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This thesis describes the results of the experimental investigations into some new geometrical configurations in plate-like structures materialising one-dimensional (1D) acoustic black holes for flexural waves (wedges of power-law profile) and two-dimensional (2D) acoustic black holes for flexural waves (circular indentations of power-law profile). Such acoustic black holes allow the user to reduce the amplitudes of the vibration responses of plate-like structures to a maximum effect, while not increasing the mass of the structures. This thesis also suggests some new real world practical applications for this damping technique. Initially, the effects of geometrical and material imperfections on damping flexural vibrations in plates with attached wedges of power-law profile (1D black holes) were investigated, demonstrating that this method of damping is robust enough for practical applications. Then, damping of flexural vibrations in turbofan blades with trailing edges tapered according to a power-law profile has been investigated. In addition, experimental investigations into power-law profiled slots within plates have been also conducted. Another important configuration under investigation was that of circular indentations (pits) of power-law profile within the plate. In the case of quadratic or higher-order profiles, such indentations materialise 2D acoustic black holes for flexural waves. To increase the damping efficiency of power-law profiled indentations, the absorption area has been enlarged by increasing the size of the central hole in the pit, while keeping the edges sharp. The next step of investigation in this thesis was using multiple indentations of power-law profile (arrays of 2D black holes). It was shown that not only do multiple indentations of power-law profile provide substantial reduction in the damping of flexural vibrations, but also a substantial reduction in radiated sound power. The experimental results have been obtained also for a cylindrical plate incorporating a central hole of quadratic profile. They are compared to the results of numerical predictions, thus validating the results and the experimental technique. Investigations into the effects of indentations of power-law profile made in composite plates and panels and their subsequent inclusion into composite honeycomb sandwich panels are also reported. These indentations again act as 2D acoustic black holes for flexural waves and they effectively damp flexural vibrations within the panels. It was also demonstrated that these indentations can be enclosed in smooth surfaced panels and that no additional damping layer is required to induce the acoustic black hole effect in composite structures. In conclusion, it has been confirmed in this thesis that one and two-dimensional acoustic black holes represent an effective method of damping flexural vibrations and reducing the associated structure-borne sound. Furthermore, this thesis has shown that acoustic black holes can be efficiently employed in practical applications, such as trailing edges of jet engine fan blades, composite panels, and composite honeycomb sandwich structures.

Combustion instabilities (thermo-acoustic pressure oscillations) have been recognised for some time as a problem limiting the development of low emissions (e.g., lean burn) gas turbine combustion systems, particularly for aviation propulsion applications. Recently, significant research efforts have been focused on acoustic damping for suppression of combustion instability. Most of this work has either been experimental or based on linear acoustic theory. The last 3-5 years has seen application of density based CFD methods to this problem, but no attempts to use pressure-based CFD methods which are much more commonly used in combustion predictions. The goal of the present work is therefore to develop a pressure-based CFD algorithm in order to predict accurately acoustic propagation and acoustic damping processes, as relevant to gas turbine combustors. The developed computational algorithm described in this thesis is based on the classical pressure-correction approach, which was modified to allow fluid density variation as a function of pressure in order to simulate acoustic phenomena, which are fundamentally compressible in nature. The fact that the overall flow Mach number of relevance was likely to be low ( mildly compressible flow) also influenced the chosen methodology. For accurate capture of acoustic wave propagation at minimum grid resolution and avoiding excessive numerical smearing/dispersion, a fifth order accurate Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory scheme (WENO) was introduced. Characteristic-based boundary conditions were incorporated to enable accurate representation of acoustic excitation (e.g. via a loudspeaker or siren) as well as enable precise evaluation of acoustic reflection and transmission coefficients. The new methodology was first validated against simple (1D and 2D) but well proven test cases for wave propagation and demonstrated low numerical diffusion/dispersion. The proper incorporation of Characteristic-based boundary conditions was validated by comparison against classical linear acoustic analysis of acoustic and entropy waves in quasi-1D variable area duct flows. The developed method was then applied to the prediction of experimental measurements of the acoustic absorption coefficient for a single round orifice flow. Excellent agreement with experimental data was obtained in both linear and non-linear regimes. Analysis of predicted flow fields both with and without bias flow showed that non-linear acoustic behavior occurred when flow reversal begins inside the orifice. Finally, the method was applied to study acoustic excitation of combustor external aerodynamics using a pre-diffuser/dump diffuser geometry previously studied experimentally at Loughborough University and showed the significance of boundary conditions and shear layer instability to produce a sustained pressure fluctuation in the external aerodynamics.

