The final implementation of Mandatory Country-of-Origin Labeling has caused some U.S. packing plants and finishing operations to discontinue using Canadian live hogs and feeder pigs in their operations thereby reducing trade. Using a system of simultaneous equations representing U.S. import demand and U.S. price, this thesis estimates the reduction in trade and any possible price effects in both live hogs and feeder pigs associated with the implementation of the final rule of Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling in the United States. It was found that the implementation of Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling reduced the trade of live hogs between the United States and Canada by 37.8 percent. The reduction in feeder pigs was 24.1 percent. It was also found that the implementation of Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling had no effect on the price of both live hogs and feeder pigs in the U.S. market.

This thesis was concerned with the branch of Consumer Marketing known as Consumer Perception Reasoning, and focused on the reasoning behind the Country-of-Origin Effect and image framing on product selling and promotion effectiveness. The well-established research comprising Country-of-Origin was reviewed to establish a rapport for further research exploring reasons that shape existing consumer attitude. With regard to reasoning, different social, political and cultural variables were explored. It was hypothesized that that the majority of Canadians, separated by ethnic origin, are partial to the same reasoning motivating their appeal toward East Asian country-of-origin effects, and therefore, can be categorized into different ethnocentric buying groups. The primary rationale citied was consumer ethnocentrism between the participants and the images; country-of-origin was the basis of this research. An experimental design was performed, making use of real world political and economical issues present in mass media to form a post exposure questionnaire. Overall, the two-way interaction between perception reasoning and cultural values was upheld, albeit with interesting and notable secondary results. Although Western values did shape the majority of consumer opinion, there was a significant lack in country-of-origin knowledge and experience that caused inaccurate perception motivation. This lack created a greater dislike toward the Taiwanese COO tag resulting from image transferability from the Chinese tag. As well, consumer gender played a significant part in shaping perception motivation toward each of the real-time variables. This was the first study to explicitly the Country-of-Origin Effect to a cross-variable framework, thereby offering significant theoretical contributions to the consumer marketing literature.

Als Reaktion auf die Verbreitung von globalen privaten Lebensmittelstandards gehen einige Entwicklungsländer mit der Gründung eigener nationaler Food Standards einen Weg, um sich in wichtigen Exportländern zu positionieren. Allerdings wirken negative Herkunftsimages dem Aufbau von Glaubwürdigkeit und Anerkennung bei wichtigen internationalen Akteuren entgegen. Diese Studie untersucht die Wirkung von Herkunftsland-Effekten auf die wahrgenommene Glaubwürdigkeit der nationalen Lebensmittelstandards und beurteilt die Benchmarking-Strategien, wie sie von GLOBALG.A.P. und der Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) angeboten werden. Die Daten von 301 Lebensmittel-Managern aus Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern wurden durch eine Online-Befragung im Frühjahr 2010 erhoben. Die Befragten wurden gebeten, verschiedene Aspekte der Glaubwürdigkeit von Standards generell zu beurteilen sowie die Glaubwürdigkeit der Food Standards von acht Ländern spezifisch zu bewerten: Australien, China, Ghana, Indien, Italien, Mexiko, dem Vereinigten Königreich und den Vereinigten Staaten. Durch eine Faktorenanalyse und eine lineare Regression wird ein empirisches Modell zur Glaubwürdigkeit von Lebensmittelstandards analysiert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass "Benchmarking-Signale" erheblich dazu beitragen können, die Glaubwürdigkeit von Lebensmittelstandards in entwickelten Ländern und in Entwicklungsländern zu verbessern.

No description available.

This thesis seeks to examine what cultural work is done on behalf of the state by the Safe Third Country Agreement and Bill C-31’s designated country of origin policy? I will be drawing on the work of Critical Race feminists and Critical Security Studies theorists to examine the concept of safety, systems of domination, and the parameters of national belonging. I will be performing a discourses analysis of the government’s and the Canadian Council for Refugee’s year one report of the Safe Third Country Agreement. I will also be performing a discourse analysis of the Citizenship and Immigration Canada website’s discussion of designated countries of origin. I will argue that state exaltation constructs the state, refugees, and safety in a way that reifies systems of domination.

This thesis investigates the effects of immigration status, country of origin, and duration in Canada on three main health outcomes, namely health care utilization, occurrences of hypertension and heart disease, and body mass index. The first two chapters are cross-sectional studies that utilize data derived from linked national health survey and Ontario databases, whereas the third chapter is a longitudinal study which draws data from the longitudinal National Population Health Survey (NPHS). The first chapter examines the role of immigration status and country of origin in explaining the use of three types of health services: primary care physicians, specialists, and hospitals. The findings suggest that immigrants, especially those who are male and have low educational attainment, use more primary care physicians than comparable non-immigrants. However, immigrants are found to use fewer expensive health services, i.e. specialist and hospital care, compared to Canadian-born residents. Likewise, immigrants from non-traditional source countries make even fewer visits to specialists than do those who came from traditional source countries. The second chapter investigates the associations of immigration status, occurrence of hypertension, and occurrence of heart disease. Findings from this chapter show that immigrants have comparable odds of hypertension and heart disease to those of Canadian-born residents after adjusting for other factors. The third chapter examines the effects of time since arrival in Canada on the change in BMI over the 14-year period. This chapter shows that, holding other factors constant, an additional year in Canada leads to a 0.14% increase in an individual’s BMI. This association is found to be more pronounced for women than men and for married than non-married individuals. The effect of time since arrival in Canada on the change in BMI is reduced to 0.07% after controlling for sample selection bias, suggesting that by ignoring the sample selection issue, the effects of time since arrival in Canada on the change in BMI may be overestimated.

