What is at stake in this thesis are the ways in which we approach policing and controlling the cityscape, and, more importantly, architecture's role in this authoritative and institutional apparatuses. Looking at the Watts neighborhood of South Central Los Angeles as both example and test site, this project analyzes how and why the policing apparatus of a city fails to operate effectively, especially in contested urban environments. Existing architectural precedents here, and in other dense cities, have been reduced to emblematic fortresses, where the station and the police are rendered inactive and inaccessible. Responding to this crisis, this thesis re-imagines the police station as a piece of city infrastructure that situates itself as an interface between police and populus. Borrowing from vernacular models of spatial organization and local public phenomenon, the traditionally invisible policing processes get invaded by the surrounding neighborhood, rendering those processes visible and accessible.

Model prison, Lucknow

As police personnel carry out their mandates of enforcing the law, maintaining order, and serving the public, they are entrusted to "practice what they preach." They are expected to abide by the rules, laws, and ethical principles that apply to them as they hold private citizens to account for violations of laws. When the police do not live up to this standard by committing police misconduct, it can tarnish not just the individual officer, but the department and jurisdiction as well. Police misconduct is a concern for society as police misbehavior can result in negative outcomes, such as distrust by the citizenry, poor police-community relations, and litigation. Therefore, it is important for academics and police administrators to gain a better understanding of why police personnel engage in occupational deviance. A sizable literature has identified several individual, organizational, and community-level correlates of police misconduct, but there is a general dearth of knowledge concerning criminological explanations for police misconduct. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential relationship between self-control and police misconduct utilizing two versions of self-control theory. The primary objectives of the dissertation were to: (1) investigate whether self-control predicts police misconduct; and, if so, (2) identify which version of self-control theory best explains police misconduct. The original version of self-control theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990) hypothesizes that crime and deviant behavior are the result of low self-control, which is characterized by impulsivity, a preference for simple tasks, a proclivity for risk-seeking activities, self-centeredness, and a quick temper. More than a decade later, Hirschi (2004) revised the theory in an effort to address several shortcomings of the original theoretical model. In this revision, he moved the focus away from the personality trait of self-control to a rational choice, decision-making conceptualization, which he argued is more consistent with the original intent of the theory. From this new perspective, self-control refers to an internal set of inhibitors that influence the choices people make. Data were collected through online surveys of 101 police supervisors within three U.S. police agencies. The respondents are part of a larger research project, known as the National Police Research Platform, which is funded by the National Institute of Justice. The data were analyzed using a series of correlational and multiple regression strategies. Based on theory and prior research, it was hypothesized that measures of both theoretical versions would significantly predict police misconduct and that, in a full regression model, both versions would yield significant (and independent) effects. As predicted by the hypotheses, the results demonstrated that low self-control (as a measure of Gottfredson and Hirschi's theoretical version) and revised self-control (as a measure of Hirschi's revised theoretical version) were both significantly related to past police misconduct and the likelihood of future police misconduct. Furthermore, both measures produced independent effects in full regression models. Lastly, as evinced by standardized regression coefficients, the results suggested that revised self-control is the superior theoretical version within the context of police deviance. The finding that self-control is related to police misconduct has important policy implications for police administrators. Specifically, it is recommended that administrators 1) bolster their personnel selection and hiring through the use of more judicious background investigations and increased use of psychological testing; 2) increase the use of integrity-testing strategies, such as early warning systems, to detect problematic employees; and 3) utilize quality police training programs with emphases on ethics, consequences of misbehavior, and mechanisms to strengthen employees' levels of self-control. Study strengths and limitations, as well as directions for future research, are presented.

A developing body of research within the fields of criminology and rural sociology has emphasized the importance of considering geographic place in the study of interpersonal violence, and domestic violence in particular. Exploring how place is related to domestic violence lends itself to considerations of geographic variation in socio-structural conditions. A handful of studies since the 1980s have explored structural correlates of intimate abuse largely rooted in one of two theoretical contexts: social disorganization or gender inequality/patriarchy. However, knowledge regarding the relationship between place, social structure, and specific types of violence remains limited. The present study is intended as an examination of the relationship between place, social structure, and intimate homicide. Specifically, this study explores the influence of rurality, social disorganization and gender inequality on male perpetrated-female victim intimate partner homicide (femicide). Analyses are also conducted on non-domestic homicide to serve as a comparison to femicide findings. Several research questions are explored including, (1) does rurality have a significant relationship with femicide rates, (2) does structural gender inequality have a significant relationship with femicide rates, and is this relationship conditioned by rurality, (3) does social disorganization have a significant relationship with femicide rates, and is this relationship conditioned by rurality. All research questions are also explored for non-domestic homicide rates. The data come from several sources including the 2000 U.S. Census (theoretical indicators and control variables), the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service (measure of rurality), the North Carolina State Center for Health Statistics (measure of homicide), and the North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence (measure of femicide). A unique contribution of this study is the use of non-official data sources for homicide measures which are not bound by the same limitations (e.g., accuracy, voluntary reporting) that limit the commonly utilized UCR and SHR data. Negative binomial regression is used to analyze county-level rates of femicide and non-domestic homicide for the population of North Carolina counties (N=100).The results indicate that (1) place does matter, as illustrated by significantly higher risk of femicide and non-domestic homicide victimization in rural counties compared to non-rural counties; (2) increasing female equality in rural counties may serve as a protective factor against femicide victimization, but this relationship is mediated by social disorganization; and (3) increasing social disorganization in non-rural counties is associated with higher risk of non-domestic homicide. The present study has several implications for femicide and disaggregated homicide research. First, the findings demonstrate the importance of considering geographic location in modeling structural theoretical indicators and processes. Second, the significance of certain theoretical indicators representing both gender inequality and social disorganization contribute to the development of a matrix of risk that can be used to encourage and/or justify the more arduous task of testing fully specified models of the theories across place. Third, the present study contributes to the literatures extending social disorganization to rural places and to domestic violence, and the role of structural gender inequality in gendered violence. Future research exploring structural explanations for intimate partner homicide are urged to make comparisons across disaggregated homicide types and, most importantly, consider the influence of rurality.

