To date, no research exists examining criterion-related validity of alternate, computerized forms of the Category Test. The intent of this study was to address criterion-related validity of three full forms of the Category Test. In that, the goal was to examine equivalency of each version in their ability to differentiate brain-injured from non-brain-injured individuals. Forty-nine (N = 49) healthy adults and 45 (N = 45) brain-injured adults were tested using three versions of the Category Test, the BDI, and the WAIS-R NI. ANOVA indicated no significant differences between versions of the Category Test or an interaction between Category Test version and group membership on the total error score. MANOVA performed between versions of the Category Test and Subtest error scores indicated significant differences between versions on Subtest 3 and Subtest 6. Group membership (brain-injured v. non-brain-injured) produced a significant main effect on all subtests of the Category Test except Subtest 2. Several exploratory analyses were performed examining the relationship between neuropsychological impairment, group membership based on Category Test error scores, and the WAIS-R NI. Clinical applications, such as the use of serial testing to index neurorehabilitation gains, were discussed.

Climate change is expected to have a strong impact on subarctic ecosystems. Increased temperatures as well as altered precipitation and snow cover patterns are predicted to change species distribution and affect biogeochemical processes in the subarctic tundra. Bryophytes are an essential vegetational component in northern ecosystems, due to their high abundance and importance in many ecological processes. In this study the effects of elevation and altered snow cover on the temporal dynamics of freezing damage in three subarctic bryophyte species (Hylocomium splendens, Ptilidium ciliare, and Sphagnum fuscum) were studied in a snow manipulation field experiment in Abisko, during early spring. Soil temperature and field moisture of moss shoots were collected. A freeze-thaw incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the freeze-thaw cycle resistance of H. splendens and P. ciliare originating from habitats with two differing snow-cover thicknesses. Freezing damage differed significantly between the bryophytes species with P. ciliare experiencing the least and S. fuscum the highest damage. Damage was higher at the low elevation, possibly attributable to acclimation effects. Snow removal led to higher damage in moss shoots, but no interactions of the different snow cover treatments with elevation, species or time were found. Freezing damage increased over time and no recovery occurred, likely due to temporal patterns in soil freeze-thaw cycles during early spring. Soil freeze-thaw cycles were the main factor influencing damage in bryophytes after snow melt. Measured environmental parameters could not explain the entire variation in damage. Damage might additionally be attributable to increased UV radiation or disturbances by herbivores.

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a serine-threonine protein kinase and major regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR). One critical ATM target is protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) known to regulate diverse cellular processes such as mitosis and cell growth as well as dephosphorylation of many proteins during the recovery from the DDR while returning the cell to normalcy. Interestingly, ATM and PP2A are known to form an auto-regulatory yin-yang kinase-phosphatase relationship. Herein, we show that the phosphorylation of the PP2A-Aα structural subunit at S401 by ATM results in nuclear export, which regulates the DDR at multiple levels and affects genomic stability and cell growth. We generated PP2A-Aα conditional knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing PP2A-Aα-WT, S401A (cannot be phosphorylated), or S401D phosphomimetic) transgenes by floxing out the endogenous PP2A-Aα alleles with Cre. The S401D mutant cells displayed increased ERK and AKT signaling, resulting in an enhanced growth rate. Phosphorylation of PP2A-Aα at S401 caused the dissociation of ATM with the holoenzyme, an effect that could be recapitulated with S401D. Additionally, the S401A and S401D mutants exhibited significantly more chromosomal aberrations and underwent increased mitotic catastrophe after radiation. Both the S401A and the S401D cells showed impaired DSB repair (Non-homologous end joining and Homologous recombination repair) and exhibited delayed DNA damage recovery, which was reflected in reduced radiation survival. Time-lapse video and cellular localization experiments showed that the PP2A-Aα subunit was exported to the cytoplasm after radiation possibly by CRM1, a nuclear export protein, in line with the very rapid pleiotropic effects seen. In conclusion, our study demonstrates using a genetically defined system that ATM phosphorylation of a single, critical amino acid S401 is essential for regulating DDR. To study how the interplay between ATM and PP2A affects DDR in the brain, we are in the process of generating a brain specific PP2A-Aα conditional knockout mouse. Loss of many DDR related proteins like ATM and PP2A can lead to severe neuropathological effects. This model will be helpful in dissecting the PP2A-Aα/ATM regulatory circuit in the brain in response to DDR.

The thesis deals with institution of liability of the employee for damage caused to employer. I proceed from the theoretical groundings, over the characteristic of labour-law liability to the analysis of the types of employee's liability for damage. Legal regulation is contained in Act No. 262/2006 Coll., the Labour code, as later amended. The Labour code recognizes general type of liability and three special types of liability - employee's liability for failure to fullfill his duty to prevent rise of damage, liability for the deficit on the values entrusted to the employee and finally liability of the employee for the loss of items entrusted to him. The thesis uses relevant judicial decisions. Considerations on the future amendments aren't neglected.