This thesis investigates the effects of immigration status, country of origin, and duration in Canada on three main health outcomes, namely health care utilization, occurrences of hypertension and heart disease, and body mass index. The first two chapters are cross-sectional studies that utilize data derived from linked national health survey and Ontario databases, whereas the third chapter is a longitudinal study which draws data from the longitudinal National Population Health Survey (NPHS). The first chapter examines the role of immigration status and country of origin in explaining the use of three types of health services: primary care physicians, specialists, and hospitals. The findings suggest that immigrants, especially those who are male and have low educational attainment, use more primary care physicians than comparable non-immigrants. However, immigrants are found to use fewer expensive health services, i.e. specialist and hospital care, compared to Canadian-born residents. Likewise, immigrants from non-traditional source countries make even fewer visits to specialists than do those who came from traditional source countries. The second chapter investigates the associations of immigration status, occurrence of hypertension, and occurrence of heart disease. Findings from this chapter show that immigrants have comparable odds of hypertension and heart disease to those of Canadian-born residents after adjusting for other factors. The third chapter examines the effects of time since arrival in Canada on the change in BMI over the 14-year period. This chapter shows that, holding other factors constant, an additional year in Canada leads to a 0.14% increase in an individual’s BMI. This association is found to be more pronounced for women than men and for married than non-married individuals. The effect of time since arrival in Canada on the change in BMI is reduced to 0.07% after controlling for sample selection bias, suggesting that by ignoring the sample selection issue, the effects of time since arrival in Canada on the change in BMI may be overestimated.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga användningen av Country of Origin och dess relevans på den globala marknaden genom att undersöka om en landsimage kan relateras till varumärke istället för produkt. Uppsatsen har en deduktiv ansats då den grundar sig på tidigare teori inom området Country of Origin, positionering samt varumärkesstrategier. En kvalitativ undersökning i form av djupintervjuer med valda företag genomfördes för att kunna besvara uppsatsen syfte. Slutsatserna till uppsatsen är att Country of Origin inte längre är en relevant strategi eftersom varumärkets landsimage är mer relevant än produktens härkomst. För att bättre passa dagens marknadsförutsättningar behöver COO därför modifieras och ge företag konkreta riktlinjer vid användningen av marknadsstrategin eftersom landsimage fortfarande anses vara relevant, men då i relation till varumärket.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen Internationalität und Unternehmenserfolg. Im Zentrum steht dabei die Analyse der Heimatlandfaktoren. Ziel ist es, den Einfluss der Rahmenbedingungen im Heimatland auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Internationalität und Unternehmenserfolg zu quantifizieren.

Os países estão cada vez mais conscientes da importância da sua imagem, dado que, a imagem de um país representa um ativo fundamental nas novas relações econômicas e políticas. Assim, a pesquisa da imagem dos países vem ganhando relevância no campo de estudos de Marketing Internacional. Nesse contexto, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi: investigar quais são as dimensões que compõem a imagem do Brasil e quais são os fatores que contribuem para sua formação no exterior, especificamente na América Latina. Para atingir esse objetivo, foi realizado uma pesquisa qualitativa aplicando o método ZMET e uma pesquisa quantitativa por meio de um survey junto a uma amostra de 1617 respondentes de nacionalidade mexicana, argentina, equatoriana e boliviana. Os resultados do estudo confirmaram que o construto \"Imagem de país\" compreende três componentes (cognitivo, afetivo e conativo), confirmou-se também que a imagem do Brasil pode ser analisada por uma combinação dos componentes cognitivo, afetivo e conativo, sendo que o cognitivo foi o componente mais fortemente identificado, baseado essencialmente em crenças relacionadas à política, às pessoas do país, aos aspectos socioambientais, à economia, à inovação e à cultura do Brasil. Adicionalmente, os resultados demonstraram que, para os participantes pesquisados (mexicanos, argentinos, equatorianos e bolivianos), a internet e os jornais televisivos foram os dois meios de comunicação mais importantes para obter informações sobre o Brasil. Portanto, os meios de comunicação desempenham um papel muito importante na formação da imagem do Brasil na América Latina / The countries are increasingly aware of the importance of their image, since the image of a country is a key asset in the new economic and political relations. Thus, the research of the image of the country has been gaining importance in the international marketing field studies. In this context, the objective of this research was: investigate what are the dimensions that contribute to constitute Brazilian country image and what are the factors that helps to form this particular aspect in Latin America. To achieve this goal, we performed a qualitative research applying ZMET method, and a quantitative research through a survey with a sample of 1617 respondents of Mexican nationality, Argentina, Ecuador and Bolivia. The study results confirmed that the construct \"country image\" comprises three components (cognitive, affective and conative), it was confirmed also that the Brazilian image can be analyzed by a combination of components cognitive, affective and conative. Since the cognitive was the most strongly identified component, essentially based on beliefs related to politics, the people of the country, social and environmental aspects, the economy, innovation and culture of Brazil. In addition, the results showed that the participants surveyed (Mexicans, Argentineans, Ecuadorians and Bolivians), the Internet and television news are the two most important media for information about Brazil. Therefore, the media performs one important role in the Brazilian image formation in Latin America