A preliminary investigation of the added properties called added mass, added damping and added stiffness have been performed for a Kaplan turbine. The magnitude of dimensionless numbers have been used in order to classify the interaction of the fluid and the solid. The classification is done to bring clarity in which of the added properties are of importance for the system. The diameter of the runner and the hub have been calculated using the power output and the head for a Kaplan turbine. These dimensions have been used to determine the magnitude of the dimensionless numbers along with the velocity of the fluid. It turned out that all added properties affect the turbine, however, the magnitude of them are quite different. The magnitude of the added mass and the added damping are greater than the added stiffness, which often is neglected. The added mass can be determined if the natural frequencies of the structure in air and in water are known. The difference in natural frequencies can be used to determine the added mass factor and thereby the added mass of the system. The added damping can be determined by the change in damping ratio for different surrounding fluids. This was done using the simulation software ANSYS Workbench v.17.1, where two different types of simulation were used, ”acoustic coupled simulation” and ”two way coupled simulation”. The complexity of the geometry of the Kaplan turbine was simplified to a disc and a shaft. The result for the added mass was validated using results from an experiment [1]. The added damping could be determined, but not validated. The different types of simulation have been compared and it turned out that the added mass could be determined using ”acoustic coupled simulation” and ”two way coupled simulation”, but the added damping could only be determined using the ”two way coupled simulation”. / En preliminär undersökning av de adderade egenskaperna kallade, adderad massa, adderad dämpning och adderad styvhet har utförts för en Kaplan turbin. Magnituden av dimensionslösa tal har använts för att klassificera interaktionen av fluiden och soliden. Klassificeringen görs för att bringa klarhet i vilka av de adderade egenskaperna är av betydelse för systemet. Diametrarna för löphjulet och navet har beräknats utifrån effekt och fallhöjd för en Kaplan turbin. Dessa längder har använts för att bestämma magnituden av de dimensionslösa talen tillsammans med fluidens hastighet. Det visade sig att alla adderade egenskaper påverkar turbinen, men omfattningen av dem är helt annorlunda. Magnituden av den adderade massan och den adderade dämpningen är större än den adderade styvheten, som ofta försummas. Den adderade massan kan bestämmas om de naturliga frekvenserna av strukturen i luft och vatten är kända. Skillnaden i egenfrekvenser kan användas för att bestämma faktorn av den adderade massan och därigenom den adderade massan. Den adderade dämpningen kan bestämmas genom ändringen i dämpningsförhållande för olika omgivande fluider. Detta gjordes med hjälp av simuleringsprogrammet ANSYS Workbench v.17.1, där två olika typer av simulering användes, ”acoustic coupled simulation” och ”two way coupled simulation”. Komplexiteten i geometrin för en Kaplan turbin förenklades till en skiva och en axel. Resultatet för den adderade massan validerades med resultat från ett experiment [1]. Den adderade dämpningen kunde bestämmas, men inte valideras. De olika typerna av simulering har jämförts och det visade sig att den adderade massan kan bestämmas med hjälp av både ”acoustic coupled simulation” och ”two way coupled simulation”, men den adderade dämpningen kunde endast bestämmas med hjälp av ”two way coupled simulation”.

