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by Choi Tai-kai, Hui Lai-king. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1983 / Bibliography: leaves [105-106]

This diploma thesis in the first part discusses the importance of export, and especially its support from the goverment. There is characterized credit risk and the possibility of insurance. The theoretical part introduce an international agreement concluded OECD Consensus, which sets the rules for export credit insurance with the support. The practical part is devoted to an analysis of the insurance company EGAP in the years 2007 - 2009. Insurance contracts are analyzed according to the insurance product and territories. In conclusion there is a recommended procedure for the exporter in arranging insurance.

In China Steel Corporation(CSC) of Taiwan, cash and local L/C were the only two methods for shipping payment for the past 30 years. This didn¡¦t change until year 2001 when a financial crisis in Taiwan resulted in inadquatecy of credit line within Taiwanese domestic steel companies. Many companies were faced with the credit problems for procuring materials. Thus, CSC decided to develop an e-factoring system with the state-of-art e-commerce technologies to help its customers overcoming the problems. In this research, a study was conducted to investiage this e-factoring system. The results indicated that CSC¡¦s e-factoring system not only created a new operating model but also became a successful strategic information system. IT was an innovation that was fully integrated with CSC¡¦s ERP system and work flows. It provided an convenient payment method to secure customers transaction in the business activity growing period and played the role of IT as to provide a secure and convenient trading platform. Finally, the e-factoring system was expanding under the protection of government laws. Thus, we conclude that CSC¡¦s e-factoring system was a success because its development began with a specific focus of resolving specific customers¡¦ problem but later transits into a successful strategic information system through its convenience and effeciency in supporting and retaining target customers.

The main goal of thesis is to give explanation of credit insurance process. Theoretical unit describes potential risks in the international and domestic trade and instruments by which these risks can be eliminated or reduced. The practical part is focus on the service of credit insurance as an effective tool to ensure against the risk. On the case study is calculated by using Net Present Value dependence on the size of discount rate, size of insured loss and date of insurance claim. In the final part of the thesis author take a think of what extent are credit insurance companies responsible for the deepening of economic recession.

The diploma thesis deals with the export credit insurance as one of the possible instruments for covering business risks in international trade. Furthermore, it indicates its basic forms and also focuses on the international rules, which regulate the providing of export credit insurance. The main stress is laid on the development of export credit insurance with state support in a time of global financial and economic crisis. The thesis offers a view of the specific anti-crisis measures of some selected export credit agencies and their impact on the international trade development.

Les révolutions industrielles ont été caractérisées par un rôle des banques joué en premier via le capital circulant, plus que via le financement du capital fixe. Le poids du commerce extérieur dans l’économie Britannique du dix-neuvième siècle pose la question de l’importance d’une catégorie de crédits, les crédits à l’exportation. Le dix-neuvième a vu la croissance des financements des exportations par prêts, ces prêts rencontrant l’engouement aussi bien des banques que des entreprises. A partir de la mi-dix-neuvième siècle, le role historiquement joué par l’escompte connait un déclin relatif, concrétisé par un financement des exportations par prêts devenant dominant dans l’actif des banques. La prolifération des banques, malgré les crises récurrentes, et la concurrence interbancaire qui en a découlé, ont joué dans le sens d’une réduction du rationnement au niveau du financement des exportations. La pression sur le rationnement est d’autant plus notable que les structures de l’assurance-crédit à l’exportation n’ont commencé à s’affirmer qu’en fin de dix-neuvième siècle, et n’ont commencé à bénéficier du soutien de l’Etat qu’après la première guerre mondiale. Malgré cela, les marchés proches des pays d’Europe continentale ont été dépassés en direction des marchés géographiquement éloignés, en principe caractérisés par un niveau de risque plus élevé. L’interaction entre l’élargissement des débouchés à l’exportation et la croissance de la production a bénéficié de l’appui d’une offre de crédits à l’exportation relativement peu sensible au risque. D’où la possibilité de parler de révolutions industrielle, financière, et commerciale. Du point de vue institutionnel, si l’Etat a essentiellement agi dans le sens de l’élargissement de l’accès aux marchés pour les exportations Britanniques, la banque d’Angleterre a, pour sa part, rempli le rôle vital de préteur ultime, permettant de maintenir le flux de financement en direction des entreprises, via le refinancement des banques. / The industrial revolutions were characterized by a role of banks played mainly via the circulating capital, rather than via the financing of fixed capital. The weight of the foreign trade in the nineteenth century British economy raises the question of the importance of a category of credits, the export credits. The nineteenth century saw the growth of loan-financed exports, these loans meeting the craze of banks as well as that of companies. From the mid-nineteenth century, the role historically played by the discount witnessed a relative decline, concretized by a financing of the exports by loans which became dominant among bank activities. The proliferation of banks, in spite of the recurring crises and the interbank competition which ensued from it, resulted in a reduction of the rationing at the level of exports financing. The pressure on the rationing is more considerable than the structures of export credit-insurance began to assert themselves only at the end of nineteenth century, and began to benefit from state support only after World War I. Nevertheless, markets close to countries of continental Europe were exceeded in the direction of geographically remote markets, usually characterized by a level of higher risk. The interaction between export outlets extension and production growth benefited from the support of an export credits offer relatively less risk sensitive. Hence the possibility to speak about industrial, financial and commercial revolutions. From an institutional point of view, if the state has essentially acted in favor of the extension of access to markets for the British exports, the Bank Of England has played, for its part, the vital role of ultimate lender, allowing to maintain the flow of financing in the direction of companies, via the refinancing of banks.

