Co-operatives, particularly worker co-operatives, form an integral part of the social and economic development efforts of the South African government. However, worker co-operatives have not achieved the expected results and have mostly remained survivalist in nature, In the literature study, this research explored the potential of worker co-operatives in terms of social and economic development, the state of worker co-operatives in South Africa according to previous research and the challenges faced by worker co-operatives. The submission is that worker co-operatives can only reach their potential in social development when they achieve business success. Therefore, business success factors were determined and criteria for these co-operatives to be classified as successful established. These criteria were as follows:  Longevity (operating for more than three years).  Profitability (showing a surplus for at least one year).  Financial Independence (operating without external funding for at least one year).  Member Income (at least R955 per member per month). The research population for the research was actively operating worker co-operatives registered as clients with the Small Enterprise Development Agency (Seda). A questionnaire exploring the demographics of members, the financial position of the co-operatives and the way in which they were managed and operated were developed. The questionnaire contained questions with regard to financial practices and management, marketing management and activities, operations management, human resource management, management processes.and the support received from development institutions. In addition to the evaluation of the business performance in terms of the criteria for success, the research evaluates the way in which worker co-operatives are managed and operated in terms of established business practices. It, moreover, explores the impact of support initiatives by government institutions and a framework for future development efforts is suggested. The study‟s results show that worker co-operatives are operating at a level where they are unable to fulfil their expected role in economic and social development. Various management and operational challenges were identified. Moreover, it was found that current support initiatives do not have the desired developmental effect. / PhD (Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Co-operatives, particularly worker co-operatives, form an integral part of the social and economic development efforts of the South African government. However, worker co-operatives have not achieved the expected results and have mostly remained survivalist in nature, In the literature study, this research explored the potential of worker co-operatives in terms of social and economic development, the state of worker co-operatives in South Africa according to previous research and the challenges faced by worker co-operatives. The submission is that worker co-operatives can only reach their potential in social development when they achieve business success. Therefore, business success factors were determined and criteria for these co-operatives to be classified as successful established. These criteria were as follows:  Longevity (operating for more than three years).  Profitability (showing a surplus for at least one year).  Financial Independence (operating without external funding for at least one year).  Member Income (at least R955 per member per month). The research population for the research was actively operating worker co-operatives registered as clients with the Small Enterprise Development Agency (Seda). A questionnaire exploring the demographics of members, the financial position of the co-operatives and the way in which they were managed and operated were developed. The questionnaire contained questions with regard to financial practices and management, marketing management and activities, operations management, human resource management, management processes.and the support received from development institutions. In addition to the evaluation of the business performance in terms of the criteria for success, the research evaluates the way in which worker co-operatives are managed and operated in terms of established business practices. It, moreover, explores the impact of support initiatives by government institutions and a framework for future development efforts is suggested. The study‟s results show that worker co-operatives are operating at a level where they are unable to fulfil their expected role in economic and social development. Various management and operational challenges were identified. Moreover, it was found that current support initiatives do not have the desired developmental effect. / PhD (Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

We apply a combination of suppression and release criteria to reconstruct the disturbance history of a ponderosa pine – Douglas-fir stand in central Idaho. In this stand, disturbance, likely fire, induced growth releases in some trees, and sudden, severe suppressions in others. To characterize growth release following disturbance, we developed boundary-line release criteria for Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine. Suppression criteria were applied to identify disturbances defined as a growth reduction of more than 1.8 standard deviations sustained for a minimum of five years. To prevent confusing a true release event with growth increases associated with recovery from suppression, release events were not tallied for at least fifteen years following a suppression event. Release and suppression events were combined to create a disturbance chronology characterized by a high frequency of disturbance between 1820 and 1920. This period of disturbance likely reflects post-European settlement land uses such as grazing and logging as well as an increase in fire frequency. Fire suppression in the latter part of the 20th Century likely explains the decrease in disturbance after 1940. We believe that a combination of release as well as suppression criteria best describes the disturbance history of this stand.