Current sex offending legislation and public opinion present an image of sexual offenders as specialized predators who are likely to exhibit continued sexually deviant behavior over the life-course. Although sex offending continuity and post-release recidivism has been independently assessed in prior research, the potential link between sex offending continuity and post-release recidivism has yet to be investigated. Using data collected on random samples of sex offenders from a Northeastern state, the present study examines the predictability of sex offender continuity and its potential linkages with general and sex recidivism, as well as identifying distinguishable risk factors related to these outcomes. Logistic regressions provided support for all but one of the four key hypotheses proposed. Specifically, results indicate a low rate of sex offending continuity among the sample, and the presence of identifiable risk factors that distinguish sex offenders who demonstrate continuity from those adult sex offenders who do not display sex offending continuity. Specifically, non-juvenile sex offending is the most notable of the numerous risk factors found to be associated with those displaying sex offending continuity from adolescence into adulthood. Analyses also reveal a significant association between sex offending continuity and sexual recidivism, but not general recidivism. Evidence of identifiable risks factors for both sex and general recidivism are reported. Policy implications, study limitations, and directions for future research are also presented.

<p> Realignment, instituted in October 2011, was California&rsquo;s latest effort at prison reform by realigning responsibility for prisoners labeled nonviolent, non-serious, and non sex-related from the state to counties. Many of these offenders were in state prison upon conviction of property crime offenses. Realignment had a net decarcerative effect on offenders. Simultaneously, California cities&rsquo; officer staffing levels shrunk during the great recession. To determine what impact realignment may have had on property crime in small California cities, and to identify effective response strategies, property crime and officer staffing data was analyzed and a survey administered to the chiefs of those cities.</p><p> Fifty-six California cities with a population of between 25,000 and 50,000 and their own police departments were studied. This study analyzed data for the full year before and after realignment&rsquo;s implementation, 2010 compared to 2012. Analysis of these data indicated an overall trend of increase in property crimes reported to the police, and a significant decrease in officer staffing pre-and post-implementation. Many of the 36 chiefs who responded to the survey identified realignment as the primary factor in the increase of property crime, closely followed by overcrowding in their local or county jail. Of the response strategies offered in the survey, most chiefs said they had made progress on increasing partnerships with allied law enforcement agencies. Finally, a majority of the chiefs identified increasing partnerships with allied agencies the most effective strategy followed by the creation or reorienting specialized units to respond to the issue of realigned offenders.</p>

No description available.

Penal policies and programmes for the control and management of offenders have always been essential in maintaining law and order in the colonial setting. Hong Kong, being one of the few remaining British crown colonies in the twentieth century, is used as an example in this thesis to illustrate how colonial penality was developed after the Second World War. Penal policies and programmes in Hong Kong divorced gradually from the British practices after the Second World War and ended with significant differences in 1997 when Hong Kong was handed back to China. This thesis explores in detail how penal policies and programmes were developed in Hong Kong from 1945 to 1997. Roles of the British administrators in London and Hong Kong, local elites and the community at large in the policy making process are studied and suggestions given to explain why Hong Kong only transported certain penal policies and programmes from England after the War. The differences in timing for the implementation of these adopted policies as well as penal policies and programmes which were developed entirely locally are examined. This former British colony is claimed to be one the safest cities in Asia. Penal policies and programmes in Hong Kong are used to explain how they contributed towards the maintenance of law and order in Hong Kong and their relationship with the interwoven political, social, cultural and economical factors and social institutions which helped transforming Hong Kong into a world class city whilst under the British administration. This case study of colonial penality in post-War penal policy and programme development in Hong Kong would provide insights and contributions in the fields of historical and comparative penology.

This PhD submission is on the basis of a selection of the candidate's published works. It is argued that the accumulated papers and the more recently published book, "Policing and the media: facts, fictions and factions" together display coherence and progression, and have made an original contribution to knowledge through the development and promotion of a distinctive Anglo-Japanese perspective on policing styles and images. Innovation is further demonstrated through critical evaluation and updating of earlier studies on policing styles and images in Britain and Japan, by professors Reiner and Bayley respectively.

<p> The present study seeks to add to the scholarly understanding of media coverage of trafficking by analyzing the content of articles on human trafficking published by the Washington Post and the New York Times in 2012 and 2013. Because the media have the potential to reach large numbers of the public and policymakers through the stories they tell, understanding exactly what the media are saying about trafficking and how that discourse changes over time can offer insight into the role of media in our society, particularly their ability to legitimize or challenge the dominant trafficking agenda. An analysis of trafficking articles also offers a chance to reexamine our perceptions -- if one of the major roles of the media in society is to educate or inform the public about social issues such as trafficking, then what perceptions are we being left with, and how accurate are they? By simultaneously focusing on these types of descriptive and theoretical research questions, this study adds to the growing literature on both fronts. The present study also partially replicates work conducted by another researcher for articles published between 1980 and 2006 in order to make comparisons between the two data sets and identify changes in the media coverage of trafficking over time.</p>