The world-wide development of new high-speed rail lines has led to more stringent design requirements for railway bridges, mainly because high-speed trains can cause resonance in the bridge superstructure. Dynamic simulations, often utilising time-consuming finite element analysis (FEA), have become essential for avoiding such problems. Therefore, guidelines and tools to assist structural engineers in the design process are needed. Considerable effort was spent at the beginning of the project, to develop simplified models based on two-dimensional (2D) Bernoulli-Euler beam theory. First, a closed-form solution for proportionally damped multi-span beam, subjected to moving loads was derived (Paper I). The model was later used to develop design charts (Paper II) and study bridges on existing railway lines (Paper III). The model was then extended to non-proportionally damped beams (Paper IV) in order to include the effects of soil-structure interactions. Finally, the importance of the interaction between the surrounding soil and the bridge was verified by calibrating a finite element (FE) model by means of forced vibration tests of an end-frame bridge (Paper V). Recommendations on how to use the models in practical applications are discussed throughout the work. These recommendations include the effects of shear deformation, shear lag, train-bridge and soil-structure interactions, for which illustrative examples are provided. The recommendations are based on the assumption that the modes are well separated, so that the response at resonance is governed by a single mode. The results of the work show that short span bridges, often referred to as `simple´ bridges, are the most problematic with respect to dynamic effects. These systems are typically, non-proportionally damped systems that require detailed analyses to capture the `true´ behaviour. Studying this class of dynamic system showed that they tend to contain non-classical modes that are important for the structure response. For example, the bending mode is found to attain maximum damping when its undamped natural frequency is similar to that of a non-classical mode. / <p>QC 20170213</p>

Cette thèse a été effectuée dans un contexte industriel de forte concurrence en lien avec les capteurs miniatures en silicium, destinés au gigantesque marché dit "consumer", dont l'application phare est le "Smartphone", pour laquelle les fonctionnalités accrues engendrent un besoin en matière de multi-capteurs inertiels dits 10-axes (accéléromètre 3-axes, magnétomètre 3-axes, gyromètre 3-axes et capteur de pression). Tout comme les circuits intégrés, les contraintes de coût de tels capteurs se traduisent par une exigence en termes de densité d'intégration. La technologie M&NEMS (Micro- & Nano- Electro Mechanical Systems) a été développée pour répondre à cette attente. Elle repose sur l'intégration de jauges de contraintes de dimensions nanométriques (~250 nm) avec des structures électromécaniques micrométriques, ce qui prodigue une compacité hors-pair des capteurs, ouvrant la voie à la co-intégration de multi-capteurs sur la même puce de silicium. Toutefois, la nature différente des grandeurs physiques à mesurer impose des contraintes supplémentaires, parfois opposées, ce qui rend leur co-intégration difficile. Partant de ce constat, nous avons exploré et développé, des solutions devant permettre le fonctionnement sous une même pression environnante, d'accéléromètres et de gyromètres à force de Coriolis. Cette problématique de co-intégration, s'étend au-delà du couple accéléromètre-gyromètre. Des questions inhérentes au capteur de pression ainsi qu'aux 3 axes de mesure d'un accéléromètre, sont également traitées dans cette thèse / This thesis was carried out in an industrial context of strong competition in connection with miniature silicon sensors for the huge so-called “consumer” market, where the “Smartphone” is the killer application; its increasing functionality creates a need for the so-called ‘10-axis' inertial multi-sensors (3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis magnetometer, 3-axis gyro sensor and pressure). Similarly to integrated circuits, cost constraints on such sensors translate into a requirement in terms of integration density. The M & NEMS (Micro- & Nano- Electro-Mechanical-Systems) technology has been developed to meet this expectation. It is based on the integration of nanoscale (~ 250 nm) strain gauges together with micrometric electromechanical structures, which ensure unrivaled compactness, paving the way for the co-integration of multiple inertial sensors on the same silicon chip. However, the different nature of the physical quantities to be measured imposes additional constraints, sometimes conflicting, which leads to a difficult co-integration. Based on this observation, we have explored and developed solutions to allow operation under the same ambient pressure, of accelerometers together with Coriolis force based gyroscopes. This issue of co-integration extends beyond the accelerometer-gyroscope couple. Issues inherent to the pressure sensor and to the 3-axis accelerometer measurements, are also addressed in this thesis