In twentieth century we have witnessed an extensive growth of internet based services in our every sphere of life. The use of information technology has been a core element using by the government as a communication way to its citizen. E-services delivery is present in developing countries but the erudition is still in immaturity level. Most local governments only provide published information and downloadable forms. Most local government sites provide only one way communications. All are still at the basic level of publishing information online. Before implementing and developing any e-services, the authorities should know the expectation to the service from the users and it is also important to know the usability of the e-service in order to develop it with more usability function so that the users will satisfy by using the service. This study is designed to take descriptive look at whether three e-services of Bangladesh government are perceived usable by the citizens. The studies focused on the current usability level of the three e-services and also find out the citizens expectation from those services. The overall conclusion is about the usability level of the e-services, expectations from the citizens, and suggesting the usability criteria to make the e-service more usable. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

Les critères de répartition des compétences contentieuses sont, primairement, autant d’outils découverts et utilisés par le Tribunal des conflits pour réaliser et optimiser son office. Ceci dit, ils représentent par leur nombre et leur diversité d’objets une difficulté tangible pour le juriste et le justiciable qui, au commencement de tout contentieux, se doivent de déterminer nécessairement l’ordre de juridiction apte à connaître du litige. Appréhender et comprendre la répartition des compétences suppose donc d’élucider les réelles fonctions à attribuer à ces critères et, plus largement, de théoriser la méthode et le raisonnement tenu par le juge répartiteur à leur égard. Aussi, l’étude croisée des différents outils de compétences révèle-t-elle que penser les critères de répartition comme des transcriptions de rapports de droit public ou de rapports de droit privé revient à pouvoir conceptualiser la répartition des compétences en termes de relations. C’est en effet au regard du lien obligationnel à la base du litige que le qualificateur en arrive à déterminer la nature juridique tant de l’un que de l’autre et en déduit ainsi, suivant une corrélation désignée, le juge compétent pour en connaître. Mieux encore, c’est en asseyant par cette vision chaque individu au litige à la place qui est la sienne, et ce en correspondance du contexte qui entoure le pourquoi de sa connaissance de l’autre, que s’effectuent l’identification de la situation dialogique mis en cause et celle des potentielles spécificités qui la caractérisent. Il s’en désigne alors presque automatiquement le cheminement déductif vers un critère de répartition en particulier, lequel constitue d’ailleurs aussi bien l’aboutissement que l’explication de ce raisonnement. / Primary, the criteria for distributing litigation competences are as many tools found and used by the Tribunal of Conflicts to achieve its office. Further, due to their amount and the diversity of their purposes they stand for a concrete difficulty for both the lawyer and the litigant as they must necessarily determine the competent jurisdiction – judiciary or administrative – from the beginning of the litigation. It is then compulsory to seize and understand first how they are distributed. Once this classification completed, their real functions can be found out, leading us at last to theorize the method and reasoning of the Tribunal when the latter uses them.By consequence, the cross study of these different tools brings to light “public law links” and “private law links”, so that the competences distribution can be thought more broadly as a web of links. Everything works here as a chain reaction: from the obligational link at the base of the litigation, the link as well as the litigation can be qualified and then, the competent jurisdiction for ruling can be designated. The domino effect works also the other way, because the process gives each party the place he or she deserves depending on the context and their dialogic situation with all its specificities at the same time, underlining the deductive path followed by the Tribunal of Conflicts to opt for the criterion. Finally, the criterion for distributing litigation skills is the Alpha and the Omega of the Tribunal of Conflicts’ reasoning.

Problemos. Tyrimo tikslas- visapusiškai išnagrinėti ir išanalizuoti nepakaltinamumo sampratą, šio instituto nustatymo ir teisinių padarinių problematiką. Tikslas pasiektas analizuojant mokslinę literatūrą, baudžiamąsias bylas, Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo baudžiamųjų bylų nutartis. Darbe nepakaltinamumo samprata atskleista lyginant su giminingomis sąvokomis- ribotu pakaltinamumu, neveiksnumu, apsvaigimu nuo alkoholio ar kitų psichiką veikiančių medžiagų. Taip pat būtina buvo apžvelgti teismo, kurio prerogatyva nepakaltinamumo nustatymas, santykį su teisėsaugos institucijomis, teismo psichiatrijos įstaigomis. Išnagrinėjus nepakaltinamumo sampratą, buvo išanalizuoti jo sukeliami teisiniai padariniai ir praktinių pavyzdžių pagrindu nustatytos kylančios problemos. / In this diploma thesis author analyzed theoretical and practical problems in determining irresponsibility and it’s legal consequences. The purpose of this research was to investigate thoroughly and to analyze the concept of irresponsibility and the problem of determining this institution and its legal consequences. This object was achieved by analyzing science literature, criminal cases, decisions of Supreme Court criminal cases. In this thesis the concept of irresponsibility is explained comparing it to relative concepts such as diminished responsibility, incapability, alcohol or other mentally affecting stuff intoxication. It was necessary to examine court’s which prerogative is to determine irresponsibility, relation to law enforcement institutions, forensic psychiatric institutions. After examining irresponsibility concept there were analyzed its legal consequences and determined arising problems on basis of practical examples.

