published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Subjects comprised four groups including: 73 judges; 90 family law practitioners; 38 psychologists; and 43 psychology graduate students. The subjects completed surveys designating the five most relevant and the five least relevant factors of effective parenting from a list of 85 such factors. As hypothesized, the family law attorneys and family law judges generated similar clusters of factors while the results of the psychologists and psychology graduate students likewise clustered similarly. These results suggest the possibility of the existence of common cognitive structures used in the custody decision-making process. Results could be used in the modification and refinement of the Custody Quotient (CQ) Technique. Future study could focus more specifically on the cognitive structures particular subjects use in making custody decisions.

Current issues of custody within Czech criminal proceedings Abstract This submitted thesis describes custody's current issues within Czech criminal proceedings. The custody is an established and irreplaceable institute that has been for a long time a traditional part of criminal proceedings. Due to the nature of this institute, representing a major interference with personal freedom of the individual, it is still widely discussed not only by experts but also attracts the attention of the general public. The thesis itself consists of five consecutive chapters. The first chapter defines the concept and purpose of the custody, considering its basic principles. The following second chapter includes a brief description of custody's historical development in the Czech Republic, but the chapter also serves as an introduction to understanding the current legislation. In addition, the valid regulation is the one of 1961, which has undergone several changes since its adoption. The third chapter deals with the material concept of custody law, i.e. the legal conditions for the custody imposition and the analysis of individual reasons for it, trying to capture the bottlenecks of the related law. The fourth chapter describes some aspects of formal custody law, which characterizes the processes of authorized bodies in...

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I det svenska barnskyddssystemet ses omhändertaganden och placering utanför hemmet för barn som en sista utväg och flera insatser ska ges i syfte att stärka kärnfamiljen och undvika omhändertaganden. Barn ska i systemet som absolut huvudregel växa upp med sina biologiska föräldrar. I svensk rätt är utgångspunkten att barn ska återvända till sin kärnfamilj så fort som möjligt. Enligt 21 § 1 st. LVU anges att vården ska upphöra när den inte längre behövs och att barnet ska återförenas med föräldrarna, den s.k. återföreningsprincipen. En återförening av kärnfamiljen är en tydlig strävan i regleringen. En princip om ökad kontinuitet, kontinuitetsprincipen, för placerade barn utanför hemmet har dock diskuterats i svensk rätt under senare år. År 2003 infördes en skyldighet för socialnämnden att överväga behovet av en vårdnadsöverflyttning när barn varit placerade i familjehem i mer än tre år enligt 13 § 3 st. LVU. Om en vårdnadsöverflyttning genomförs med stöd av 6 kap. 8 § FB innebär det att en återförening med föräldrarna inte längre ska vara målet utan att barnet ska bo i familjehemmet under hela sin uppväxt och familjehemsföräldrarna utses som särskilt förordnade vårdnadshavare. Trots införandet av 13 § 3 st. LVU om att socialnämnden kan ansöka om en vårdnadsöverflyttning när barnet varit familjehemsplacerat i mer än tre år har bestämmelsen inte fått genomslag i praktiken. Det finns en ovilja att splittra kärnfamiljsidealet och prioritera biologiska band framför sociala när det kommer till övervägningen av om en vårdnadsöverflyttning bör ske eller inte enligt 6 kap. 8 § FB.           Av uppsatsens behandlade mål är det oklart kring vilken eller vilka faktorer som ska vara avgörande för om en vårdnadsöverflyttning ska komma till stånd eller inte. Det finns ingen tydlig rangordning mellan förutsättningarna, vilket det även inte ska göra enligt FB:s förarbete. Avvägning mellan återföreningsprincipen och kontinuitetsprincipen har förekommit men domstolarna har inte närmare redovisat hur denna avvägning gjorts. Förutsättningar som att socialnämnden uttömt åtgärder för att få till stånd en återförening, att kontakten och umgänget mellan barnet och föräldrarna varit begränsat samt att barnet riskerat att lida skada vid en eventuell återförening har vägt tungt i bedömningen av om vårdnadsöverflyttning ska ske eller inte. Detta har förstärkts av att barnen knutit an och rotat sig i familjehemmen.           Angående hur kärnfamiljsidealet värderats vid bedömningen av en vårdnadsöverflyttning anses den relationsorienterade skolan och anknytningsteorin fortfarande ha stor betydelse. De biologiska banden ska som utgångspunkt bevaras.  Detta har främst kommit till uttryck genom att socialnämnden ska ha vidtagit flera åtgärder för att få till en återförening innan en vårdnadsöverflyttning ska kunna komma till stånd. Den behovsorienterade skolan och ett avvikande från kärnfamiljsidealet kan dock tänkas ha fått ett genomslag om någon kontakt eller något umgänge överhuvudtaget inte existerat mellan barnet och föräldrarna eller att de är så pass begränsat att barnet inte anses ha något behov av det. Detsamma gäller om barnets uppväxtförhållanden varit oroliga och det finns risk för att de fortsatt kan komma att vara oroliga vid en eventuell återförening. / In the Swedish child protection system care and placement outside the home for children is seen as a last resort and several efforts should be made with the aim of strengthening the nuclear family and avoiding care. In the system children should as a rule grow up with their biological parents. Under Swedish law the starting point is that children should return to their nuclear family as soon as possible. According to 21 § 1 st. LVU care should cease when it is no longer needed and for the child to be reunited with its parents, the so-called reunification principle. A reunification of the nuclear family is a clear endeavour in the regulation.            A principle of increased continuity, the principle of continuity, for placed children outside the home has been discussed in Swedish law in recent years. In 2003 an obligation was introduced for socialnämnden to consider the need for a custody transfer when children have been placed in foster homes for more than three years according to 13 § 3 st. LVU. If a custody transfer is carried out according to 6 kap. 8 § FB it means that a reunification with the parents should no longer be the goal. The child is to live in the foster home throughout their upbringing and the foster home parents are designated as specially appointed guardians. Despite the introduction of 13 § 3 st. LVU that socialnämnden can apply for custody transfer when the child has been placed in a foster home for more than three years the provision has not been effective in practice. There is a reluctance to divide the nuclear family ideal and prioritize biological links over social when it comes to considering if a custody transfer should or should not be done according to 6 kap. 8 § FB.           It is unclear in this essay which conditions should determine whether a custody transfer will happen or not. There is no clear ranking between the conditions which it should not be according to FB's preliminary work. The various courts have assessed the cases on a case-bycase basis. A balance between the reunification principle and the continuity principle has occurred but the courts have not detailed how this balance has been made. Prerequisites such as that socialnämnden have exhausted measures to establish a reunification, that contact and interaction between the child and parents have limited and that the child risks suffering in the event of a reunification has weighed heavily on whether custody transfer should happen or not. This has been reinforced by the fact that the children have connected and rooted in the foster homes.           Regarding how the nuclear family ideal was evaluated in the assessment of a custody transfer the relationship-oriented school and the connection theory are still considered of great importance. The biological links should as a starting point be preserved. This has been expressed mainly by that socialnämnden have taken several measures to bring about a reunification before a custody transfer can come to fruition. However, the needs-oriented school and a deviation from the core family ideal may have had an impact if no contact or social interaction existed at all between the child and the parents or that they are so limited that the child is not considered to need it. The same applies if the child's growing up conditions have been troubled and there is a risk that they may continue to be troublesome in the event of a reunion.