The aim of this study was to observe levels of oxidative DNA damage in patients with multiple injuries in correlation with the nutritional support that the patients have received during their hospital stay. Oxidative DNA damage was evaluated in two periods of time, first evaluation was performed during standard nutritional support according to the ESPEN guidelines. Second evaluation was performed after a change in nutrition according to individual parameters of metabolism and utilization of nutritional components based on indirect calorimetric measurements. This study included 6 patients with multiple injuries hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit 1 at the Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove. In this experiment DNA isolated from peripheral lymphocytes was used to evaluate oxidative DNA damage. This DNA was analyzed using the Comet Assay method. The enzymatic version of the Comet Assay was used to determine the oxidative damage of purines and pyrimidines, and the alkaline version was used for detection of single strand breaks. Mann-Whitney test was used for statistic evaluation the difference between both measuremetns, correlation analysis for relations between Comet Assay results and clinical parameters. Significant correlations between a total amount of nutrients given...

Name of the thesis: Liability for damage in employment relationships The aim of my thesis is to analyse different types of liability for damage in employment relationships caused by the employer as well as the employee. This topic is very important part of labour law and also very practical, because it concerns most people who become employer or employee. Liability for damage is the main type of liability relations in labour law and every employer and employee need to know their rights and obligations arising from liability relations. The thesis is composed of six chapters; each of them is subdivided into several sections. The first chapter briefly introduces the issue of employment relationships. Individual parts of this chapter deal with definitions of such relations, types and related Czech legislation. Chapter Two explains what liability is in general, what its types are and the second part of this chapter focuses on liability in labour law, its special characters and division. Chapter Three specifically focuses on the most important type of liability in labour law, which is liability for damage. Besides general explanation and types of liability for damage which is covered in Part One, Part Two and Part Three, fourth part of this chapter highlights significant issue connected with liability...

Name of the thesis: Employee Liability for Property Damage and Harm To a Person The aim of this thesis is to analyze employee's liability for damage in a broader historical context, extending also to the theory of law, to distinguish the specifics of labour law liability from the civil law liability and to define the prerequisites for the emergence of different types of employee's liability for damages and to elaborate on them in detail, especially through scientific literature and case law. In the first chapter, I describe labour law in brief historical context relevant for the topic, with reference to key changes in the development of labour law legislation. In accordance with aforementioned, in chapter two I then focus on the theory of liability, namely liability for damage, and then in chapter three I analyze in detail the liability for damage as regulated in the Act No. 262/2006 Coll., Labour Code. Chapter four strives to outline the functions of liability for damage in employment relationships and defines the prevention of damage. Chapter five then enumerates the prerequisites for arising of the employee's liability for damage and also focuses on definition of related legal terms. Chapter six analyzes different types of employee's liability for damage: General liability, liability for...

In the presented work I study the concept of liability of the State for misconduct in the exercise of state powers. The main aim is to show why this concept needs to be different from the one we know from civil law. The legal relationship between the State and an individual is a relationship that differs from the one we know from civil law, given that it is related to the exercise of power. Therefore we have to construct specific legal conditions in order to find the State liable for damages that an individual may suffer in such a relationship. In the first part I question the main function of the State's liability for damages. I show that it has good influence on the administrative bodies in the way that it forces them to follow the law. On the other hand this influence must not be overestimated. In the next part I study the basic elements and conditions of liability. I work with the domestic law as well as with the liability principles formed by the judicial decisions of the EU Court of Justice. I compare both these systems of liability for damages with regard to how they respond to the specific features of the relationship between a State and an individual. Final part of this work tries to explain why different branches of state power should be treated differently. I show on examples what kind...

The aim of this thesis is to give an analysis of liability for damage in the Czech labour law, viewed by the practise of the courts. The thesis is composed of seven chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of liability for damage in labour law. Chapter one is subdivided into two parts. Part one describes liability for damage in general and it's specifics and functions in labour law. Part two deals with how the Labour Code governs prevention of damage. Chapter two looks at binding nature of case-law in the civil law from a different point of view. Chapter three deals with all kinds of the liability of an employee. It is subdivided therefore into four parts. The first one that explores General liability of an employee, is divided into another six parts, each focused on one of the basic conditions of liability for damage in labour law, namely: employment relationship, breach of legal obligation, damage, causal connection, fault and performance of working tasks (together with following acts in direct connection with it). The following three parts focus on special kinds of the employee's liability. Part two is concerned with Liability for a shortfall in things entrusted to an employee, part three looks at Liability for loss of things entrusted to an employee and, eventually, part four biefly...

Liability for a damage in the practise of the courts: The aim of the thesis is to analyse liability for damage in the Czech labour law with an emphasis on the case law. The thesis contains examination of various aspects of liability for a damage in the labour law with the highlight on a practice of the courts. There are five chapters included in the thesis. The first one begins with the general conception of the liability in the Czech law. The liability for damage with the specification of its basis is described next. The next part points out that there are basically two kinds of the liability for damage: the liability of an employee and the liability of an employer. The ending of the first chapter is dealing with the significance of the case law in the continental Europe system, particularly in the Czech law. The second chapter characterises the liability for a damage of an employee. The General liability of an employee with a detail analysis of the basis of the liability, which can be found through the whole thesis, is presented firstly. In the next part focuses on the basic requirements for the formation of the distinctive liabilities for a damage, the Liability for a shortfall in things entrusted to an employee and the Liability for a loss of the things entrusted to an employee. The last part of...