Šiame darbe yra nagrinėjamas riboto pakaltinamumo institutas Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojoje teisėje, jo samprata ir baudžiamoji teisinė reikšmė. Siekiant parodyti šio instituto svarbą demokratinės valstybės jurisdikcijai, apžvelgiama riboto pakaltinamumo istorinė raida užsienio valstybėse bei aptariamas jo vystymasis Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas riboto pakaltinamumo instituto turinį sudarančių medicininio ir juridinio kriterijų atskleidimui, analizuojama jų apimtis bei nustatomos ribos. Kadangi neretai nusikalstamas veikas padaro apsvaigę nuo psichiką veikiančių medžiagų asmenys, kurie siekia būti pripažinti ribotai pakaltinamais, apžvelgiama ir tokių medžiagų įtaka nustatant šį institutą. Pažymėtina, kad riboto pakaltinamumo instituto analizė neapsiriboja vien tik jo turinį sudarančių kriterijų atskleidimu, bet ir apibrėžia asmenų baudžiamąją atsakomybę bei numato galimybę sušvelninti bausmę ar atleisti nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės ir taikyti baudžiamojo poveikio ar medicinos prievartos priemones. Todėl šiame darbe aptariamos ir riboto pakaltinamumo teisinės pasekmės. Be to, nagrinėjama nustatymo problematika, apžvelgiamas fiziologinis afektas, pogimdyvinė būsena bei jų santykis su ribotu pakaltinamumu. Lietuvoje riboto pakaltinamumo institutui skiriama nepaprastai mažai dėmesio, todėl analizuojant šį institutą buvo nepaprastai svarbu atskleisti jo nustatymo bei taikymo probleminius aspektus bei pateikti atitinkamus sprendimo būdus. / This article analyzes the institute of diminished responsibility in Lithuanian criminal law, its meaning and its criminal legal significance. In order to show the importance of this institute for democratic state jurisdiction, it has been looked over historical development of diminished responsibility in foreign countries and its growth in Lithuanian legal system. Special attention has been paid to the content of the institute of diminished responsibility - medical and juridical criteria - analyzing its volume and setting the range. Whereas criminals, who seek to rely on diminished responsibility, frequently commit offences under the influence of psychoactive substances, it has also been important to analyze the impact of such substances in establishing this institute. It is essential to note that analysis of diminished responsibility institute includes not only the disclosure of its content's criteria, but also determines criminal responsibility and allows the possibility of a lower sentence or exempt from criminal responsibility and application of criminal sanctions or medical coercive measures. Therefore, legal consequences of the institute of diminished responsibility have also been examined. Furthermore, this article discusses establishment issues of the diminished responsibility institute, its relationship with physiological affect and postnatal condition. In Lithuania the institute of diminished responsibility has been analyzed very abstractedly, therefore it was... [to full text]

We can include a variety of methods among the discrete multi-criteria decision-making models. One of those is the ELECTRE family methods. This still evolving group contains a large number of different methods and their modifications. Based on the obtained results the methods are divided into separating, ranking and sorting methods. An important factor affecting the results of these methods besides the threshold values is also determining the weights of criteria. First part of this thesis details theoretical description of these selected methods. In practical analysis methods are applied to real data. Comparison of results at the end of the thesis is devoted mainly to examining of the sensitivity of these methods to change of the weights of criteria.

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