Thesis (Dip.App.Psych.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychology, 1978.

Thesis (LLD) -- University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Mode of acess: World Wide Web.

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Recently, attachment theory has been proposed as a possible unifying framework for assessing the parent-child relationship as part of custody determinations, due to the theory's rich empirical support. Though forensic evaluators have begun to incorporate the child’s attachment to his/her caretaker, the question of the parents' adult attachment style has so far been overlooked as a potentially relevant area for gathering information regarding parenting. Adult attachment theory not only has implications for parenting, but also for understanding co-parenting relationships and conflicts, which is often the primary reason for many child custody referrals. This study will use an attachment framework to explore group differences between child custody litigants and satisfied married couples on the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Analyses of these variables will be completed through multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Additionally, discriminant function analysis (DFA) will be conducted to explore the dimensionality of the multivariate composites between groups. Information derived from the prospective study will contribute to understanding specific attachment related group differences and thus serve as the first step in establishing the R-PAS as a system for detecting attachment organization in child-custody litigants. It is hoped that this research will better inform forensic evaluators concerning: stress and coping styles; co-parenting; caregiving fitness; and ultimately child custody decisions. / text

While the Best Interest of the Child (BIOC) standard has been used since the 1970’s, alternatives such as the Approximation Rule have recently been proposed to remediate perceived weaknesses in BIOC. This study examines the applicability of the Approximation Rule using cross-sectional data collected from 517 children (age 10-18) of divorced parents using the Co-Parenting Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). Data for all co-parenting and parenting variables (n = 517) were analyzed to determine relationships by time since divorce and custodial relationship. Physical custody was associated with significant differences in children’s’ ratings of both co-parenting and parenting effectiveness. Results for time since divorce revealed only one significant relationship with all divorcing parents showing significant decreases in ratings of inter-parent conflict over time with the most substantial reductions occurring 5 years after the separation. Findings were then used to measure the accuracy of the assumptions in both the Approximation Rule and in BIOC.