This thesis describes the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships analysis of potential inhibitors targeting the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease. Also discussed is the disease caused by HCV infection and the class of enzymes known as proteases. Furthermore are explained why such enzymes can be considered to be suitable targets for developing drugs to combat diseases in general and in particular HCV, focusing on the NS3 protease. Moreover, some strategies used to design protease inhibitors and the desired properties of potential drug candidates are briefly examined. Synthesis of linear and macrocyclic NS3 protease inhibitors comprising a designed trisubstituted cyclopentane moiety as an N-acyl-(4R)-hydroxyproline bioisostere is also addressed, and several very potent and promising compounds are evaluated. / Report code: LIU-TEK-LIC-2006:46.

[pt] O estudo reológico de hidratos vem se tornando cada vez mais importante graças à constante expansão da indústria de óleo e gás, principalmente em águas ultra profundas. O processo de formação de hidratos é uma grande preocupação, principalmente porque, em muitos casos, leva ao bloqueio total dos dutos de produção, causando interrupção na produção, além de perda de tempo de dinheiro. Hidratos são compostos cristalinos formados por água e pequenas moléculas de gás, em condições termodinâmicas de alta pressão e baixa temperatura. A fim de estudar este fenômeno, por analogia, compostos químicos que facilitam esta formação, à pressão atmosférica, como ciclipentano (CP) e tetrahidrofurano (THF) são utilizados. No presente trabalho, emulsões compostas por CP, óleo Primol, água deionizada e Span 80 (agente estabilizador) foram utilizadas e analisadas no reômetro Physica MCR301. A partir de uma perturbação térmica, pôde-se caracterizar vários parâmetros que influenciam a formação dos hidratos, tais como: taxa de cisalhamento, temperatura de indução, fração volumétrica da água, taxa de resfriamento etc. Além disso, foram realizados testes que avaliam a habilidade de reconstrução dos hidrato com o tempo e a existência de uma tensão limite de escoamento, a partir de testes oscilatórios. / [en] The study of hydrates rheology is becoming increasingly important due to the constant expansion of the oil and natural gas industry to deeper water. The hydrate formation process is a big concern mainly because, in many cases, it ends up generating the blockage of pipelines, safety problems, and loss of time and money. Hydrates are crystals compounds formed by water and small gas molecules at typical thermodynamic conditions of high pressure and low temperature. In order to study the hydrates phenomenon by analogy, chemical compounds that facilitate their formation at atmospheric pressure are used, such as cyclopentane (CP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). In this study, an emulsion formed from CP, Primol oil, deionized water, and Span 80 (as stabilizer agent) is employed. Initially, the results aim to characterize the several parameters that influence hydrate formation, such as: shear rate, induction temperature, water volume fraction, cooling rate etc. In another set of results, the ability of reconstruction of the CP hydrates and the existence of a yield strength are assessed.

Palladium is probably the most useful metal in organic syntheses. It has shown great utility in various reactions such as C-C, C-N, C-O bond formation under mild conditions. The presence of abundant amount of palladium-chemistry related literature in the form of books, reviews emphasizes the growing importance of these reagents. Nowadays organopalladium chemistry is being used in various fields such as new methodology development, natural product synthesis, synthesis of polymers. Regio- and stereoselectivity is another facet of Pd catalyzed methodologies which has been extensively utilized in the last decade to obtain enantiopure compounds. The main emphasis of this work is to utilize Pd catalyzed allylic alkylation to synthesize new heterocycles including furans, isoxazolines and new cyclopentane amino-acid analogs in an enantioselective manner. The stereochemical outcome of these reactions is influenced by desymmetrization catalyzed by hydrolytic enzymes namely lipases. Chapter 1 reviews the recent advances in the field of palladium catalyzed synthesis of bicyclic furan analogs and provides a mechanistic explanation for these processes. Chapter 2 describes synthesis of new optically pure isoxazoline-2-oxide and furan analogs using Pd(0) catalyzed intramolecular cyclizations. Starting from a meso-diol, optically pure compounds were prepared without utilizing chiral ligands at any stage of the synthesis. The stereochemical outcome of the product (>99 % ee) was influenced by desymmetrization catalyzed by Pseudomonas cepacia lipase and the stereoselective nature of the palladium catalyzed transformations. Chapter 3 describes Pd(0) catalyzed allylic alkylation of allylic esters using various 1°, 2° nitroalkanes. This reaction resulted in the formation of nitro substituted aldehydes and ketones via an isomerization-alkylation step. The effect of various solvents, catalyst-ligand systems and bases was also studied. The presence of versatile nitro group in these compounds which can be easily converted to a ketone, reduced to amine or transformed into carboxyl group, imines, hydroxylamines, makes them an attractive starting material for various other synthetic compounds. Chapter 4 describes the chemoenzymatic synthesis of L-carbafuranomycin and related cyclopentane amino acids analogs. The synthesis utilizes the hydrolytic enzymes to induce enantioselectivity in the whole process. Out of all the peptidomimetics and related compounds, unnatural amino acids such as bicyclic and carbocyclic amino acids are of valuable interest as they have provided new building blocks for large number of potential drug candidates. The work presented here provides a more general and efficient route to these class of unnatural amino acids.