Legal Regulation of Activities of the Export Guarantee and Insurance Corporation The subject of this thesis is an analysis of regulatory instruments which affect the working of the Export Guarantee and Insurance Corporation (abbreviated as EGAP in Czech). While the main point of focus are the legal instruments, non-legal tools needed to be considered as well for a full understanding of the topic. The first chapter covers the historical development of the corporation and its importance for the economy of the Czech Republic. Other institutions supporting export are also mentioned in short - the Czech Export Bank and the CzechTrade agency. In the second chapter I analyse relevant legislation of the Czech Republic and the European Union and international agreements as well. The next chapter consists of a description of insurance products in EGAP portfolio and their comparison. In the fourth chapter, I first outline the export policy of the Czech government and I follow to explain the means of financing the corporation and the capital requirements that are put on it. The topic of insurance operated on a commercial basis is covered, albeit briefly. This is handled by a subsidiary company of EGAP. The process of providing insurance with state support has been changed recently, with measures aiming to...

The first chapter summarises basic characteristics of the export credit insurance, particularly focusing on the export credit insurance with state support. The second chapter summarises the issue of export credit insurance as a tool of export-oriented politics. The third one describes international organisations and international regulations affecting export credit insurance with state support. Tha last chapter summarises developement of export credit insurance from the beginning to the present time including contemporary economic crisis.

第一章 緒論 本文擬以保險利益的理論為基礎，首先深入分析現行以債權人為被保險人之「信用保險」，以澄清其為「信用」保險與「信用」保險利益的妥適性。其次，藉由與「信用保險」概念類似的保險相互比較，釐清同以「債務人不履行債務」為保險事故之「信用保險」、保證保險或保證業務的關係。再者，基於債務人為「信用」歸屬之主體及債務人與「信用」間存在利害關係的基礎概念，進一步探討是否確有以債務人為中心的「信用」保險存在，並嘗試為該保險的存在建構理論基礎。最後，本文希藉由上述類型保險的比較分析，獲得以債務人不履行債務為保險事故之各種類型保險的完整架構。 第二章 保險利益概論 保險利益是一種利害關係，一種存在於某一特定主體與某一特定客體間，具有經濟價值的利害關係。此為我國學者對於保險利益的共同概念，然對於「特定主體」與「特定客體」為何？保險利益於保險制度中的作用如何？我國學者間則有迥異的詮釋。本章藉由上述問題的釐清，確立本文所採保險利益的理論，並作為本文立論的基礎。 第三章 以債權人為被保險人之「信用保險」 本章由信用與授信概念的說明為始，逐步探討債權人「信用保險」的沿革、意義、種類、當事人、保險標的（保險利益）、保險價額、保險金額、保險期間、保險給付、保險性質以及債權人「信用保險」在我國保險法之適用。 第四章 債權人「信用保險」與類似概念之比較 本章在比較與債權人「信用保險」內容或作用相近的保證保險、應收帳款保險與信用壽險，並明確區別其差異。 第五章 　以債務人為被保險人的信用保險 以債權人為被保險人之「信用保險」實質上在保障債權人的授信損失，而非債務人真正的信用損失。以債權人為被保險人之「信用保險」所有的要素均與債務人無關，按本文「授信自債權人判斷、信用應歸屬債務人」之基準，我國學者稱之「信用保險」，顯然有張冠李戴的謬誤。為導正理論上名實不符的錯誤，本文認為以債權人為被保險人之「信用保險」不宜稱為「信用」保險，而應基於債權人的立場以「授信」保險稱之，其保險標的則為「授信保險利益」。 在釐清債權人的「授信保險」之後，本文進一步提出以債務人為中心的「信用」保險概念，亦即當特定事件發生，致債務人有信用減損或信用評等降低的可能性時，由保險人負擔保險給付，以維持債務人之信用不減損與維持債務人原有信用評等的一種保險概念。 第六章　 債務人信用保險與授信保險、其他類似概念之比較 承續前章債務人信用保險概念之建立，進一步比較債權人授信保險及其他類似的概念。 第七章 　 結論與建議 綜合本文的論述，提出結論與建議。