A person on the eve of bankruptcy may enter into transactions or arrangements that are intended to, or that have the effect of, preserving its property from being seized and distributed among creditors. Such transactions may provide a bankrupt with collateral benefits such as the continued use and enjoyment of property, or they may benefit third parties such as members of the bankrupt's family, or they may benefit selected creditors to the detriment of others. The effect of such transactions is to frustrate the legislative scheme which provides for the distribution of a bankrupt's residual property. This effect may be desired by a bankrupt or by a recipient of the bankrupt's property, or it may be unintended. Insolvency legislation confers wide powers upon a trustee in bankruptcy to "review" such transactions by bringing proceedings to reverse their effect and recover the value lost to the bankrupt's estate. Reviewable transactions comprise two main categories: dispositions or unequal transactions in which a debtor parts with property for no or insufficient consideration (such as a transfer of property to a spouse or a sale in which a bankrupt does not receive a fair price) and preferential repayments of debts owed to certain creditors to the detriment of others. Reviewable transaction laws in Canada and England have a subjective basis in that they focus upon the intent of a debtor to defeat creditors or prefer one creditor over others. In contrast, relevant Australian and New Zealand laws have an objective focus and provide remedies where the effect of a transaction, rather than the intent of a debtor, is to defeat the interests of creditors. This paper conducts a comparative critique of reviewable transaction regimes. It makes the argument that subjective regimes tend to reflect their historical origins in fraud law and a desire to punish and frustrate the fraudulent intent of a bankrupt; an inappropriate policy foundation that fails to address the competing interests and policy considerations which should form the basis of reviewable transaction law. Objective regimes, which focus upon the effect of impugned transactions, provide more appropriately for the balancing of creditors' and recipients' interests and the making of provision for policy considerations. This paper also considers collateral effects of reviewable transaction regimes upon creditors' interests (such as effects upon claims to property recovered by a trustee) in a variety of circumstances and concludes that the results are often inconsistent and undesirable. In this respect the relative positions of secured and unsecured creditors are described in detail and proposals for reform are ventured.

The execution process is very important for protection of human rights. If court decisions were not executed the very court decisions would loose their importance. Rights of a creditor and a debtor are written in the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) and in other legal acts, but these rights should be properly explained to the parties of the execution process. Only the prescription to present the writ of execution is determined in Lithuanian laws, but any prescription for the whole case of execution is not determined usually. It would be reasonable to determine such a period of time at least for enforcement of administrative sanctions. A proposal to fulfil a decision is an important mean to offer to a debtor to pay the debt by himself. But according to CPC the proposal is sent not in every case. For example, it is not sent in cases of enforcement of administrative sanctions. According to the new Instruction on Execution of Judgements, there is an alternative document to the proposal. To have in mind that both these documents have the same functions and almost the same content, there is a doubt if it is reasonable to regulate the same thing in different laws. The Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania has decided that the Instruction on Execution of Judgements adopted in 2002 years violates other legal acts adopted by the Government. So there is a problem which Instruction should be implemented for the executive cases which were started before adopting the new Instruction... [to full text]

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 1992.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas State University--San Marcos, 2008. / Vita. Appendices: leaves 145-174. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-184). Also available on microfilm.

Thesis (LL.M.). / Written for the Institute of Air and Space Law. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/17). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on xxx x, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-64).

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 1999. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat, Hamburg, 2004.

Discharge a rescue mode of resolution of insolvency Summary The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Institute of debt relief as one of the solution of bankruptcy. The work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is a historical excursion, describing the evolution of resolving insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings in the world and in the Czech Republic. The second chapter deals with the general interpretation of the concept of bankruptcy, insolvency proceedings and its effects. The third and most extensive chapter then focuses on discharge from debts itself and its nodal points that are crucial in this process. Namely persons entitled to file a petition for permission to discharge debts, including the requirements of this petition, the court's decision on the permit and subsequent approval of discharge from debts, debt discharge methods and duties of the debtor, and finally the decision of fullfilment of debt discharge and exemption of debtor from debts. Act no. 182/2006 Coll. on bankruptcy and its solution (Insolvency Act) provides two methods of debt discharge. Debt discharge through the realisation of assets or under the schedule payement. Both methods have in common that the debtor must pay at least 30% of the total value of its unsecured debts and the unsecured...

Discharge from debts represents one of modes of resolving bankruptcy of a debtor. It is a legal institute, which is very often used by debtors. Its aim is not only to satisfy creditors at least in the law guaranteed amount but also to protect the debtor, who is released of all his previous debts after successful discharge and he can start new life without debts and never-ending executions. The purpose of this thesis is to characterize an institute of discharge, to put it into the system of insolvency law, to describe insolvency procedure and some problematic areas of discharge, which cause difficulties in practice. During writing this thesis I tried to interconnect effective laws with case law of higher courts, reference literature and articles. The thesis is composed of 5 chapters. In the first one I briefly characterize basic terms of insolvency law (insolvency proceeding, bankruptcy, procedural entities) and modes of resolving bankruptcy of a debtor. Second chapter focuses on insolvency proceeding from insolvency petition to permission of discharge. Last part of the chapter describes alternatives of discharge, these are converting debtor's property into money, payment schedule or combination of both. In the third part, I deal with some problematic areas of discharge, which are missing or unclear...