Cyclopentane hydrate interparticle adhesion force measurements were performed in pure cyclopentane liquid using a micromechanical force apparatus. Cyclopentane hydrate adhesion force measurements were compared to those of cyclic ethers, tetrahydrofuran and ethylene oxide, which were suspected to be cyclic ether-lean and thus contain a second ice phase. This additional ice phase led to an over-prediction of the hydrate interparticle forces by the capillary bridge theory. The adhesion forces obtained for cyclopentane hydrate at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range from 274-279 K were lower than those obtained for the cyclic ethers at similar subcoolings from the formation temperature of the hydrate. The measured cyclopentane interparticle adhesion forces increased linearly with increasing temperature, and are on the same order of magnitude as those predicted by the Camargo and Palermo rheology model.

[pt] Uma combinação de fatores geológicos e econômicos exige que as empresas produzam petróleo e gás em campos com profundidades de água cada vez maiores. Muitas das vezes não é econômico, ou no pior dos casos impraticável, instalar uma plataforma sobre os cabeçotes dos poços, por isso acaba se tornando comum transportar petróleo e gás através de amarras submarinas que podem ser de até 145km ou mais. Geralmente isso significa que as temperaturas são baixas o bastante e as pressões altas o suficiente para tornar aquele ambiente dentro do que chamamos de envelope de formação de hidrato e ações deverão ser tomadas afim de evitar os plugs de hidrato. Como resultado, a indústria foi forçada a intensificar sua pesquisa em químicos e sistemas que evitasse a formação da estrutura cristalina. Uma dessas pesquisas em estudo é a avaliação de um fluido modelo, emulsão A/O, analisando suas principais características e verificando as propriedades reológicas da estrutura cristalina em formação. Para tornar a pesquisa viável, este hidrato é formado a pressão atmosférica utilizando moléculas hóspedes que proporcionam essa formação em tal pressão e baixa temperatura. Logo, é utilizada uma substância líquida chamada ciclopentano, que substituirá o gás natural e irá proporcionar a formação do hidrato nestas novas condições. Dessa forma, este trabalho apresentou diferentes emulsões A/O, de acordo com a porcentagem de água, e reologia do hidrato formado para cada uma delas. / [en] A combination of geological and economic factors requires companies to produce oil and gas in fields with increasing water depths. It is often impractical to install a platform over the heads of the wells, so it is becoming common to transport oil and gas through underwater moorings that can be up to 145 km or more. Usually this means that the temperatures are low enough and the pressures high enough to make that environment into what we call a hydrate formation envelope and actions should be taken to avoid the hydrate plugs. As a result, the industry was forced to intensify its research into chemicals and systems that prevented the formation of the crystalline structure. One of these researches is the evaluation of a model fluid, A / O emulsion, analyzing its main characteristics and checking the rheological properties of the crystalline structure in formation. To make the search feasible, this hydrate is formed at atmospheric pressure using guest molecules that provide such formation at such pressure and low temperature. Therefore, a liquid substance called cyclopentane is used, which will replace the natural gas and will provide the formation of the hydrate under these new conditions. In this way, this work presented different A / O emulsions, according to the percentage of water, and rheology of the hydrate formed for each of them.