic in Chapter Two. Chapter Four begins by exploring Bernard Lonergan S.J.’s work on divine causality and human free choice. Lonergan attempts to provide a fresh historical reading of Aquinas that is unencumbered by the presuppositions of the Controversy de Auxiliis. The first part of Chapter Four explains Lonergan’s critique of Báñez and finds it convincing, while the second part of the chapter finds Lonergan’s interpretation of Aquinas problematic from a theoretical standpoint. Chapter Four then offers a constructive critique of Lonergan’s interpretation before advancing an alternative way to think about God’s causation of human free choices. In closing, this dissertation argues that God creates human free choices, but that in creating a human free choice, God, or God’s creative will, is not an antecedent condition that determines choice. Rather, God creates the entire reality of a human free choice—both what it is and that it is—and in so doing, part of the reality God creates just is that choice’s being up to its human agent.

Univ., Diss.--Stuttgart, 2003.