Cette thèse porte sur la quantification de l’énergie dissipée ainsi que l’amortissement induit par les micro-glissements dans les interfaces constituant les assemblages mécaniques en présence du défaut géométrique. Le mémoire est composé de quatre chapitres traitant la problématique tant du point de vue analytique qu’expérimental. Un modèle rhéologique de contact basé sur les hypothèses de Greenwood et Williamson est développé afin de prendre en compte les défauts géométriques à l’interface du contact. L’énergie dissipée ainsi que l’amortissement induit par les micro-glissements entre deux surfaces rugueuses soumises à un effort normal constant et un déplacement tangentiel allant du glissement partiel jusqu’au glissement total sont déterminés. Afin de valider et discuter le modèle développé on a considéré un montage expérimental composé d’un tribomètre installé sur la machine MTS 830. Afin de révéler le phénomène de dissipation d’énergie entre deux surfaces nominalement planes soumises à un effort normal statique et une rotation alternée, un second banc d’essai est dimensionné et réalisé. Le montage est constitué de deux poutres assemblées par un boulon et excitées par un pot vibrant. Le modèle rhéologique de contact développé dans le premier partie est étudiée dans le cas où les deux surfaces en contact soumises à une charge normal statique et une rotation alternée dynamique. / This thesis focuses on the quantification of energy dissipation and damping induced by microslipping in interfaces constituent assemblies in the presence of geometric defect. The thesis contains four chapters examining this problem from both analytical and experimental viewpoints. A rheological contact model based on the assumptions of Greenwood and Williamson is developed to take into account the geometrical defects at the interface of contact. The energy dissipated and damping induced by micro-slipping between two rough surfaces subjected to a constant normal force and tangential displacement ranging from partial slip to total slip are determined. To validate and discussed the developed model we considered an experimental setup consisting of a tribometer installed on the MTS 830 machine. To reveal the phenomenon of energy dissipation between two nominally flat surfaces subjected to a static axial force and an alternating rotation, a second test bench is designed andrealized. The experimental setup consists of two beams assembled by bolt and excited by a shaker. The rheological contact model developed in the first part is studied in the case where the two contact surfaces subjected to a normal static and dynamic load alternating rotation.

La connaissance et la caractérisation du bâti existant est une problématique attirant l'intérêt de nombreuses activités depuis quelques années. L'utilisation des vibrations ambiantes permet de connaître facilement les paramètres dynamiques élastiques de la structure, que sont les fréquences de vibration, les amortissements et les modes de déformations. La fréquence de vibration étant facilement observable par le calcul de la transformée de Fourier d'un enregistrement au sommet de la structure, l'amortissement quant à lui reste un des paramètres les moins bien connus et son origine physique reste imprécise. Dans cette étude, nous essayerons de mesurer la fréquence et l'amortissement sur plusieurs bâtiments, d'évaluer la stabilité et la précision des mesures effectuées, en particulier afin de connaître jusqu'à quelle précision on peut relier des variations des paramètres modaux à des variations des propriétés physiques. Nous analyserons les variations observées pour des périodes variant de 1 mois à plus de 1 an. Ces études continues sur au moins un mois permettront de mettre en évidence les variations réversibles des paramètres dynamiques de la structure, et de les mettre en relation avec des forçages externes. On observe des variations journalières sur la fréquence et l'amortissement dans tous les bâtiments étudiés. La relation entre ces variations, et d'autres variations observées à plus long terme, avec la température diffère d'un bâtiment à l'autre. La relation entre fréquence et amortissement et l'effet de l'Interaction Sol-Structure ont été étudiés. / The knowledge and characterization of existing buildings is an issue that attracts the interest of many activities in recent years. The use of ambient vibrations allows an easy identification of the dynamic parameters of elastic structure, such as vibration frequencies, damping and mode shapes. The vibration frequency is easily observable through Fourier Transform of a recording at the top of the structure. As for the damping, it remains the least known and its physical origin remains unclear. In this study, we try to measure the frequency and damping over several buildings, to assess the stability and accuracy of measurements, especially in order to know precisely how far one can relate changes in modal parameters to changes in physical properties. We analyze the variations observed on studied buildings for periods varying from 1 month up to more than 1 year. These ongoing studies on at least one month will highlight the reversible changes of dynamic parameters of the structure, and put them in relation to external forcing. We observe diurnal variations on the frequency and damping in all the studied buildings. The relationship between these variations and other variations of a longer term, with the temperature differs from one building to another. The relationship between frequency and damping and the effect of Soil-Structure Interaction were studied.

[pt] Este trabalho propõe um gráfico de controle EWMA para observações individuais ou médias amostrais, com a constante de amortecimento variando entre dois valores de acordo com o valor mais recente da estatística EWMA, para obter detecção mais rápida de alterações pequenas a moderadas na média do processo, e sem a complexidade operacional apresentada por outros esquemas adaptativos, pois o tamanho da amostra e o intervalo de amostragem são mantidos fixos. Já existe um outro trabalho propondo a variação da constante de amortecimento dos gráficos EWMA, mas com base em outro critério: Capizzi e Masarotto (2003). O esquema EWMA adaptativo foi combinado com limites de Shewhart para os valores individuais (ou médias amostrais), para acelerar a detecção de grandes deslocamentos da média do processo, também sem aumento da complexidade operacional. Os NMA1´s - números esperados de amostras até um sinal verdadeiro - foram calculados por um método de aproximação numérica usando um modelo matemático por cadeias de Markov, e comparados com os do esquema EWMA tradicional (com parâmetros fixos) e com os do esquema adaptativo de Capizzi e Masarotto (2003). O esquema proposto tende a fornecer NMA1´s menores para alterações na média acima de 1,0 desvio-padrão, e o esquema de Capizzi e Masarotto (2003) tende a fornecer NMA1´s menores para pequenas alterações. Ambos os esquemas possuem melhor desempenho que o gráfico EWMA com parâmetros fixos. Uma vantagem que pode se tornar decisiva para a adoção do esquema proposto é a simplicidade dos cálculos requeridos para o monitoramento. / [en] This work proposes an EWMA process control chart for individual observations or subgroup averages, in which the smoothing constant varies between two values according to the most recent value of the EWMA statistic, in order to achieve faster detection of small to moderate shifts in the process mean, and without the operational complexities presented by other adaptive schemes, since its sample size and sampling interval do not vary. There is one other work proposing the adaptive variation of the smoothing constant of EWMA charts, but based on a different criterion: Capizzi and Masarotto (2003). The adaptive EWMA scheme was combined with Shewhart limits for the individual values (or subgroup averages), to enhance its sensitivity to large shifts, again with no extra operational burden. The out-of-control average run lengths (ARL1´s) were calculated through a numerical approximation method based on a Markov chain model. The ARL1´s were compared of the proposed scheme, of the traditional (fixed parameter) EWMA chart and of Capizzi and Masarottos´s adaptive EWMA scheme. The proposed scheme generally provides the shortest ARL1´s for shifts in the mean above one standard deviation, and Capizzi and Masarotto´s scheme tends to outperform it for smaller shifts. Both schemes perform better than the fixed parameter EWMA. An advantage that can become decisive for the adoption of the proposed scheme is the simplicity of the calculations required for the monitoring.

The dissertation investigates helicopter trim and stability during level bank-angle and diving bank-angle turns. The level turn is moderate in that sufficient power is available to maintain level maneuver, and the diving turn is severe where the power deficit is overcome by the kinetic energy of descent. The investigation basically represents design conditions where the peak loading goes well beyond the steady thrust limit and the rotor experiences appreciable stall. The major objectives are: 1) to assess the sensitivity of the trim and stability predictions to the approximations in modeling stall, 2) to correlate the trim predictions with the UH-60A flight test data, and 3) to demonstrate the feasibility of routinely using the exact fast-Floquet periodic eigenvector method for mode identification in the stability analysis. The UH-60A modeling and analysis are performed using the comprehensive code RCAS (Army's Rotorcraft Comprehensive Analysis System). The trim and damping predictions are based on quasisteady stall, ONERA-Edlin vi (Equations Differentielles Lineaires) and Leishman-Beddoes dynamic stall models. From the correlation with the test data, the strengths and weaknesses of the trim predictions are presented. / by Ranjith Mohah. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2012. Mode of access: World Wide Web.